Salamander - Amphibian, eo batho ba mehleng ea boholo-holo ba ne ba tšaba haholo, o ile a ngola litšōmo ka eena, hlomphuoa, 'me hape ho thoeng matla a boselamose. Sena se ne se bakoa ke chebahalo le boits'oaro ba salamander. Nako e telele batho ba ne ba lumela hore phoofolo ha e chese, hobane ka boeona e na le mollo. Ka 'nete, phetolelong e tsoang puong ea Bapersia ba khale, salamander e bolela "ho chesa ho tsoa kahare."
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Salamander
Ka ponahalo ea tsona, li-salamanders li tšoana hantle le mekholutsoane, empa litsebi tsa liphoofolo li li abetse lihlopha tse fapaneng: mekholutsoane li khetholloa e le lihahabi, 'me li-salamanders li khetholloa e le li-amphibian, mofuta oa li-salamanders.
Ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, e nkileng lilemo tse limilione, baemeli bohle ba mofuta oo ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo tse kholo:
- li-salamanders tsa 'nete (Salamandridae);
- salamanders ntle le matšoafo (Plethodontidae);
- salamanders-tse patiloeng gabers (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Phapang ea lihlopha tsena tse tharo e tsamaisong ea phefumoloho, e hlophisitsoeng ka litsela tse fapaneng ka botlalo. Ka mohlala, phefumoloho ea pele ka thuso ea matšoafo, ea bobeli ka thuso ea lera la letlalo le letlalo, 'me ea boraro ka thuso ea methapo e patiloeng.
Video: Salamander
'Mele oa li-salamanders o lelefalitsoe, o fetoha mohatla hantle. Li-Amphibian li boholo bo boholo ho tloha ho cm 5 ho isa ho 180. Letlalo la li-salamanders le boreleli ho fihlela le ts'oaroa kamehla. Mmala a tsona a fapane haholo ho latela mefuta le libaka tsa bolulo: bosehla, botsho, bofubelu, mohloaare, botala le bopherese. Mokokotlo le mahlakore a liphoofolo li ka koaheloa ka mabala a maholo le a manyane, metopa ea mebala e fapaneng.
Taba e khahlisang: Li-salamanders tse nyane ka ho fetisisa lefats'eng ke Eurycea quadridigitat e nyane e bolelele ba 'mele ho fihlela ho 89 mm, le Desmognathus wrighti e nyane haholo e nang le bolelele ba' mele ho fihlela ho 50 mm. Le kaSalamander e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, Andrias davidianus, ea lulang Chaena, e fihla bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 180.
Maoto a salamanders a makhuts'oane ebile a matenya. Ho na le menoana e mene maotong a ka pele, le e mehlano ka morao ha ho na manala menoaneng. Hlooho e bataletse, e ts'oanang le hlooho ea senqanqane ka ho ruruha mme hangata mahlo a lefifi a nang le mahlo a tsamaeang.
Letlalong la liphoofolo ho na le litšoelesa tse khethehileng (parotitis) tse hlahisang chefo. Chefo e salamanders hangata ha e bolaee, empa ha e leka ho e ja, e ka holofatsa sebatana ka nakoana, hape e mo bakela ho tsitsipana. Li-Salamanders li lula kae kapa kae moo boemo ba leholimo bo futhumetseng ebile bo le mongobo, empa mefuta e meholo ka ho fetisisa ea mefuta e ka fumanoa Amerika Leboea.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Photo: salamander e shebahala joang
Li-salamanders tsohle li ts'oana haholo ka chebahalo: li na le 'mele o molelele o nang le letlalo le boreleli le boreleli, mohatla o molelele, ha o na maoto le matsoho a holileng haholo, hlooho e nyane e nang le mahlo a matsho le mahlo a tsamaeang, e o lumellang ho lekola tikoloho ntle le ho phethola hlooho. Mehlahare ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing ha e hōle hantle, hobane ha e ea tloaela ho ja lijo tse thata. Ka lebaka la ho se phutholohe ha tsona, liphoofolo li ikutloa li phutholohile haholo ka metsing ho feta ha li le mobung.
Salamanders, ho fapana le beng ka bona ba haufi - mekholutsoane, le tsona li khahlisa haholo bakeng sa mebala e fapaneng ea mebala eohle ea mookoli. Joalo ka tloaelo tlholehong, kamora ponahalo e khanyang le e makatsang ke kotsi - chefo e ka tukang esita le ho bolaea. Mefuta eohle ea li-salamanders e chefo ho isa tekanyong e 'ngoe, empa ke mofuta o le mong feela oa liphoofolo tsena o nang le chefo e bolaeang - Salamander ea Mollo.
Litšōmong tsa khale le litšōmong, salamander esale e fuoa karolo ea mosebeletsi oa mabotho a lefifi. Khethollo ena e bile teng ka lebaka la chebahalo e sa tloaelehang, hape le ka lebaka la monyetla, haeba ho ka ba le kotsi, ea ho ntša chefo e chefo letlalong, e ka bakang ho chesa ha letlalo haholo (bathong) mme ea holofatsa kapa ea bolaea (phoofolo e nyane).
Joale ua tseba hore na salamand e chefo kapa che. Ha re boneng hore na sehahabi sena se lula kae.
Salamander e lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Salamander e Russia
Sebaka sa salamanders se pharalletse haholo. Ho akaretsa, li lula hoo e ka bang kae kapa kae, lik'honthinenteng tsohle, moo boemo ba leholimo bo futhumetseng, bo bonolo le bo mongobo bo sa fetoheng ka tšohanyetso maemong a mocheso, a mots'eare le bosiu. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta e mengata e ka bonoa Amerika Leboea.
Alpine salamanders, ehlile, li lula Alps (karolong e ka bochabela le bohareng ba lithaba), 'me li ka fumanoa bophahamong bo fihlang ho 1000 m ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle. Hape, li-salamanders li atile haholo Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia,> Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Herzegovina, ka boroa ho Fora, Jeremane le Liechtenstein.
Ho na le mefuta e phelang sebakeng se fokolang haholo. Mohlala, mokokotlo oa Lanza, o lula feela karolong e ka bophirima ea Alps, moeling oa Italy le Fora, phuleng ea Chisone (Italy), liphuleng tsa linoka tsa Po, Gil, Germanasca, Pellice.
Mefuta e mengata ea mefuta e fapaneng ka ho fetisisa ea li-salamanders e fumaneha Asia Bophirima le tikolohong eohle ea Middle East - ho tloha Iran ho ea Turkey.
Taba e khahlisang: Batho ba Carpathians ba na le lehae la e 'ngoe ea lichefo tse chefo ka ho fetisisa - Alpine black salamander. Chefo ea phoofolo, e patiloeng ka letlalo ka litšoelesa tse khethehileng, e baka ho chesa ho hoholo letlalong le manong, a sa foleng nako e telele haholo.
Salamander e ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Salamander e Ntšo
Seo li-salamanders li se jang se its'etleha haholo sebakeng sa tsona sa bolulo. Mohlala, li-amphibian tse nyane tse lulang naheng li tsoma lintsintsi, menoang, lirurubele, likho, li-cicadas, liboko tsa lefatše, li-slugs. Li-salamanders tse kholo li khetha ho tsoma mekholutsoane, li-newt, lihohoana tse nyane. Liphoofolo tse phelang metsing a tšoasa li-crustaceans, li-molluscs, litlhapi tse nyane, Fry.
Ha maemo a leholimo a lumella, liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le ka metsing li ka tsoma selemo ho pota. Nako ea ts'ebetso e kholo ea li-salamanders e oela bosiu. Lefifing, ba tsoa moo ba ipatileng teng ho tsamaea le ho tsoma, 'me ba ka etsa sena ho tloha mantsiboea ho fihlela mafube.
Ho tšoasa phofu ea tsona, li qala ka ho e shebella nako e telele, e telele ntle le ho sisinyeha, ka lebaka la mahlo a bulehileng le mahlo a tsamaeang. Ba tšoasa phofu ea salamander ka ho lahla leleme la bona le lelelele le le mamarelang. Haeba phoofolo e khona ho atamela phofu e sa lemohe, e kanna ea se bolokehe.
Ha ba tšoere phofu ea bona ka motsamao o bohale, ba e ts'epa ka 'mele oohle oa bona mme ba leka ho e metsa e sa chese. Ha e le hantle, mehlahare le molomo oa salamander ha lia etsetsoa ho hlafuna. Ka liphoofolo tse nyane (likokoanyana, li-slugs) ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e hlaha habonolo, ka phofu e kholo (mekholutsoane, lihoho), phoofolo e tlameha ho leka ka botlalo. Empa joale salamander e ikutloa e tletse matsatsi a 'maloa.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: salamander ea lamunu
Li-Salamanders li tsamaea butle butle, mme ka kakaretso, ha e le hantle, li tsamaea hanyane haholo, 'me li lula sebakeng se le seng, li ntse li hlahloba tikoloho ka botsoa. Liphoofolo li sebetsa haholo bosiu, 'me motšehare li leka ho ipata mekoting e lahliloeng, likutu tsa khale, joang bo teteaneng, liqubung tsa patsi e bolileng, e qoba ho chaba ha letsatsi.
Masalamane hape a tsoma le ho tsoala bosiu. Ho tlameha hore ho be le bonyane metsi a mang haufi le sebaka sa bona sa bolulo. Ntle le moo, li-salamanders li ke ke tsa phela ntle le metsi, 'me sena ke hobane letlalo la tsona le felloa ke metsi kapele.
Haeba li-salamanders li sa lule libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo, ho tloha bohareng ba hoetla ba qala nako ea mariha, eo, ho latela sebaka sa bolulo ba bona, e ka tšoarellang ho fihlela bohareng ba selemo. Lehae ka nako ena bakeng sa bona ke mekoti e tebileng e lahliloeng kapa qubu e kholo ea makhasi a oeleng. Salamanders e ka qeta mariha e le mong, e leng ntho e tloaelehileng ho bona, kapa ka lihlopha tsa batho ba 'maloa.
Ha e le naheng, li-salamanders li na le lira tse ngata, ka hona, e le hore li balehe, liphoofolo li boloka sephiri se chefo se holofatsang mehlahare ea liphoofolo tse li jang. Haeba sena se sa thuse, ba kanna ba siea maoto le matsoho kapa mohatla meno le manala, a tla hola kamora nakoana.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Mahe a Salamander
Ka karolelano, li-salamanders li ka phela ho fihlela lilemo tse 20, empa nako ea tsona ea bophelo e ipapisitse le mofuta o itseng le tikoloho. Mefuta e menyenyane ea liphoofolo tsena e ba kholo ea thobalano ha e le lilemo li 3, 'me tse kholo hamorao ha li le lilemo li 5.
Li-salamanders tse patiloeng li beha mahe, 'me li-salamanders tsa' nete li ka ba viviparous le ovoviviparous. Li-Amphibian li ka ikatisa ho pholletsa le selemo, empa tlhoro ea ts'ebetso ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo e hlaha likhoeling tsa selemo.
Ha salamander ea monna e ikemiselitse ho nyalana, tšoelesa e khethehileng e tlatsitsoeng ke spermatophores - lisele tsa banna tsa ho ikatisa - lia ruruha. O thabile haholo mme sepheo sa mantlha sa bophelo ba hae hajoale ke ho fumana mosali le ho etsa mosebetsi oa ho ba le bana. Haeba ho na le likopo tse 'maloa bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea basali, joale tse tona li ka loana.
Li-spermatophore tse tona li lutse fatše ka kotloloho, 'me tse tšehali li e monya ka cloaca. Ka metsing, manyolo a etsahala ka tsela e fapaneng: basali ba behela mahe, mme ba batona ba a nosetsa ka spermatophore.
Mahe a emolisitsoeng a ikamahanya le mahlaka a algae kapa metso ea 'ona. Mefuta ea li-viviparous, li-larvae li hola kahare ho popelo nakong ea likhoeli tse 10-12. Li-salamanders tsa metsing, bacha ba qhotsoa mahe kamora likhoeli tse ka bang 2 ba na le maqhubu a thehiloe ka botlalo. Ka ponahalo, li-larvae li batla li hopotsa marenana.
Taba e khahlisang: Ho li-salamanders tsa viviparous tse tsoang mahe a emolisitsoeng a 30-60, ke malinyane a 2-3 feela a tsoetsoeng, 'me mahe a mang kaofela ke lijo tsa bana ba kamoso.
Li-larvae tsa Salamander li phela le ho fepa ka metsing likhoeli tse ka bang tharo, hanyane ka hanyane li fetola le ho shebahala li le baholo. Pele pheletso ea 'mele e fela, li-salamanders tse nyane li khasa haholo tlase matangoaneng' me hangata li holim'a metsi li leka ho hema moea. Bacha ha ba na likamano le batsoali ba bona, 'me ha ba qeta phetoho ba qala bophelo ba bona ba ho ikemela.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa li-salamanders
Setšoantšo: Salamander ka tlhaho
Ka tlhaho, li-salamanders, ka lebaka la ho lieha ha tsona le 'mala o khanyang o ikhethang, li na le lira tse ngata, hobane li bonolo ho li lemoha. Tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa ho tsona ke linoha, hammoho le linoha tse kholo tse chefo le tse se nang chefo.
Hape ho molemo hore ba se ke ba bona linonyana tse kholo - liphakoe, liphakoe, lintsu, liphooko. Linonyana hangata ha li metse li-amphibian li ntse li phela - sena se felile, hobane o ka fumana karolo e hlomphehang ea chefo. Hangata linonyana li tšoara li-salamanders ka manala a tsona ebe lia li bolaea, li li akhela bophahamong ba majoe, ebe li qala ho ja, ntle le haeba ha ho motho ea hulang phofu, e etsahalang khafetsa.
Hape, likolobe-moru, li-martens le liphokojoe ha li hloee ho ja li-salamanders. Ho feta moo, ke likolobe-moru tse khonang ho li tsoma ka katleho e kholo, hobane liphoofolo tsena li na le molomo o moholo haholo, o li lumellang ho koenya phofu kapele, ha e e-so be le nako ea ho fola le ho ntša chefo letlalong. Ntlheng ena, liphokojoe le li-martens li na le nako e thata haholo - phofu e ka ba le nako ea ho holofatsa mehlahare ea eona ka chefo kapa esita le ho baleha, e siea paw kapa mohatla meno a eona.
Tikolohong ea metsing, li-salamanders le tsona li na le lira tse ngata. Tlhapi efe kapa efe e kholo e jang liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo - catfish, perch kapa pike e ka ja liphoofolo, empa hangata e le li-larvae. Litlhapi tse nyane ha li na bothata ba ho ja mahe.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Photo: salamander e shebahala joang
Ka lebaka la ho fapana ha eona, mefuta-futa le sebaka se seholo sa bolulo, litsebi tsa liphoofolo li fumane mefuta e mengata le li-subspecies tsa salamanders. Nakong e fetileng, mefuta e supileng e ka sehloohong ea li-salamanders e ile ea fumanoa, empa lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa biochemical tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li bontšitse hore ho na le tse 'ne feela.
Mefuta ea mantlha ea li-salamanders:
- Maghreb salamander (Salamandra algira Bedriaga), e fumanoeng mme ea hlalosoa ka 1883 Afrika;
- Corsican salamander (Salamandra corsica Savi), e hlalositsoeng ka 1838 sehlekehlekeng sa Corsica;
- salamander ea Asia Bohareng (Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens), e hlalositsoeng ka 1885 Asia Bophirima mme e na le li-subspecies tse 3 (tse nang le li-subspecies tse 3);
- salamander e nang le mabala (Salamandra salamandra) e hlalositsoeng ho 1758 mme e ahileng Europe le karolo ea Europe ea USSR ea mehleng, e nang le subspecies tse 12.
Har'a li-subspecies tsohle tse tsebahalang, Fire Salamander ke eona e ithutoang haholo.
Chefo ea mefuta e mengata ea li-salamanders e nkuoa e sa bolaee batho, empa ka nako e ts'oanang e le kotsi haholo, hobane e ka baka ho chesa haholo haeba e ka hlaha letlalong. Ka lebaka lena, ho ke ke haholo sa rateheng ho nka salamanders letsohong la hao. Ka kakaretso, salamanders ha se liphoofolo tse kotsi haholo. Ntle le moo, ha ba hlasele batho ka bobona, hobane ha ba na manala a bohale kapa meno bakeng sa sena.
Molebeli oa Salamander
Setšoantšo: Salamander ho tsoa ho Red Book
Mefuta e mengata ea li-salamanders e thathamisitsoe Bukeng e Khubelu tlasa maemo: "mefuta e tlokotsing" kapa "mefuta e kotsing". Palo ea bona e lula e fokotseha ka lebaka la nts'etsopele ea indasteri le temo, ho nchafatsa mobu, ho rengoa ha meru, 'me, ka lebaka leo, ho fokotseha ha lehae la bona khafetsa. Ho na le libaka tse fokolang le tse fokolang tse loketseng bophelo ba liphoofolo tsena mobung le metsing.
Batho ba amehileng ka bothata bona linaheng tse fapaneng ba etsa matsapa a mangata a ho boloka mefuta ena kaofela ka ho theha libaka tsa polokelo le libaka tse khethehileng tsa bana.
Ho mefuta e ahileng sebakeng sa Europe, mefuta ea Mollo kapa salamander e bonoang e sirelelitsoe ke "Berne Convention for the Protection of Rare Species and Habitats Their in Europe". Hape, mofuta ona o thathamisitsoe Bukeng e Khubelu ea Ukraine tlasa maemo a "mefuta e tlokotsing". Nakong ea mehla ea Soviet, mofuta ona o ne o sirelelitsoe ke Buka e Khubelu ea USSR. Kajeno, mosebetsi o ntse o tsoela pele oa ho kenya salamander e nang le mabala ho Red Book ea Russia.
The salamander spotted lulang Europe (bohareng le boroa) ho tloha Hloahloeng ea Iberia ho ea Jeremane, Poland, le Balkan. Ukraine, mofuta ona o lula tikolohong ea Carpathian (ka bochabela), hangata ha o fumanoe liphuleng tsa linoka tsa Lviv, Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, hammoho le Carpathian National Park le Carpathian Reserve.
Taba e khahlisang: Salamander e nang le mabala e hlahisa mofuta o ikhethang oa chefo e sa fumanoeng kae kapa kae phoofolo efe kapa efe. E na le lebitso le khethehileng - samandarin, ke ea sehlopha sa alkaloids steroidal le sebetsang ho e le neurotoxin. Ha ho ntse ho etsoa lipatlisiso, ho ile ha hlahisoa hore ts'ebetso ea bohlokoahali ea chefo ena ha se ts'ireletso ho liphoofolo tse li jang, empa ke phello e matla haholo ea ho loants'a fungal le antibacterial, e thusang ho boloka letlalo la phoofolo le hloekile ebile le phetse hantle. Kaha salamander e hema ka letlalo, bophelo bo botle le bohloeki ba letlalo li bohlokoa haholo ho phoofolo.
Salamander e tsamaisa mokhoa oa bophelo o patehileng. Karolo ena e etsa hore ho be thata haholo ho ithuta bophelo le litloaelo tsa bona. Ka lebaka la hore ho ne ho tsejoa hanyane ka salamanders, ba ne ba thatafalloa ke matsatsi a khale. Batho ba ne ba tšaba liphoofolo 'me ba chesoa mollong. Ma-salamanders, a leka ho qoba pheletso ea bona, a tsoa ka har'a mollo ka letsoalo mme a baleha. Kahoo tšōmo e hlahile hore ba ka tima mollo ka chefo ea bona mme, joalo ka ha ba ka tsoaloa.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 08/04/2019
Letsatsi la ho nchafatsa: 28.09.2019 ka 12:04
