Moahi ea hlomphehang oa metsi a batang, leruarua le bitsoang bowhead whale, o tsejoa e le e nyane haholo (batho ba ka bang 200) le mefuta e tlokotsing ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng Russia.
Tlhaloso ea bowhead whale
Balaena mysticetus (eo hape a bitsoang polar whale), setho sa baleen whale suborder, ke eona feela mofuta oa mofuta oa Balaena. Leruarua la epithet "bowhead" mathoasong a lekholo la bo17 la lilemo. o abetse batshwari ba maruarua ba pele ba e hapileng lebopong la Spitsbergen, eo ka nako eo e neng e nkuoa e le karolo ea East Greenland.
Ponahalo
Lebitso la Senyesemane Bowhead whale le ile la fuoa leruarua ka lebaka la lehata le leholo le kobehileng ka tsela e ikhethang: ka lebaka la lona, hlooho e lekana le 1/3 ea 'mele (kapa hanyane hanyane). Ho basali, hangata e kholo ho feta ea banna. Bong ka bong, letlalo la hlooho le boreleli ebile ha le na makukuno / makhopho, 'me molomo o shebahala joalo ka mokokotlo (o fetang 90 °) o nang le mohlahare o tlase ka sebopeho sa bakete. Melomo e ka tlase, eo bophahamo ba eona bo eketsehang haholo ho ea pharynx, e koahela mohlahare o kaholimo.
Tse thahasellisang. Molomong ho na le litelu tse telele ka ho fetisisa 'musong oa leruarua, tse hōlang ho fihla ho limithara tse 4,5. Leretse tse lefifi tsa leruarua la bowhead lia otloloha, li tšesaane, li telele ebile li khabisitsoe ka mophetho o kang khoele. Mela e ka ho le letona le le lets'ehali, e arotsoe ka pele, e na le lipoleiti tse 320-400.
Ka morao ho pulo e phefumolohang ea ho phefumoloha ho na le khatello ea maikutlo, linko li pharalletse, mamati a litsebe a teng kamora 'me ka tlase ho mahlo a manyane. Lintho tsena tsa morao-rao li behiloe tlase haholo, hoo e ka bang likhutlong tsa molomo.
'Mele oa leruarua le ka pele, o na le mokokotlo,' me mokokotlo o chitja le molala o hlakileng. Maphegwana a pectoral a makopana e bile a swana le digarawe tše di nago le dintlha tše di kgolokwe. Bophara ba lepheo la caudal le notch e tebileng bohareng e atamela 1 / 3-2 / 3 ea bolelele ba 'mele. Mohatla ka linako tse ling o khabisoa ka moeli o mosoeu holimo.
Leruarua, joaloka setho sa lelapa la maruarua a boreleli, ha le na methapo ea mpa 'me le' mala o mosoeu bo lefifi, ka linako tse ling le kopantsoe le lesoeu mohlahareng / 'metsong. Moriri o mosehla o bobebe o hola ka mela e mengata hloohong. Har'a maruarua a nang le boqha-hlooho, li-albino tse felletseng kapa tse sa reng letho li tloaelehile. Mafura a ka tlasa letlalo, a hōlang ho fihla ho 0,7 m ka botenya, a thusa ho fetisa serame sa polar.
Litekanyo tsa leruarua la Bowhead
Mong'a litelu tse telele ka ho fetisisa o tšoere sebaka se matla sa bobeli (kamora sebaka sa leruarua le leputsoa) liphoofolong ka bongata. Maruarua a holileng tsebong a rua ho tloha ho lithane tse 75 ho isa ho tse 150 ka bolelele ba bolelele ba limithara tse 21, ha banna, e le molao, 0.5-1 m e tlase ho basali, hangata e fihla ho 22 m.
Bohlokoa. Le ha e le bolelele bo makatsang joalo, leruarua le shebahala le le leholo ebile le le bohlasoa, ka lebaka la karolo e kholo ea 'mele oa lona.
Hase khale haholo, litsebi tsa ketologists li fihletse qeto ea hore tlasa lebitso "bowhead whale" ho ka ba le mefuta e 2 e phelang metsing a le mang. Khopolo-taba ena (e hlokang bopaki bo eketsehileng) e ipapisitse le liphapang tse bonoang ka 'mala oa' mele, 'mala oa litelu le bolelele, le sebopeho sa masapo.
Mokgwa wa bophelo, boitshwaro
Maruarua a Bowhead a lula maemong a thata a Arctic, e leng se etsang hore ho li shebella ho be thata haholo. E o tsejoa hore lehlabula ba sesa ba le bang kapa ka lihlopha tsa batho ba ka bang 5 ka libaka lebōpong la leoatle, ntle le ho teba. Ka mehlape e meholo, maruarua a lahleha ha feela ho na le lijo tse ngata kapa pele ho phallo.
Nako ea ho falla ha linako tsa selemo e susumetsoa ke sebaka le nako ea ho fallisoa ha leqhoa la Arctic. Maruarua a Bowhead a leba boroa ka hoetla le leboea ka hoetla, a leka ho se atamele leqhoa. Ka tsela e makatsang, maruarua a kopanya lerato la maqhubu a polar le moea o seli mabapi le leqhoa.
Leha ho le joalo, linatla li tsamaea ka mokhoa o phethahetseng har'a libaka tse batang tsa leqhoa, li batla masoba a pholoso le mapetso, mme ha a le sieo, li roba leqhoa ho fihla botenya ba lisenthimithara tse 22.
'Nete. Leruarua le hula ka lebelo le ka bang 20 km / h, le ikakhela ho 0,2 km mme, ha ho hlokahala, le lula botebong ba metsotso e 40 (motho ea lemetseng o nka nako e telele habeli).
Ha e ntse e fofa, leruarua lea tsoa ka metsing (le siea karolo e ka morao ea lona moo), le otlanya mapheoana a lona, le phahamisa mohatla oa lona ebe le oela ka lehlakoreng le leng. Leruarua le lula holim'a metsi ho fihlela metsotso e 1-3, le na le nako ea ho qala liliba tse 4-12 tsa jete tse peli ho fihla bophahamong ba 5 m (e le 'ngoe ka moea o mong le o mong) le ho qoelisa metsotso e 5-10. Boholo ba ho tlola, maemong a mang a tlhaho ea tlhaiso-leseling, bo oela nakong ea ho falla ha selemo. Bacha ba ithabisa ka ho akhela lintho tse fumanoang ka leoatleng.
Leruarua le phela nako e kae?
Ka 2009, lefats'e le ile la ithuta hore leruarua le bitsoang "polar whale" le "roesitsoe" semmuso ka sehlooho sa moqapi ea nang le rekoto e felletseng ea ho phela halelele har'a likokoana-hloko tsa polanete ea rona. Taba ena e netefalitsoe ke litsebi tsa baeloji tsa Borithane tse ileng tsa beha database sa AnAge marang-rang, se neng se kenyelletsa feela litokomane tse tšepahalang tsa nako e telele ea bophelo ea mefuta e 3650 ea lesapo la mokokotlo.
AnAge e ipapisitse le mehloli ea mahlale e fetang 800 (e nang le lihokelo tse hoketsoeng). Ho phaella moo, litsebi tsa baeloji li ile tsa hlahloba boitsebiso bohle ka hloko, tsa tlosa tse belaetsang. Setsi sa database se ntlafalitsoeng selemo le selemo se kenyelletsa tlhaiso-leseling eseng feela ka tebello ea bophelo, empa hape le sekhahla sa bohlankana / kholo, tlhahiso, boima le litekanyetso tse ling tse sebelisetsoang tlhahlobo ea papiso.
Bohlokoa. Phoofolo e phelang ka nako e telele ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng e ne e le leruarua le ka sehloohong. Sephetho se entsoe kamora ho lekola mohlala oo lilemo tsa ona li hakantsoeng e le lilemo tse 211.
Maruarua a mang a mararo, a ts'oeroeng a le lilemo tse ka bang 100, le ona a hlalositsoe, leha nako e tloaelehileng ea bophelo ba mofuta ona (esita le ho nka sekhahla se phahameng sa ho phela) ho ka etsahala hore e se ke sa feta lilemo tse 40. Hape, maruarua ana a hola butle, leha ho le joalo, tse tšehali li ntse li le lebelo ho feta tse tona. Ha a le lilemo tse 40-50, kholo e fokotseha butle haholo.
Habitat, habitats
Leruarua le bitsoang whale ke moahi oa Arctic latitudes, le hoholehang le leqhoa le phaphametseng. Har'a maruarua a baleen, ke eena feela ea qetang bophelo ba hae metsing a polar. Mofuta oa pele oa leruarua o ne o koahetse Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, mathata a Lihlekehleke tsa Canada, Hudson Bay hammoho le maoatle:
- SeGreenland;
- Barents;
- Karskoe;
- M. Laptev le M. Beaufort;
- Siberia sa Bochabela;
- Chukotka;
- Beringovo;
- Okhotsk.
Lebala la circumpolar le ne le kile la ahuoa ke mehlape e mehlano e ikhethileng (ka libaka, eseng ka mokhoa oa lekhetho), tse tharo tsa tsona (Bering-Chukchi, Svalbard le Okhotsk) li ile tsa fallela ka har'a meeli ea maoatle a Russia.
Maruarua a Bowhead a se a fumaneha metsing a leqhoa a Leboea la Lefatše, 'me mohlape o ka boroa ka ho fetisisa o bonoe Leoatleng la Okhotsk (likhato tse 54 leboea leboea). Maoatleng a rona, leruarua le ntse le nyamela butle-butle, le bonts'a palo e phahameng ea baahi haufi le Hloahloa ea Chukchi, mme e fokotseha sebakeng se lipakeng tsa Barents le maoatle a Siberia a Bochabela.
Lijo tsa leruarua la Bowhead
Liphoofolo li batla lijo mabopong a leqhoa le lipakeng tsa leqhoa le hoholehang le le leng, ka linako tse ling li etsa lihlopha. Li fula ka tlase hanyane kapa ka tlase, li bula melomo ea tsona ebe li tlohella metsi ka lipoleiti tsa leruarua.
Tlhohlo ea leruarua la bowhead e tšesaane hoo e khonang ho tšoasa li-crustacean tse fetang molomo oa maruarua a mang. Leruarua le hohla li-crustaceans tse lutseng lipoleiting tsa litelu ka leleme ebe le li romela mmetsong.
Lijo tsa leruarua la bowhead li na le plankton:
- calanus (Calanus finmarchicus Gunn);
- li-pteropods (Limacina helicina);
- krill.
Ho hatisoa haholo phepong ho li-crustaceans tse nyane / tse mahareng (haholo-holo li-copepods), tse sebelisoang ho fihlela lithane tse 1.8 ka letsatsi.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Maruarua a Arctic a kopana nakong ea selemo le mathoasong a lehlabula. Ho tsamaisa, ho nka likhoeli tse ka bang 13, ho fela ka ho hlaha ha bana ka Mmesa - Phuptjane selemong se tlang. Lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa le boima ba limithara tse 3.5-4.5 'me le fuoa lera le teteaneng la mafura le hlokahalang bakeng sa ho e futhumatsa.
Ho lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa, lipoleiti tse putsoa tsa leruarua (10-11 cm ka bolelele) lia bonahala, ho sucker e se e ntse e phahame - ho tloha ho 30 ho isa ho 95 cm.
'Mè o khaotsa ho fepa lesea ka lebese kamora likhoeli tse tšeletseng, hang ha le hola ho fihlela ho 7-8.5 m Ka nako e le' ngoe le phetoho ea phepo e ikemetseng, maruarua a ntseng a hola a na le ho tlola ho hoholo ha litelu. Malinyane a latelang a basali ha a hlahe pejana ho lilemo tse 3 kamora ho beleha. Leruarua le bitsoang whale le na le mesebetsi e nonneng e ka bang lilemo li 20-25.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Leruarua le nang le hlooho ea seqha ha le na letho la lona, ntle le maruarua a bolaeang a le hlaselang ka mehlape, 'me, ka lebaka la bophahamo ba linomoro, a tsoa ntoeng joalo ka bahloli. Ka lebaka la tsebo ea eona e patisaneng ea leruarua leruarua ha le qothisane lehlokoa le maruarua a mang, empa le hlolisana le liphoofolo tse ratang plankton le benthos.
Tsena ha se li-cetaceans feela (li-whale tsa beluga) le li-pinniped (litiiso tse nang le li-ringed mme, hangata, ke walrus), empa hape le litlhapi le linonyana tsa Arctic. Ka mohlala, hoa tsebahala hore joalo ka leruarua le ka sehloohong, Arctic cod le eona e bonts'a thahasello ea gastronomic ho li-copepod, empa e tsoma mefuta ea eona e menyenyane (ka seoelo e oelang molomong oa leruarua).
Tse thahasellisang. Leruarua le batang haholo le hlaseloa ke likokoana-hloko tse ka ntle tse kang Cyamus mysticetus. Tsena ke linta tsa leruarua tse lulang letlalong, hangata hloohong, haufi le setho sa botona le botšehali, le mapheong a letlalo.
Ntle le moo, leruarua le nang le mefuta e 6 ea li-helminths, ho kenyelletsa:
- trematode Lecithodesmus goliath van Beneden, e fumanoang sebeteng;
- trematode Ogmogaster plicatus Creplin, e lulang mometsong le mala;
- cestode Phillobothrium delphini Bosc le Cysticercus sp., ho senya letlalo le lisele tse ka tlasa letlalo;
- nematode Crassicauda crassicauda Creplin, e kenelletseng karolong ea urogenital;
- seboko se nang le hlooho e hlabang se Bolbosoma balaenae Gmelin, se phelang mala.
Ho shoa hoa tlhaho ha maruarua ho ithutiloe hampe haholo. Kahoo, ho tlalehiloe linyeoe tse ikhethileng tsa lefu la bona leqhoeng Leoatleng la Atlantic Leboea le leboea la Leoatle la Pacific.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
International Union for Conservation of Nature e bua ka lihlotšoana tse 4 tsa sejoale-joale tsa Balaena mysticetus, tse peli tsa tsona (East Greenland - Spitsbergen - Leoatle la Barents le Leoatle la Okhotsk) li fumane liteko tse ikhethileng lenaneng le lefubelu la IUCN.
Litlhokomelo tsa tikoloho li hlokomela hore palo ea li-whale tsa lefatše ka bophara e kanna ea eketseha ka lebaka la palo e hōlang (e fetang 25,000) ea Beaufort, Chukchi le Bering Seas. Ka 2011, palo ea maruarua sebakeng sena e ne e le haufi le likete tse 16.9–19. Palo ea maruarua sebakeng se seng, e tsejoang ka hore ke Eastern Canada - West Greenland, e hakanyetsoa ho likete tse 4,5–11.
Ho ipapisitsoe le tloaelo ea keketseho ea baahi ba maoatle a Bering, Chukchi le Beaufort, litsebi li fana ka maikutlo a hore palo eohle ea maruarua a marumo ka bongata, mohlomong a feta batho ba likete tse 25. Boemo bo tšosang ka ho fetesisa ke ho subpopulation ea Leoatle la Okhotsk, e sa feteng maruarua a fetang 200, le taolo ea East Greenland - Spitsbergen - Leoatle la Barents le eona e na le makholo a 'maloa.
Bohlokoa. Maruarua a Bowhead a ile a sireletsoa pele ke Tumellano ea Molao oa Whaling (1930) mme hamorao ke ICRW (Kopano ea Machabeng ea Molao oa Whaling), e qalileng ho sebetsa ka 1948.
Linaha tsohle moo leruarua le fumanoang li se li fetohile karolo ea ICRW. Ke Canada feela e sa saenneng tokomane eo. Leha ho le joalo, naheng ena, hammoho le Russia Federation le USA, ho na le melao ea naha mabapi le mefuta e kotsing e sirelletsang leruarua.
Kajeno, quota whaling e lumelloa Beaufort, Bering, Chukchi le bophirima ba Leoatle la Greenland. Leruarua la polar le kenyelelitsoe ho Sehlomathiso sa I sa Tumellano ea Khoebo ea Machabeng ea Mefuta ea Likokoana-hloko e Kotsing (1975) mme e kenyelelitsoe Kopanong ea Paballo ea Liphoofolo tse hlaha tse fallang.
