Ba bangata ba utloile polelo ena ho tloha bongoaneng: "E mong le e mong seqhomane O rorisa mokhoabong oa hae ", empa na seboholi se hlile se lula mokhoabong, se shebahala joang, se jang, mekhoa le litloaelo tsa sona ha li tsejoe ke mang le mang. Ha re leke ho utloisisa likarolo tsohle tsa bohlokoa tsa sebopuoa sena se nang le masiba, ha re se re ithutile ka ho qaqileng bophelo ba sona ba linonyana.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Kulik
Li-sandpipers ke tsa taelo ea Charadriiformes, e ka bitsoa kholo ka ho fetisisa har'a litaelo tse ling, tse kenyeletsang linonyana tsa metsi le tse haufi le metsi. Li hasane haholo likarolong tse fapaneng tsa polanete ea rona mme kantle li shebahala li fapane haholo, li fapana ka litloaelo le boits'oaro.
Sehlopha se fapaneng joalo se kenyelletsa malapa a 'maloa a linonyana ka nako e le' ngoe, hara ona ke:
- marabele;
- dipitsi-mashome a mane;
- senoko;
- senoko e mebala;
- shiloklyuvkovy;
- tirkushkovs;
- melomo ya sekele;
- Litlhaku.
Hona joale litsebi tsa li-ornithologists li na le tšekamelo ea ho lumela hore linonyana tsohle tsa metsing li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tsa linonyana. Sehlopha sa pele se kenyelletsa li-awl, li-plover le li-oysterbird, li nkuoa e le beng ka bona ba li-tern le likhofu. Sehlopha sa bobeli se kenyelletsa snipe, yakan le snipe e mebala, e khethiloeng e le lekala le arohaneng la thuto ea kholo ea kholo ea kholo ea ho iphetola ha lintho. Bakeng sa kutloisiso e felletseng ea linonyana tsena, re tla hlalosa hakhutšoanyane mefuta e meng ea linonyana tsa metsing.
Li-plover li na le boholo bo mahareng, lihlooho tsa tsona li nyane, 'me molomo o mokhutšoane ebile o otlolohile. Litho le tsona li khuts'oane, empa mapheo le mohatla li telele haholo. Mapheo a mapheo a fihla ho cm 45, 'me boima ba nonyana bo fapana ho tloha ho 30 ho isa ho 70 gram. MaJili ke batho ba maoto a malelele ba nang le molomo o molelele o kobehileng hodimo. Linonyana tsena ka bobeli li kholo ebile li boholo bo bohareng. Boima ba 'mele bo ka bang ligrama tse makholo a mabeli.
Video: Kulik
Li-curlews li kholo haholo, boima ba linonyana tsena tse holileng tsebong bo pakeng tsa ligrama tse 500 ho isa ho tse 1200. Ba na le molomo o molelele o kobehileng. Mohala o le mong o mosoeu o bonahala ka ho hlaka mohatleng oa bona o lefifi. Mapheo a lula libakeng tse mongobo le likhohlong tsa noka tse koahetsoeng ke joang ba squat. Turukhtan ke mong'a liaparo tse khanyang le tse majabajaba, tseo mebala ea tsona e nang le lithane tsa khauta, tse ntšo, tse putsoa, le tse tala tse nang le sheen ea tšepe. Ho thata ho fumana banna ba babeli ba mebala e tšoanang, motho e mong le e mong o fapane haholo.
Li-spindle li kholo haholo, boima ba tsona bo ka fihla ho ligrama tse 270. Linonyana li khetholloa ka molomo o otlolohileng le maoto le matsoho. Molumo o moholo oa masiba o khubelu. Hangata li fumanoa makhulong a lebopong, moo li lulang likoloneng tse fokolang. Li-snipes li na le boholo bo mahareng, bolelele ba 'mele ea tsona bo tloha ho 25 ho isa ho 27 cm,' me boima ba tsona bo tloha ho li-gram tse 80 ho isa ho tse 170. Li-sandpipers li tšoana haholo le lirobele, li nyane ebile li monate. Ba ile ba nka linonyana tse nyane tse majabajaba sebakeng se majabajaba, moo ba neng ba batla lijo mobung o koahetsoeng ke lehloa. Linonyana li sebetsa haholo ka shoalane. Plovers e khetholloa ka molomo o mokhutšoane le maoto a malelele, linonyana tsena li bolelele bo boholo.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Sebopeho sa lehlabathe se shebahala joang
Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, litekanyo tsa li-waders li fapane haholo, bolelele ba 'mele ea tsona bo ka fapana ho tloha ho 14 ho isa ho 62 cm,' me li ka ba boima ba ligrama tse 30 ho isa ho 1200. Taba ea hore boholo ba seretse se chesang ke linonyana tse metsing a mabeli le eona e ama likarolo tsa bona tsa kantle. Li-sandpipers li batla li le tšesaane, li phukalalitse mapheo, li supile ho isa qetellong. Linonyana tse ling - beng ba maoto le matsoho a makhuts'oane, tsena li kenyelletsa li-plover, snipe le li-lapwings. Tse ling ke linonyana tse maoto a malelele (li-curlews le felds), 'me maoto le matsoho a malelele haholo a na le litšepe. Maoto a na le menoana e meraro kapa e mene, eo ea bone e sa tsoelang pele hantle.
Taba e khahlisang: Bolelele ba maoto le matsoho a setanka bo ka bapisoa le boholo ba 'mele. Maoto a eona a bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 20, 'me boholo ba' mele bo boholo bo ka ba 40 cm, leha mefuta e mengata e le menyenyane haholo.
Litho tsa setho sa sehlopha sa leoatle se nang le lewatle li na le lera le bonahalang lipakeng tsa menoana ea maoto; hona ho kenyelletsa sesepa sa 'mala le li-sandpipers tse mebala-bala. Linonyana tsa metsing, li-scallops tse letlalo li hlaha ka lehlakoreng la menoana. Tarsus ea linonyana tsena ha e koahetsoe ke masiba.
Maoto le matsoho a li-waders e ka ba a mebala e latelang:
- e putsoa;
- bosehla;
- batsho;
- botala;
- khubelu.
Melomo ea li-waders tse fapaneng le eona ea fapana, ho latela lijo tseo linonyana li li fumanang. Linonyana li na le melomo e mesesaane le e melelele, e otlolohileng hape e kobehile, ka bobeli tlase le holimo. Ho na le mehlala eo molomo oa eona o seng molelele, kantle e ts'oanang le ea leeba. Ho boetse ho na le melomo mofuteng ona oa linonyana o holang ho isa qetellong (spatula, tirkusha, plover). Ka lebaka la bongata ba li-receptor, melomo e bonolo haholo, empa hape e matla ka ho lekana, kahoo e ka petsoha le likhetla tse thata tsa li-crustaceans, li tsamaisa majoe a sitisang ho ntšoa ha lijo.
Taba e khahlisang: Nonyana e khopameng e nko e na le molomo oa mantlha o kobehileng lehlakoreng.
Ka masiba a li-waders tse ngata, ha o khone ho bona li-shades tse khanyang le tse lerootho, molumo oa khutso o atile: ea bohlooho, o mosoeu, o mofubelu. Ka 'mala, tse tona le tse tšehali lia tšoana.
Empa ho boetse ho na le mehlala e majabajaba e nang le masiba a mangata a fapaneng, har'a ona ke:
- turukhtanov;
- likhechana tse ling;
- dipitsi-mashome a mane;
- awlbuck;
- mabanta.
Li-sandpipers li na le molt habeli ka selemo. Ts'ebetso ea lehlabula ea ho qhibilihisa ka botlalo e telele haholo, e tšoarella ho fihlela mariha. Qetellong ea nako ea mariha, ho na le molt e sa phethoang (pele ho lenyalo). Mefuta e meng ea linonyana tsa metsing, ho na le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa mebala ea mariha le masiba a lehlabula.
Seboko sa lehlabathe se lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Sandpiper ea Linonyana
Li-sandpipers li lula lefats'eng lohle, li feta Arctic feela, empa li ka fumanoa lihlekehlekeng tse Leoatleng la Arctic, libakeng tsa lehoatata tsa Asia Bohareng, lithabeng tsa Pamir. Pele, li-sandpipers li ea libakeng tse mabopong a matša le linoka, li lula libakeng tse mabopong. Ho na le mefuta e sa hlatsuoeng ea meru ea linonyana tsena, tseo re ka li bolelang tsa woodcock le blackie. Ho na le mefuta ea linonyana eo mehloli ea metsi sebakeng sa bolulo e seng ea bohlokoa haholo, e ikutloa e le ntle lehoatateng. Linonyana tse joalo li ipata India, lik'honthinenteng tsa Australia le Afrika, Asia Boroa.
Ho hlophisa libaka tsa tsona tsa sehlaha, linonyana tsa metsing li ka khetha sebaka se fapaneng se nang le naha e fapaneng ka ho felletseng, e ka ba tundra e sa tsamaeeng, libaka tse bulehileng tsa masabasaba, masimo a lijo-thollo, mabopo a matangoana a fapaneng le mabopo a lehlabathe.
Ha e le naha ea rona, li-waders li ka fumanoa libakeng le libakeng tsohle tsa eona. Li-sandpipers li ile tsa lula libakeng tse ka boroa ho ea fihla libakeng tse ka leboea tse moeling oa Arctic. Bochabela bo Hōle u ka bona li-plover tse nyane, li-lapwings, li-woodcock. Primorsky Territory e khethiloe ke bomenemene, balebeli. Li-plover tsa Ussuri li lula pela linoka tsa lithaba. Libaka tse lebopong li ratoa haholo ke linoha tsa Majapane le marulelo a leoatle. Sebakeng sa Amur, ho na le likokoana-hloko tse phelang, snipe e tloaelehileng, fifi, li-sandpipers tse maoto a malelele. Ha ua lokela ho makatsoa ke libaka tse fapaneng tsa libaka tsa linonyana, hobane ho suborder ea li-waders ho na le palo e kholo ea mefuta.
Hona joale ua tseba hore na sefi se fumaneha hokae. A re boneng hore na o ja eng.
Sebupuoa se ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Sandpiper e Ntšo
Lijo tsa li-waders li fapane, joalo ka mefuta ea tsona. Se ke la lebala hore boholo ba tsona li lula haufi le 'mele ea metsi, ka hona lijo tsa tsona li amahanngoa le liphoofolo tse lulang moo.
Li-sandpipers li thabela ho ja lijo tse bobebe:
- shellfish;
- li-crustaceans tse fapaneng;
- liboko;
- mefuta eohle ea likokoanyana;
- diboko;
- hlapi e nyane.
Sesepa se ka fumana lijo tsa sona ka holim'a lera la mobu le ka hare; bakeng sa sena, mefuta e mengata e na le melomo e melelele e khonang ho sebetsana le likhetla tse matla le likhetla. Mefuta e meholo ea linonyana tsa metsing e thabela ho ja lihohoana, mekholutsoane, esita le litoeba ka thabo.
Taba e khahlisang: Tsie ke sejo se ratoang haholo lijong tsa li-waders tse ngata, e monyela ka kotloloho ho fofa le ka bongata bo boholo.
Har'a li-waders, o ka kopana le batho ba sa jeng nama, ho na le mefuta e mehlano feela joalo. Linonyana li ja lijo-thollo, peo ea litlama tse fapaneng, monokotsoai, ba thabile haholo ka li-blueberries tseo ba li ratang. Li-sandpipers tsa metsing li na le tsebo e ntle ea ho tšoasa litlhapi, 'me li ikakhela ka setotsoana ho tšoasa litlhapi tse monate, tseo li li ratang ho feta mefuta eohle ea lijo. Ho na le lijana tse ngata tse fapaneng mefuteng ea eona, empa linakong tsa tlala le mathata, le nonyana e jang nama e tla thaba haholo ka lijo-thollo tseo e li fumanang.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Kulik ha a fofa
Li-wader ke linonyana tse hlophisehileng sechabeng tse etsang likolone kaofela. Pele li fofela libakeng tse futhumetseng, li bokellana ka mehlape, e ka bang linonyana tse likete tse 'maloa. Har'a tsona ho na le linonyana tse lulang fatše le tse hloma-u-hlomole, empa tse ngata li ntse li lokela ho boleloa ke tse fallang. Sena sohle se latela sebaka seo mofuta ona kapa mofuta ona o lulang ho sona. Li-sandpipers li fallela libakeng tse ntle haholo, li phahama ka bolelele ho feta 6 km. Linonyana tsa Siberia li potlakela mariha naheng ea Australia le New Zealand. Li-wader li fofa ho tloha Alaska ho ea Argentina. Li-sandpipers li feta mariha libakeng tsa Afrika, Asia le India.
Taba e khahlisang: Li-wader nakong ea sefofane li khona ho hlola lik'hilomithara tse likete tse 11 ntle le setulo se le seng, ha ba tšabe mahoatata leha e le afe, kapa mekoloko ea lithaba, eseng libaka tse kholo tsa metsi tse bulehileng.
Ho na le li-waders, tse sebetsang motšehare, ho na le linonyana, li khetha bophelo ba mantsiboea. Hoo e ka bang linonyana tsohle tsa metsing ke limathi tse hloahloa, tse fofang le ho sesa. Mefuta e meng e na le talenta ea ho qoela. Li-sandpipers li bona hantle ebile li utloa ka hloko. Barati ba linonyana ba tiisa hore linonyana tsa metsing li thapisitsoe hantle, li ikamahanya le maemo a macha kapele, li ikopanya le batho habonolo 'me li thabela ho amohela lijo tse iketselitsoeng.
Taba e khahlisang: Tikolohong ea batho, linonyana tsa metsing li fumane tlhompho ka lebaka la hore li ja litsie tse lematsang lijalo ka bongata, hape li rata ho ja le menoang e tenang e monyoang mali.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Kulik ka metsing
Li-sandpipper li ba le kholo ea thobalano ha ba le haufi le lilemo tse peli. Nako ea lechato hangata e oela ka Mmesa. Linonyana tse ling li khetha ho phela ka mohlape, tse ling li lula ka bobeli ka bobeli. Ho bua ho ka utluoa, ka bobeli li kopane ebile ha li masoha. Mekhoa ea ho khahlisa batho ba bong bo fapaneng e fapana ka mefuta le mefuta.
Bakeng sa maqhubu a leoatle, ho fofa ka lebelo le tsamaeang le trill ke tšobotsi, ebe ba tsoela pele ho lelekisa basali, ba bula mohatla oa bona joalo ka fene. Lapwings e hohela tse tšehali ha li fofa ka matla, ebe li qoela tlase, li ntse li fofa ka mahlakore a fapaneng. Li-plover tse nyane li potoloha ka bophara, 'me, ha li theohela fatše, li potlakela ho lelekisa mafumahali a masiba. Li-curlews tsa Bochabela bo Hare li hoheloa ke ho nyolohela bophahamong ba limithara tse mashome a mane, moo li fofang ka lisenthimithara, li bina ho lla le lipina tsa melodi.
Bahlaseli ba na le mefuta e fapaneng ea likamano tsa lenyalo:
- sethepu - monna o na le kamano le basali ba 'maloa ka nako e le ngoe mme kamora ho kopanela liphate ha a nke karolo bophelong ba bona bo tsoelang pele;
- Ho nyala mosali a le mong ho nkoa e le mofuta o atileng ka ho fetisisa oa kamano lipakeng tsa linonyana tsa metsing, ha ho theoa banyalani ba matla, 'me batsoali ka bobeli ba hlokomela bana;
- Sehlaha se habeli se fapana ka hore e tšehali e etsa mahlahahlaha a mahe hang-hang lihlaheng tse peli, ho e 'ngoe eo molekane a kenang ho eona. Motsoali e mong le e mong o hlokomela malinyane a tsoang sehlaheng sa hae;
- polyandry e khetholloa ke taba ea hore e tšehali e na le balekane ba 'maloa ka nako e le' ngoe, e behela mahe libakeng tse fapaneng tsa sehlaha, moo banna ba a qhotsetsang teng;
- Baremi ba lehlabathe ba khetha litšila tsa letsopa, tse sa kenngoeng ke letho, e le sebaka sa lihlaha tsa bona. Bakeng sa ba bang, ke ntho e ikhethileng ho lula lihlaheng tsa lifate tsa bajaki, tse se nang letho. Hangata ka clutch ho na le mahe a mane a bōpehileng joaloka pere le molumo o motala o nang le matheba. Litsuonyana li tsoetsoe li koahetsoe ke mokelikeli o teteaneng, hang-hang li bona hantle 'me li khona ho iphumanela lijo, empa batsoali ba ntse ba hlokomela, ba futhumatsa masea, ba a sireletsa ho batho ba sa rateng, ba lekola libaka tse nang le lijo tse ngata le bona. Ho li-waders-mashome a mane, batsoali ba fepa litsuonyana tsa bona, ba li tlisetsa lijo ka kotloloho sebakeng sa lihlaha. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore maemong a tlhaho linonyana tsa metsing li khona ho phela lilemo tse ka bang 20.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa seqhomane
Setšoantšo: Ho sesa nonyana ea nonyana
Li-sandpipers li na le lira tse fetang tse lekaneng maemong a thata a tlhaho. Tšokelo e ka sehloohong e hlahisoa ke libatana tse fapaneng tse nang le masiba, mohlala, liphakoe. Li-wading li qala ho tšoha ha li bona phakoe e atamelang. Hangata li leka ho ipata ka metsing ka ho qoela botebong. Leqheka lena le ka sebetsa hantle haholo. Moo e sa tebang haholo, ha ba khone ho ipatela phakoe, linonyana li ntse li tsoela pele ho baleha, li lla ka mokhoa o utloisang bohloko, empa sebatana se hlomphehang hangata se hlola.
Lira tsa linonyana tsa metsing li kenyelletsa li-martens, li-wolverine, liphokojoe tse tsoang bophirima, makhoaba le buzzards. Hangata, li hlasela liphoofolo tse se nang boiphihlelo le litsuonyana tse nyane. Linonyana tse kang li-skuas li rata mahe a li-wader, ao a atisang ho utsoa lihlaheng tsa 'ona.
Taba e khahlisang: Ditshadi di sebete haholo mme di sireletsa matsuane a tsona kamehla. Ha e ntse e fula linku, ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore linonyana tsa metsing li ne li li hlasela ha li atamela haufi le moo lihlahang teng. Litlhaselo tsa linonyana li ne li cheseha hape li le mahlahahlaha hoo linku li ileng tsa tšoha 'me tsa baleha linonyana tse halefileng.
Lira tsa linonyana le tsona li ka nkuoa e le batho ba hlaselang libaka tse hapiloeng ke linonyana ebe ba li tlosa libakeng tse tloaelehileng le tse tloaelehileng tsa bolulo. Li-sandpipers li na le nama e monate joaloka nama, kahoo mefuta e meng e tsongoa (mohlala, woodcock). Motho o baka tšenyo ho baemeli ba bangata ba liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsoa le li-waders, ha a silafatsa tikoloho mme a etsa mosebetsi oa hae o maphathaphathe oa moruo.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Sebopeho sa lehlabathe se shebahala joang
Ho na le lintlha tse fapaneng mabapi le palo ea mefuta ea li-Charadriiformes. Ho ea ka mehloli e meng, ho na le mefuta e 181, ho ea ka tse ling - mefuta e 214. Ka lebaka la mefuta e mengata ea mefuta-futa, li-sandpipers li hasane haholo ho pholletsa le lefats'e, li lula sebakeng se pharalletseng. Naheng ea habo rona feela, bo-rasaense ba balile mefuta e 94 ea linonyana tsa metsing.
Leha ho na le mefuta e mengata haholo, palo ea batho ba mefuta eohle e ntse e fokotseha butle-butle, 'me hangata linonyana tse ling tsa linonyana li kotsing. Ho sa tsotelehe ho bohloko ho utloisisa sena, batho ke lona lebaka le ka sehloohong la boemo bona ka palo ea linonyana e ntseng e fokotseha khafetsa. Motho o etsa mosebetsi oa hae o sa khathaleng oa moruo, o senyang li-biotopes tsa tlhaho moo linonyana li lulang li lula teng
Libaka tsa leoatle tsa Asia li kotsi ho linonyana tse fallang. Mona batho ba tšolla libaka tse kholo bakeng sa litlhoko tsa bona, moo linonyana li tloaetseng ho phela, sena se ba lebisa lefung, hobane e etsa hore ho be thata ho hlahisa bana. Ho lutla ha metsi a mongobo, tšilafalo ea libaka tse fapaneng tsa metsi le tikoloho eohle ka kakaretso ho senya palo ea linonyana, ho fokotsa palo ea eona khafetsa. Tsena tsohle li fana ka maikutlo a hore linonyana tsa metsing li hloka mehato e khethehileng ea ts'ireletso, eo motho a lekang ho e nka.
Tšireletso ea sandpiper
Setšoantšo: Kulik oa Buka e khubelu
Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, palo ea linonyana tsa metsing e ntse e fokotseha butle-butle, 'me mefuta e meng e kotsing ea ho timela ka ho felletseng.Gyrfalcon le curlew e tšesaane e ka nyamela ka botlalo sefahlehong sa polanete ea rona, e ke keng ea ferekanya, ka hona mefuta e mengata ea linonyana e thathamisitsoe ho Red Data Books. Bo-rasaense ba hlokomela hore lilemong tsa morao tjena, palo ea batho ba sebelisang likharafu le ba khethang li-steppe e fokotsehile haholo.
Lethathamong le khubelu la International Union for the Conservation of Nature ho na le mefuta e supileng ea li-crustaceans, tse kenyeletsang:
- likharafu;
- mekotla e putsoa;
- Likhofu tsa Okhotsk;
- Merero ea Ussuri;
- Asia snipe gusset;
- Snipe ea Majapane;
- Li-curlews tsa Bochabela bo Hare.
Ha e le naha ea rona, ho se ho ntse ho na le mefuta e leshome le motso o mong oa li-sandpiper ho Red Book ea eona. Ho ba thathamisitsoeng kaholimo, li-stilts, li-oyster, li-magpies, shiloklyuv, li-tootheds tse tšehla le tsona lia eketsoa. Buka e khubelu ea Primorsky Krai e na le mefuta e leshome le metso e mene, i.e. tse ling tse tharo li behiloe hara mefuta e leshome le motso o le mong oa Russian Federation ho Red Data Book: warbler, baby curlew, le snipe ea thaba.
Ho se ho boletsoe hore litlamorao tsena tsohle tse bohloko ka palo ea linonyana li bakiloe ke liketso tsa boithati tsa batho tse reretsoeng batho feela le ho se tsotelle baemeli ba puso ea liphoofolo. Bo-rasaense ba baeloji ba lumela hore linonyana tsa metsing li hloka ho holisoa maemong a maiketsetso, ebe li lokela ho lokolloa. Empa litsebi tse ngata lefapheng lena li nka sena se le thata haholo ebile se sa sebetse.
Sesepa Ke nonyana e makatsang. Ha ho makatse hore ebe ho na le polelo e buang ka bona, e boletsoeng qalong, ka 'nete, linonyana tsena tse sa tloaelehang, hangata li nka botle bo mabotho-botho. Mefuta e meholo ea mefuta-futa ha eu lumelle hore u borehe ha u ithuta li-waders, 'me mekhoa ea bona e fapaneng le litloaelo lia makatsa ebile li baka thahasello ea' nete.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 08/05/2019
Letsatsi la ho nchafatsa: 09/28/2019 ka 21:42
