Merlin Ke sebata se tšabehang, phakoe e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, e busa leholiotsoana le lehoatata le mabopong a lehoatata sebakeng se phahameng sa Arctic. Ha a le moo o tsoma linonyana tse kholo haholo, o li fihlela ka sefofane se matla. Lebitso lena la nonyana le tsebahala ho tloha lekholong la 12th, moo le tlalehiloeng ho "Lay of Igor's Host." Hona joale e sebelisoa hohle likarolong tsa Europe tsa Russia.
Tšimoloho ea eona e kanna ea amahanngoa le lentsoe la Sehungary "kerechen" kapa "kerecheto", mme e theohetse ho rona ho tloha nakong ea bolulo ba Pramagyar linaheng tsa Ugra. Masiba a eona a fapana ho latela sebaka. Joalo ka liphakoe tse ling, e bonts'a ts'oaetso ea thobalano, e tšehali e le kholo ho feta e tona. Ka makholo a lilemo, gyrfalcon e 'nile ea ratoa joalo ka nonyana e tsomang.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Krechet
Gyrfalcon e ile ea aroloa ka semolao ke setsebi sa tlhaho sa Sweden Karl Linnaeus ka 1758 khatisong ea 10 ea Systema Naturae, moo e kenyellelitsoeng tlasa lebitso la eona la morao-rao. Li-chronospecies li bile teng Late Pleistocene (lilemong tse 125,000 ho isa ho tse 13,000 tse fetileng). Lintho tsa khale tsa khale tse fumanoeng li ne li hlalosoa e le "Swarth Falcon". Ho sa le joalo, li ile tsa bonahala li tšoana haholo le gyrfalcon ea hajoale, ntle le hore mofuta ona o batla o le kholoanyane.
Video: Krechet
Chronospecies e bile le liphetoho tse itseng ho boemo ba leholimo bo futhumetseng bo neng bo atile maemong a bona nakong ea leqhoa la ho qetela. Mefuta ea khale e ne e shebahala joalo ka baahi ba sejoale-joale ba Siberia kapa phakoe ea thota. Baahi bana ba maemo a futhumetseng ba ne ba reretsoe ho tsoma mobu le liphoofolo tse anyesang ho fapana le linonyana tsa leoatle le linonyana tsa mobu tse etsang karolo e kholo ea lijo tsa Amerika tsa kajeno.
Taba e khahlisang: Gyrfalcon ke setho sa moaho oa Hierofalco. Sehlopheng sena, se kenyelletsang mefuta e 'maloa ea phakoe, ho na le bopaki bo lekaneng bo bonts'ang ho nyalisoa le ho hlophisoa ha mela ka mokhoa o sa phethahalang, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho sekaseka tlhaiso-leseling ea DNA.
Ho fumanoa ha likarolo tse fapaneng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le boits'oaro sehlopheng sa hierofalcons ho etsahetse nakong ea sehlopha sa ho qetela sa merabe ea Mikulinsky qalong ea Pleistocene ea morao-rao. Li-Gyrfalcons li fumane boiphihlelo bo bocha mme li ikamahantse le maemo a lehae, ho fapana le palo e tlase ea leboea-bochabela ho Afrika, e fetohileng Saker Falcon. Li-Gyrfalcons li kopantsoe le Saker Falcons lithabeng tsa Altai, mme phallo ena ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e bonahala e le mohloli oa phakoe ea Altai.
Patlisiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e supile hore baahi ba Iceland ba ikhethile ha ba bapisoa le ba bang ba Greenland, Canada, Russia, Alaska le Norway. Ntle le moo, ho fumanoe maemo a fapaneng a liphatsa tsa lefutso lipakeng tsa libaka tsa mehlala ea bophirima le bochabela ho Greenland. Mosebetsi o mong hape oa hlokahala ho supa maemo a tikoloho a susumetsang kabo ena. Mabapi le phapang ea masiba, patlisiso e sebelisang tlhaiso-leseling e bonts'itseng hore tatellano ea liketsahalo tsa sehlaha e ka ama kabo ea mmala oa masiba.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Nonyana ea Gyrfalcon
Li-Gyrfalcons li lekana le li-buzzard tse kholo ka boholo, empa li boima hanyane. Banna ba bolelele ba cm cm 48 ho isa ho 61 mme ba boima ba g ho tloha ho 805 ho isa ho 1350. Karolelano ea boima ke 1130 kapa 1170 g, mapheo a bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 112 ho isa ho 130. Tse tšehali li kholo ebile li bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 51 ho isa ho tse 65, tse bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 124 ho isa ho tse 160 , boima ba 'mele ho tloha ho 1180 ho isa ho 2100 g. Ho fumanoe hore basali ba tsoang Siberia ea Bochabela ba ka ba boima ba 2600 g.
Har'a litekanyo tse tloaelehileng ke:
- karolo ea mapheo ke 34.5 ho isa ho 41 cm:
- mohatla o bolelele ba 19.5 ho isa ho 29 cm;
- maoto ho tloha ho 4,9 ho isa ho 7.5 cm.
Gyrfalcon e kholo ebile e na le mapheo a sephara le mohatla o molelele ho feta phakoe eo e e tsomang. Nonyana ena e fapane le leeba ka sebopeho se akaretsang sa mapheo a nchocho.
Taba e khahlisang: Gyrfalcon ke mofuta oa polymorphic haholo, ka hona, masiba a li-subspecies tse fapaneng a fapane haholo. Mebala e ka ba "tšoeu", "silevera", "sootho" le "e ntšo", 'me nonyana e ka penta ka mebala e fapaneng ho tloha ho tšoeu ka ho feletseng ho ea lefifing.
Sebopeho se sootho sa gyrfalcon se fapana le phakoe ea peregrine ka hore ho na le metopa ea tranelate ka morao hloohong le moqhaka. Sebopeho se setšo se na le karolo e ka tlase e bonojoana haholo, mme ha se lesela le lesesaane joalo ka phakoe ea peregrine. Mofuta ona ha o na phapang ea thobalano ka 'mala; litsuonyana li lefifi ebile li sootho ho feta batho ba baholo. Li-Gyrfalcons tse fumanoang Greenland hangata li tšoeu ka ho felletseng ntle le matšoao a 'maloa mapheong. Mmala o mosoeu ke sehokelo sa lipakeng mme o fumaneha hohle moo ho lulang, hangata 'mele oa hae o na le mebala e' meli ea bohlooho.
Li-Gyrfalcons li na le mapheo a bolelele bo bolelele le mohatla o molelele. Le ha ho le joalo, e fapane le liphakoe tse ling ka boholo ba eona bo boholo, mapheo a makhuts'oane a otlollang bophahamo ba 2⁄3 mohatleng ha li ntse li otloloha, le mapheo a sephara. Mofuta ona o ka ferekanngwa feela le phakwe e ka leboya.
Gyrfalcon e lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Gyrfalcon ha e fofa
Libaka tse tharo tsa mantlha tsa ho ikatisa ke metsing, noka le thaba. E atile ka har'a tundra le taiga, e ka phela bophahamong ba leoatle ho fihla ho limithara tse 1500. Mariha, e fallela masimong a polasing le a temo khafetsa, lebopong le sebakeng sa eona sa tlhaho sa masimo.
Sebaka sa ho ikatisa se kenyelletsa:
- Libaka tsa Arctic tsa Amerika Leboea (Alaska, Canada);
- Greenland;
- Iceland;
- Scandinavia e ka leboea (Norway, leboea-bophirimela ho Sweden, leboea ho Finland);
- Russia, Siberia le boroa ho Hloahloa ea Kamchatka le Lihlekehleke tsa Commander.
Linonyana tse mariha li fumanoa ka boroa ho ea Amerika Boroa-bophirima le leboea-bochabela ho United States, Great Britain, Europe Bophirima, Russia boroa, Asia Bohareng, China (Manchuria), Sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin, Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril le Japane. Le ha batho ba bang ba tlalehiloe e le lihlaha lifateng, boholo ba li-gyrfalcons li lula sehlahleng sa arctic. Libaka tsa lihlaha hangata li fumanoa hara mafika a phahameng, ha libaka tsa ho tsoma le ho iphelisa li fapane haholo.
Libaka tsa phepo li ka kenyelletsa libaka tse mabopong le mabopo a leoatle a sebelisoang haholo ke linonyana tsa metsing. Ho arohana ha Habitat ha ho kotsi ho mofuta ona, haholo-holo ka lebaka la nako e khuts'oane ea kholo le tlelaemete ea sebaka seo. Kaha sebopeho sa mafika ha se khathatsoe ebile tundra ha e na liphetoho tse kholo, sebaka sa bolulo sa mofuta ona se bonahala se tsitsitse.
Mariha a ka etsa hore mofuta ona o tsamaee ka libaka. Ha li le maemong a leholimo a boroa haholo, li khetha masimo a temo a ba hopotsang libaka tsa tsona tsa ho ikatisa ka leboea, hangata li lula tlase holima mobu holima litšiea tsa terata.
Gyrfalcon e ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Nonyana ea Gyrfalcon e tsoang ho Red Book
Ho fapana le lintsu, tse sebelisang boholo ba tsona bo boholo ho ts'oasa phofu, le liphakoe tsa peregrine, tse sebelisang matla a khoheli ho fumana lebelo le leholo, li-gyrfalcons li sebelisa mabifi ho tšoara phofu ea tsona. Haholo-holo li tsoma linonyana libakeng tse bulehileng, ka linako tse ling li fofela holimo li bile li hlasela li le holimo, empa hangata li ea ho tsona, li fofa tlase holimo mobu. Hangata ba lula fatše. Hangata, ho sebelisoa lifofane tse lebelo le tlase libakeng tse bulehileng (ha ho lifate) moo gyrfalcon e hlaselang liphofu moeeng le mobung.
Lijo tsa li-gyrfalcons li na le:
- mekato (Lagopus);
- Li-squirrel tsa lefatše tsa Arctic (S. parryii);
- li-arctic hares (Lepus).
Phofu e 'ngoe e kenyelletsa liphoofolo tse anyesang tse nyane (litoeba, voles) le linonyana tse ling (matata, lirobele, buntings). Ha phakoe ena e ntse e tsoma, e sebelisa mahlo a eona a nchocho ho bona liphofu tse ka bang teng, joalo ka ha e ka ba liphoofolo tsohle tse leboea li na le 'mala o itseng ho qoba ho bonoa.
Taba e khahlisang: Nakong ea ho ikatisa, lelapa la gyrfalcon le hloka likarolo tse ka bang 2-3 ka letsatsi, e ka bang likarolo tse 150-200 tse sebelisoang lipakeng tsa boitlhopho le bocha.
Libaka tsa ho tsoma tsa Gyrfalcon hangata li tsamaellana le mabaka a lehloa. Ha motho eo e ka bang mohlaseluoa a fumanoa, ho qalella ho lelekisa, moo ho ka etsahalang, lehlatsipa le tla liheloa fatše ka likhahla tse matla tsa manala, ebe lea bolaoa. Li-Gyrfalcons li matla hoo li ka mamellang lifofane tse telele nakong ea ho tsoma mme ka linako tse ling li khanna phofu ea tsona ho fihlela ho ts'oaroa ho ba bonolo. Nakong ea lihlaha, gyrfalcon e na le lijo tse ka sebelisoang. Ka linako tse ling maeba (Columba livia) a fetoha phofu ea phakoe.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: White Gyrfalcon
Li-Gyrfalcons li khetha ho phela boinotšing, ntle le nakong ea ho ikatisa, ha li sebelisana le molekane oa tsona. Nako e setseng nonyana ena e tla tsoma, ho fula le ho lula bosiu feela. Hangata ha li falle, empa li tsamaea libaka tse khutšoane, haholo mariha, ho ea libakeng tse loketseng moo lijo li ka fumanoang.
Ke linonyana tse matla tse lebelo, 'me ke liphoofolo tse fokolang haholo tse sa iteta sefuba ho mo hlasela. Li-Gyrfalcons li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahong e le libatana. Li thusa ho laola palo ea liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo ebile li thusa ho boloka botsitso tikolohong eo li phelang ho eona.
'Nete e thabisang: Litsebi tsa baeloji tse ithutileng li-gyrfalcons ka mashome a lilemo li kile tsa nahana hore linonyana tsena li amana haufi haholo le mobu, moo li lulang teng, li tsoma le lihlaha. Le ha sena se netefalitsoe maemong a mangata, ho fumanoe ka 2011 hore li-gyrfalcons tse ling li qeta nako e ngata ea mariha leoatleng, hole le naha efe kapa efe. Mohlomong, liphakoe li ja linonyana tsa leoatle moo 'me li phomola leqhoeng kapa leqhoeng la leoatle.
Batho ba baholo ha ba na tšekamelo ea ho falla haholo-holo Iceland le Scandinavia, ha bacha ba ka tsamaea libaka tse telele. Tsamaiso ea tsona e amahanngoa le ho fumaneha ha lijo ka linako tse ling, mohlala, linonyana tse nang le morphs tse tšoeu li fofa ho tloha Greenland ho ea Iceland. Li-gyrfalcons tse ling li tloha Amerika Leboea li ea Siberia. Mariha, li ka tsamaea libaka tse bohōle ba lik'hilomithara tse 3400 (ho tloha Alaska ho ea Arctic Russia). Ho tlalehiloe hore mosali e mong e monyane o ile a tsamaea lik'hilomithara tse 4548.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Wild Gyrfalcon
Gyrfalcon hangata e lula lihlaheng mafikeng. Lihlopha tse ikatisang li ikhahela lihlaha 'me hangata li sebelisa leralla le pepesitsoeng kapa sehlaha se lahliloeng sa linonyana tse ling, haholo-holo lintsu tsa khauta le makhoaba. Tse tona di qala ho sireletsa dihlaha ho tloha mahareng a mariha, ho ella mafelong a Pherekgong, ha tse tshehadi di fihla dibakeng tsa dihlaha mathoasong a Hlakubele. Pairing e etsahala nakong ea libeke tse ka bang 6, hangata mahe a beheloa ho ella mafelong a Mmesa.
Taba e khahlisang: Ho fihlela haufinyane, ho ne ho sa tsejoe hanyane ka libaka tsa sehlaha, linako tsa ho qhotsa, matsatsi a qalang, le boits'oaro ba ho ikatisa ba li-gyrfalcons. Le ha ho fumanoe ho hongata lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho ntse ho na le likarolo tsa potoloho ea ho ikatisa tse lokelang ho netefatsoa.
Linonyana li sebelisa lihlaha tsa tsona selemo le selemo, hangata mesaletsa ea phofu e ipokellela ho tsona, 'me majoe a soeufala ke guano e feteletseng. Maratsoana a ka tloha mahe a 2 ho isa ho a 7, empa hangata a 4. Karolelano ea boholo ba lehe 58.46 mm x 45 mm; boima ba 'mele karolelano ea 62 g. Mahe a atisa ho khuoa ke e tšehali ka thuso e itseng e tsoang ho e tona. Nako ea poloko ke matsatsi a 35 ka karolelano, 'me litsuonyana tsohle li qhotsoa nakong ea lihora tse 24 ho isa ho tse 36, e leng boima ba 52g.
Ka lebaka la boemo ba leholimo bo batang, litsuonyana li koahetsoe ke boima bo tlase. E tšehali e qala ho tloha sehlaheng feela kamora matsatsi a 10 ho ikopanya le e tona ho tsoma. Litsuonyana li tsoa sehlaheng ka libeke tse 7-8. Ha ba le likhoeli tse 3 ho isa ho tse 4, gyrfalcon e ntseng e hola e ikemela ho batsoali ba bona, leha ba ka kopana le banab'eno nakong ea mariha e tlang.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa gyrfalcons
Setšoantšo: Nonyana ea Gyrfalcon
Boholo bo boholo le bokhoni bo phahameng ba ho fofa bo etsa hore gyrfalcon e kholo e se ke ea hlaseloa ke libatana tsa tlhaho. Li ka ba mabifi ha li sireletsa malinyane a tsona 'me li tla hlasela le ho leleka liphooko tse khōlō tse nang le manaka, liphokojoe, liphiri, liphiri, libere, liphokojoe tsa lehloa le liphooko tse jang malinyane a tsona. Li-Gyrfalcons ha li mabifi ho batho, esita le ho bo-rasaense ba etsang lipatlisiso ba ithutang lihlaha ho bokella lintlha. Linonyana li tla fofa haufi, li etse melumo, empa li tlohele ho hlasela.
'Nete e monate: Ba-Inuit ba bang ba sebelisa masiba a gyrfalcon molemong oa mekete. Batho ba nka litsuonyana lihlaheng hore ba tsoele pele ho li sebelisa ka phakoe ka mokhoa o bitsoang mahlo.
Libata feela tsa tlhaho tse sokelang gyrfalcon ke lintsu tsa khauta (Aquila chrysaetos), empa le tsona ha se hangata li loantšanang le liphakoe tse tšabehang. Li-Gyrfalcons li khetholloa e le liphoofolo tse khathatsang haholo. Makhoaba a tloaelehileng ke tsona feela liphoofolo tse jang tse ling tse tsebahalang tse atlehileng ho ntša mahe le malinyane sehlaheng. Le libere tse sootho li ile tsa hlaseloa 'me tsa siuoa li se na letho.
Hangata batho ba bolaea linonyana tsena ka phoso. Sena e ka ba ho thulana ha likoloi kapa chefo ea motho ea liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo, tse shoeleng tseo ka linako tse ling li jang gyrfalcon. Hape, ho bolaea esale pele ha u ntse u tsoma ke sesosa sa lefu la li-gyrfalcons. Linonyana tse phelang ho fihlela lilemong tsa ho hola li ka phela ho fihlela lilemo tse 20.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Nonyana e jang nama Gyrfalcon
Ka lebaka la baahi ba eona ba bangata, Gyrfalcon ha e nkuoe ke IUCN hore e kotsing. Linonyana tsena ha li a angoa hampe ke ho senngoa ha libaka tsa bolulo, empa tšilafalo, joalo ka likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokonyana, e lebisitse ho fokotseheng bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, mme ho fihlela 1994 e nkuoa e le "kotsing". Maemo a ntlafalitsoeng a tikoloho linaheng tse tsoetseng pele a lumelletse linonyana ho hlaphoheloa.
Taba e khahlisang: Ho nahanoa hore boholo ba baahi ba hajoale bo lula bo sa fetohe ka liphetoho tse fokolang nakong e telele. Sena se ka bakoa ke taba ea hore tahlehelo ea tikoloho ha se taba e kholo ka lebaka la tšusumetso e tlase ea batho tikolohong e ka leboea.
Tlhokomelo ea linonyana tse jang nama e se e atile haholo, empa ka lebaka la ho ba hole le ho se fihlellehe, ha se libaka tsohle tse koahetsoeng ka botlalo. Lebaka ke hobane linonyana tse jang nama ke sesupo se setle sa bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho le tikoloho ea tsona. Ka ho sheba gyrfalcon, o ka tseba hore na ecosystem e fokotsehile ebe o leka ho e khutlisa.
Ts'ireletso ea li-gyrfalcons
Setšoantšo: Gyrfalcon ho tsoa ho Red Book
Lilemong tse makholo a fetileng, ho bile le ho fokotseha ha palo ea batho ba li-gyrfalcon libakeng tse ling, haholo-holo Scandinavia, Russia le Finland. Hangata hona ho ne ho amahanngoa le liphetoho tse etsahalang tikolohong + le pherekano ea maemo a leholimo. Kajeno boemo ba linaha tsena, ho kenyeletsoa libaka tse mmaloa tsa Russia, bo fetohile ho khutlisetsa baahi. Palo ea baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa Russia (lipara tse 160-200) e tlalehiloe Kamchatka. Gyrfalcon, e 'ngoe ea mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea liphakoe, e thathamisitsoeng Bukeng e Khubelu ea Russian Federation.
Palo ea gyrfalcon e angoa ke:
- ho hloka libaka tsa sehlaha;
- phokotso ea mefuta ea linonyana e tsongoang ke "gyrfalcon";
- ho thunngoa ha gyrfalcon + ho senngoa ha lihlaha;
- maraba a behiloeng ke litsomi tse seng molaong ho tšoasa phokojoe ea Arctic.
- ho fallisoa ha linonyana libakeng tsa tsona ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea batho;
- ho tlosa litsuonyana lihlaheng + ho tšoasa batho ba baholo bakeng sa khoebo e seng molaong.
Bosholu ba likokoana-hloko, ka mokhoa oa ho cheha le ho rekisa linonyana ho liphakoe, e ntse e le bothata bo boholo. Ka lebaka la lithibelo tse tlamang tsa kantle ho naha, sena ha se etsahale hangata. Mofuta ona o behiloe lihlomathisong: CITES, Bonn Convention, Berne Convention. Ho saennoe litumellano lipakeng tsa USA, Russia, Japane mabapi le ts'ireletso ea linonyana tse fallang. Ho hloka lintlha ho kotsi ho nonyana merlin, ka hona, hoa hlokahala ho etsa liteko tse felletseng.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 06/13/2019
Letsatsi le ntlafalitsoeng: 09/23/2019 ka 10:17
