Trout ke lebitso le kopantseng mefuta le mefuta e mengata ea litlhapi tsa metsi a hloekileng ka nako e le 'ngoe, e leng tsa lelapa la Salmonidae. Trout e kenyelelitsoe ho tse tharo ho tse supileng tsa lelapa la hajoale: char (Salvelinus), salmon (Salmo) le saalmon ea Pacific (Oncorhynchus).
Tlhaloso ea Trout
Trout e arolelana litšobotsi tse 'maloa tse tloaelehileng... Karolong ea leshome ea 'mele ea bona e batlang e le kholo, e ka tlasa mola oa lateral le ka pele ho paatsepama, e theotsoeng ho tloha qetellong ea dorsal, ho na le sekala sa 15-24. Kakaretso ea litekanyo tse kaholimo ho mokokotlo oa anal e fapana ho tloha ho leshome le metso e meraro ho isa ho leshome le metso e robong. 'Mele oa litlhapi o petelitsoe ho tloha mahlakoreng ho ea ho likhato tse fapaneng,' me sefene se sekhuts'oane se na le mokokotlo o ikhethang. Coulter e na le meno a mangata.
Ponahalo
Ho hlaha ha trout ka kotloloho ho latela hore na tlhapi ena ke ea mofuta o fe:
- Setlhapi se sootho - tlhapi e ka holang bolelele bo fetang halofo ea mithara, 'me ha a le lilemo li leshome motho o fihla boima ba likilogeramo tse leshome le metso e' meli. Moemeli ona o moholo oa lelapa o khetholloa ka boteng ba mmele o molelele o koahetsoeng ka likala tse nyane haholo empa e le tse teteaneng. Brook trout e na le mapheoana a manyane le molomo o moholo o nang le meno a mangata;
- Setlhapi sa letšeng - tlhapi e nang le 'mele o matla ho feta brook trout. Hlooho e petelitsoe, ka hona mohala o ka morao o bonahala ka ho hlaka. 'Mala o khetholloa ka mokokotlo o mofubelu o mofubelu, hammoho le lehlakore le silvery le mpa. Ka linako tse ling ho na le likhahla tse ngata tse ntšo sekaleng sa letangoana la letša;
- Mookoli - tlhapi ea metsi a hloekileng e khetholloang ke 'mele o molelele haholo. Boima ba 'mele ba tlhapi e seng e le kholo ke likhilogerama tse ka bang tse tšeletseng. 'Mele o koahetsoe ke likala tse nyane haholo ebile li teteaneng. Phapang e kholo ho baena e emeloa ke boteng ba mola o pinki o boletsoeng ka mpeng.
Mefuta e fapaneng ea trout e fapana ka mebala, ho latela maemo a bophelo, empa ea khale e nkuoa e le 'mala oa mohloaare o lefifi ka morao o nang le bosootho bo botala.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ho ea ka liphuputso tse ling, trout e fepehileng hantle e lula e tšoana ka 'mala le palo e nyane ea mabala, empa phetoho ea' mala e kanna ea bakoa ke motsamao oa litlhapi ho tsoa letamong la tlhaho ho ea metsing a maiketsetso kapa ka lehlakoreng le leng.
Botho le mokhoa oa bophelo
Mofuta o mong le o mong oa litlhapi o na le litloaelo tsa ona ka bomong, empa sebopeho le boits'oaro ba tlhapi ena le tsona li its'etleha ka kotloloho ho maemo a leholimo, sebaka sa bolulo, hammoho le litšobotsi tsa sehla. Mohlala, baemeli ba bangata ba mefuta e bitsoang "ea lehae" ea li-trout e khona ho falla ka mafolofolo. Litlhapi ha li sisinyehe haholo lefats'eng ka bophara ha li bapisoa le litlhapi tsa leoatleng, empa li ka lula li nyoloha kapa li ea tlase nakong ea ho hlahisa, ho fepa kapa ho batla sebaka sa bolulo. Letša la litlhapi le lona le ka etsa ho falla ho joalo.
Mariha, sehlaha se behang se ea tlase, hape se khetha ho lula haufi le liliba kapa libaka tse tebileng tsa linoka, haufi haholo kamoo ho ka khonehang botebong ba letamo. Metsi a seretse a seretse le likhohola hangata li qobella litlhapi tse joalo hore li lule haufi le mabopo a moepa, empa ka qaleho ea lehlabula, litlhapi li tsamaea ka mafolofolo tlasa liphororo, ka har'a liqhubu le likobe tsa noka, moo li-eddies li thehoang ke hona joale. Libakeng tse joalo, trout e lula e lutse ebile e jeoa ke bolutu ho fihlela ka hoetla.
Trout e phela halelele hakae
Nako e tloaelehileng ea bophelo ba litlhapi tse phelang ka metsing a letša e telele haholo ho feta ea balekane ba noka efe kapa efe. E le molao, letša la leoatleng le phela lilemo tse mashome a 'maloa,' me bakeng sa baahi ba noka ke lilemo tse supileng feela.
Hoa thahasellisa! Mehele ea kholo e teng sekaleng sa trout, e bopehang ha tlhapi e ntse e hola mme e na le ponahalo ea lisele tse thata tse ncha tse holang haufi le mathoko. Mehele ena ea lifate e sebelisetsoa ho bala lilemo tsa trout.
Dimorphism ea thobalano
Banna ba baholo ba fapana ka likarolo tse ling tsa kantle ho basali ba holileng ka thobalano. E le molao, e tona e na le mmele o monyane ka mmele, hlooho e kholo le meno a mangata. Ntle le moo, qetellong ea mohlahare o ka tlase oa banna ba baholo, hangata ho ba le ho kobehela holimo ho bonahalang.
Mefuta ea litlhapi
Mefuta ea mantlha le li-subspecies tsa trout tsa mofuta o fapaneng oa baemeli ba lelapa la Salmonidae:
- Mofuta oa li-Salmo o kenyelletsa: Adriatic trout (Salmo obtusirostris); Brook, letangoana la litlhapi kapa letšoele le bosootho (Salmo trutta); Litlhapi tse nang le lihlooho tse bataletseng tsa Turkey (Salmo platycephalus), trout ea lehlabula (Salmo letnica); Marble trout (Salmo trutta marmoratus) le Amu Darya trout (Psalm trutta oxianus), hammoho le Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan);
- Mofuta oa mofuta oa Oncorhynchus o kenyelletsa: Arizona trout (Oncorhynchus apache); Tlhapi ea litlhapi ea Clark (Oncorhynchus clarki); Biwa Trout (Oncorhynchus masou rhodurus); Gil Trout (Oncorhynchus gilae); Golden Trout (Oncorhynchus aguabonita) le Mykiss (Oncorhynchus mykiss);
- The genus Salvelinus (Loaches) e kenyelletsa: Salvelinus fontinalis timagamiensis; Pali ea Amerika (Salvelinus fontinalis); Char e nang le lihlooho tse kholo (Salvelinus confluentus); Malmö (Salvelinus malma) le Lake christivomer char (Salvelinus namaycush), hammoho le Silver char e seng e le sieo (Salvelinus fontinalis agassizi).
Ho tloha ponong ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ke letša la leoatle le nang le pherekano ka ho fetisisa har'a likokoana-hloko tsohle. Mohlala, palo ea li-trout tse hlaha tsa Borithane e emeloa ke mefuta e fapaneng, eo palo ea eona e leng kholo ho feta batho bohle polaneteng ea rona e kopaneng.
Hoa thahasellisa!Lehoatata la letšeng le mookoli ke la lelapa la Salmonidae, empa ke baemeli ba mofuta o fapaneng le mefuta e nang le baholo-holo ba tšoanang, ba arohaneng ka lihlopha tse 'maloa lilemong tse limilione tse' maloa tse fetileng.
Habitat, habitats
Sebaka sa mefuta e fapaneng ea trout se pharalla haholo... Baemeli ba lelapa ba fumaneha hohle, moo ho nang le matša a nang le metsi a hlakileng, linoka tsa lithaba kapa melatsoana. Palo e kholo e lula metsing a hloekileng a metsi ho la Mediterranean le Europe Bophirima. Trout ke papali ea litlhapi e tsebahalang haholo Amerika le Norway.
Letša la litlhapi le lula metsing a hloekileng le a pholileng haholo, moo a atisang ho theha mehlape 'me a le botebong bo phahameng. Brook trout ke ea sehlopha sa mefuta ea anadromous, kaha e ka phela eseng feela ka letsoai, empa hape le metsing a hloekileng, moo batho ba 'maloa ba kopanang mehlapeng e seng mengata haholo. Mofuta ona oa trout e fana ka khetho ho libaka tse nang le phallo e hloekileng le e ntlafalitsoeng ka metsi a lekaneng a oksijene.
Baemeli ba mofuta oa mofuta oa mookoli o fumaneha kahara lebopo la Pacific, hape le haufi le kontinenteng ea Amerika Leboea ka metsing a hloekileng. Haufinyane tjena, baemeli ba mefuta ena ba ile ba fallisetsoa metsing a Australia, Japane, New Zealand, Madagascar le Afrika Boroa, moo ba atlehileng ho mela. Mookoli ha o rate khanya e feteletseng ea letsatsi, kahoo ba leka ho ipata har'a likhohlo kapa majoe motšehare.
Russia, baemeli ba lelapa la Salmonidae ba fumanoa sebakeng sa Kola Hloahloeng, metsing a libate tsa Baltic, Caspian, Azov, White le Black Sea, hammoho le linōka tsa Crimea le Kuban, metsing a matša a Onega, Ladoga, Ilmensky le Peipsi. Trout e boetse e tumme ka mokhoa o makatsang temong ea sejoale-joale ea litlhapi 'me e lengoa ka maiketsetso ka bongata haholo.
Lijo tsa trout
Trout ke moemeli ea tloaelehileng oa liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo metsing... Litlhapi tse joalo li fepa likokoanyana tse fapaneng le liboko tsa tsona, hape li khona ho chesa beng ka bona kapa mahe a manyane, bo-'mampoli, bo-maleshoane, li-molluscs esita le li-crustaceans. Nakong ea likhohola tsa selemo, litlhapi li leka ho lula haufi le mabopo a phahameng, moo metsi a maholo a hlatsoitsoeng ka mafolofolo mobung o lebopong le liboko tse sebelisoang ke litlhapi bakeng sa lijo.
Lehlabuleng, litlhapi li khetha matamo a tebileng kapa maqhubu a noka, hammoho le libaka tsa liphororo le libaka tseo mefuta ea metsi e thehoang ho tsona, e lumellang litlhapi ho tsoma ka nepo. Trout e fepa hoseng kapa thapama. Nakong ea sefefo se matla, likolo tsa litlhapi li khona ho phahama haufi le holim'a metsi. Mabapi le phepo e nepahetseng, bacha trout ea mofuta ofe kapa ofe ha e ikhohomose ka botlalo, ka lebaka lena e hola ka potlako e kholo. Nakong ea selemo le lehlabula, litlhapi tse joalo li jeoa ke "lijo" tse fofang, tse ba lumellang ho hola mafura a lekaneng.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Nako ea ho qhala ea trout libakeng tse fapaneng tsa tlhaho e fapane, ho latela bolelele le mocheso oa metsi, hammoho le bophahamo bo kaholimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle. Ho tsoala pele ho nako ho hlaha libakeng tse ka leboea ka metsi a batang. Europe bophirimela, ho qhotsa ka linako tse ling ho hlaha mariha, ho fihlela lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng tsa Pherekhong, le melatsoaneng ea Kuban - ka Mphalane. Litlhapi tsa Yamburg li ea hlaha ka December. Ho ea ka liphuputso tse ling, tlhapi hangata e khetha masiu a khanyang a khoeli bakeng sa ho tsoala, empa tlhoro e kholo ea ho hlahisa e hlaha nakong ea nako ho tloha ha letsatsi le likela ho fihlela lefifi le felletseng, esita le lihoreng tsa pele ho mafube.
Trout e fihlela kholo ea thobalano ka lilemo tse ka bang tharo, empa le banna ba lilemo li peli hangata ba na le lebese le holileng. Litlhapi tse kholo ha li tsoale selemo le selemo, empa kamora selemo. Palo ea mahe ho batho ba kholo ka ho fetisisa ke likete tse 'maloa. Joaloka molao, tse tšehali tse lilemo li 'ne kapa tse hlano li na le mahe a ka bang sekete,' me batho ba lilemo li tharo ba khetholloa ka boteng ba mahe a 500. Nakong ea ho tsoala, trout e ba le 'mala o moputsoa o litšila,' me matheba a bofubelu ha a phatsime haholo kapa a nyamela ka botlalo.
Bakeng sa ho tsoala litlhapi, ho khethoa likhechana tse nang le botlaaseng ba majoe 'me li na le majoana a maholohali. Ka linako tse ling litlhapi li khona ho tsoala holim'a majoe a maholo, maemong a botlaaseng bo botle ba lehlabathe. Nakoana pele e qhotsa, tse tšehali li sebelisa mohatla oa tsona ho cheka mokoti o motopo le o sa tebang, ho tlosa lehlohlojane le bolele le mobu. E tona hangata e lateloa ke tse tona tse 'maloa ka nako e le ngoe, empa mahe a emisoa ke e tona e le' ngoe ka lebese le holileng ka ho fetesisa.
Hoa thahasellisa! Trout e khona ho khetha molekane ho ipapisitse le litšobotsi tsa pono le pono, e lumellang litho tsa lelapa la Salmonidae ho fumana bana ba nang le litšobotsi tse lakatsehang, ho kenyelletsa ho hanela mafu le mabaka a mabe a tlhaho.
Trout caviar e kholo ka boholo, 'mala oa lamunu kapa o mofubelu ka' mala. Ponahalo ea fry ea letša la litlhapi e nolofalloa ke ho hlatsoa mahe ka metsi a hloekileng le a batang a nang le oksijene e lekaneng. Tlas'a maemo a matle a ka ntle, Fry e hola ka mafolofolo, 'me lijo tsa Fry li kenyelletsa daphnia, chironomids le oligochaetes.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Lira tse kotsi ka ho fetesisa tsa mahe a ntseng a hola ke li-pike, li-burbots le bohlooho, hammoho le batho ba baholo ka bo bona, empa eseng seretse se holileng ka thobalano. Boholo ba batho ba hlokahala selemong sa pele sa bophelo. Karolelano ea sekhahla sa lefu nakong ena ke 95% kapa ho feta. Lilemong tse latelang, palo ena e theohela boemong ba 40-60%. Lira tsa mantlha tsa trout e sootho, ntle le pike, burbot le grey, le tsona ke litiiso le libere.
Boleng ba khoebo
Trout ke tlhapi ea bohlokoa ea khoebo. Ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa khoebo e bile lebaka la ho theoha ha baahi ba mefuta e mengata, ho kenyeletsoa Sevan.
Kajeno, mapolasi a mangata a li-trout a sebetsa ho rarolla bothata ba ho eketsa palo ea litlhapi tsa lelapa la Salmon, ho hlahisa baemeli ba mefuta e fapaneng mapolasing a cage le mapolasing a khethehileng a litlhapi. Mefuta e meng ea li-trout tse ruuoang ka ho khetheha e se e khona ho phela maemong a iqapetsoeng bakeng sa meloko e fetang mashome a mararo, mme Norway e bile moetapele oa ho ikatisa ha salmon joalo.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Trout e ameha haholo ka phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le ho futhumala ha lefatše, e hlalositsoeng ke ho itšetleha ha baahi ho fumaneha ha metsi a batang le a hloekileng. Maemong a phahameng a leholimo, ho na le tšusumetso e mpe methating e fapaneng ea bophelo ba litlhapi tse joalo. Ntle le moo, ho ts'oaroa ha batho ba mafolofolo ba ho ikatisa ho na le phello e mpe ho baahi ba trout.
Ho tla boela ho be monate:
- Mackerel
- Pollock
- Saika
- Kaluga
Boithuto bo entsoeng ke bo-ramahlale ba matšeng a Scottish bo bonts'itse ka botshepehi hore keketseho ea maiketsetso ea baahi ba trout e ka baka phokotso ea boholo le boima ba batho ba baholo, le lithibelo tse fapaneng ka mofuta oa li-gutter, libaka tse fetang le matamo a thibelang phihlello ea litlhapi le libaka tsa bolulo. Hajoale, trout e fuoe boemo ba paballo e mahareng.
