Gerbils ke lelapa le leholo le tsoang Lefatsheng la Khale. Ke e 'ngoe ea tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa lelapeng le leholo la litoeba, Muroidea, e kenyeletsang litoeba, likhoto, li-voles, hamsters, gerbils le beng ka bona ba bang ba bangata. Litho tsa lelapa le lenyenyane la Gerbillinae li tšoana haholo. Boholo ba tsona ke litoeba tsa letsatsing. Gerbil - litoeba tse qabolang tse lulang naheng ebile li ikamahanya hantle le maemo a lapeng. Joang le moo gerbils phela, tsohle ka mekhoa ea ho ikatisa le lintlha tse ling ka ho ba teng ha tsona li ka ithuta ho lintho tse bonahalang tse.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Gerbil
Ka genera e teng e 16, ho na le mefuta e fihlang ho 110 ea li-gerbils. Ke tsa litoeba 'me li theha lekala le tloaelehileng le nang le litoeba tse nang le mehatla e melelele. Li ka aroloa ka morphologia le mefuta e meng e kang ea toeba ka likarolo tse 'maloa tse tsoang ho eona. Liphuputso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ngata tsa mitochondrial le DNA ea nyutlelie li tiisa boikemelo ba tsona ba tlhaho 'me li bontša hore li na le kamano e haufi le litoeba ebile ke sehlopha sa bo-khaitseli ba Deomiinovs.
Video: Gerbil
Likarolong tsa pejana, li-gerbils tsa Old World li ne li lula li nkuoa e le beng ka bona ba haufi ka ho fetisisa ba likhoto tsa Hamster kapa Madagascar le likhoto tse ling tse tloaelehileng tsa moropa oa Afrika. Kamano e haufi le mofuta oa khale oa tweba, e nang le mofuta o rarahaneng haholo oa leino la molar, e se e le teng ka lebaka la ho tšoana ho hoholo hoa paterone ea meqhaka ea molar ho gerbils le ho tsona. Leha ho le joalo, mesaletsa ea boholo-holo ea litoeba e na le li-mandus tse eketsehileng tse neng li sa tsejoe qalong ho gerbils.
Li-gerbils tsa sejoale-joale li na le mahlo a maholo le mahlo a matle. Ba sebelisa lintlha tsa kutlo, tsa lik'hemik'hale le tse bonolo ho utloa tikoloho ea bona. Likhoto li boetse li fapanyetsana lik'hemik'hale, li sebelisa li-pheromone ho bontša boemo ba ho ikatisa le sechabeng. Likokoana-hloko tsa banna li tlaleha hore ke tsa beng ba tsona ka ho fofonela libaka tse tsoang litšoeleng tsa bona tse kholo tsa sebaceous. Gerbils ha a phele nako e telele ho feta likhoeli tse tharo kapa tse 'ne naheng. E o tsejoa hore botlamuoeng, batho ba bang ba ile ba khona ho phela ho fihlela ho lilemo tse robeli.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Gerbil e shebahala joang
Li-Gerbils li na le litoeba tse nyane ho isa bohareng. Bolelele ba tsona bo tloha ho 50 ho isa ho 200 mm, 'me mehatla ea tsona e tloha ho 56 ho isa ho 245 mm. Batho ka bomong ba boima ba ligrama tse 10 ho isa ho tse 227. Esita le ka har'a mofuta o le mong, e tona e ka ba boima ho feta tse tšehali sechabeng se le seng 'me e ka ba boholo bo lekanang bathong ba bang. Hangata ke diphoofolo tse tshesane tse nang le dinala tse telele. Di ka ba le ditsebe tse telele kapa tse kgutshwane. Boholo ba likokoana-hloko bo na le moriri o molelele o nang le boea bo botle le maoto a morao a malelele a masesaane.
Mmala oa boea o fapana ka mebala e fapaneng 'me e ka ba khubelu, e bohlooho, e mosehla, letsopa, mohloaare, e sootho, e sootho, o sootho, o mosehla kapa o pinki ka sinamone. 'Mele o tlase hangata o na le' mala o mosoeu, o mosoeu kapa o mosoeu. Mefuta e meng e na le matheba a masoeu hloohong, haholo kamora litsebe.
Gerbils e na le motsoako oa leino oa 1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3 = 16, ntle le mofuta oa Desmodilliscus, o nang le li-molar tse peli feela tse tlase ka lehlakoreng ka leng. Lera la enamel li-incisors li tšesaane haholo ha li bapisoa le litoeba tse ling. Gerbils e na le li-vertebrae tse 12 tsa thoracic le li-lumbar tse supileng. Tsehali li na le lipara tse tharo kapa tse 'ne tsa litšoelesa tsa mammary. Mpa e na le phaposi e le 'ngoe feela. Gerbils li amana le litoeba le likhoto ebile ke tsa lelapa la Muridae.
Gerbil e lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Gerbil oa Russia
Gerbils ke litoeba tsa Old World. Li tloaelehile ho pholletsa le Afrika le Middle East, ho pholletsa le Asia Bohareng, ho kenyeletsoa boholo ba India, China (ntle le libaka tse ka boroa le bochabela) le bochabela ho Mongolia. Meeli ea tsona e tloha lihlekehlekeng tse 'maloa tse ka bochabela ho Mediterranean le leboea-bochabela ho Ciscaucasia ho ea Transbaikalia le Kazakhstan.
Mefuta ea gerbils e tsepamisitsoe libakeng tse tharo tse kholo:
- li-savanna tsa Afrika, hammoho le Namib le Kalahari, moo hangata mocheso oa mariha o theohelang ka tlase ho lefela;
- mahoatateng a chesang le mahoatateng a sekahare a Afrika le Middle East, hammoho le Lenakeng le omileng la Afrika;
- mahoatateng, mahoatateng a mahoatata le masabasabeng a Asia, moo lithemparetjha tsa mariha le tsona li theohelang haholo ka tlase ho lefela.
Sehlopha ka seng hangata se tsoa ho e 'ngoe ea libaka tsena tse tharo. Boholo ba likokoana-hloko bo lula libakeng tse ommeng, tse bulehileng tse nang le limela tse fokolang, ho kenyeletsoa mahoatata, lithota tse lehlabathe, lithaba, makhulo, masabasaba le masabasabana. Mefuta e meng e boetse e lula merung e mongobo, masimong a temo le liphula tsa lithaba.
Metsi hangata a tsoa ka letlalo, phefumoloho, moroto le mantle. Boholo ba likokoana-hloko li lula libakeng tse omeletseng tse nang le maemo a leholimo a thata 'me li na le' mele o moholo o sa khahliseng ha o bapisoa le bophahamo ba modumo. Ba thehile thepa e etselitsoeng ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea metsi mme ka hona ba fokotsa litlhoko tsa mokelikeli. Ha ba fufule mme ka hona ba sitoa ho mamella lithemparetjha tse kaholimo ho 45 ° C nako e fetang lihora tse peli.
Joale lea tseba hore na gerbil e lula kae. A re boneng hore na o ja eng.
Gerbil e ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Mouse gerbil
Gerbils haholo-holo e iphepa ka limela tse kang peo, litholoana, makhasi, stems, metso le methapo. Mefuta ea bosiu ea li-gerbils tsa 'nete e batla lipeo tse fehlang moea lehoatateng. Gerbil ea India ke eona feela mofuta o hlokang lijo tse ncha selemo ho pota, kahoo hangata o lula pela masimo a nosetsoang. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta e mengata e nka seo e ka se fumanang hape e ja likokoanyana, likhofu, lihahabi esita le litoeba tse ling. Haholo-holo, liphoofolo tse mahoatateng a ommeng haholo a Afrika e ka boroa haholo li ts'oasa likokoanyana, 'me gerbil ea Wagner (G. dasyurus) e theha lithaba tsa likhetla tse se nang letho.
Litloaelo tse ratoang haholo tsa gerbil li kenyelletsa:
- linate;
- lipeo;
- metso;
- bulbs;
- litholoana;
- litlama;
- likokoanyana;
- mahe a linonyana;
- litsuonyana
- lihahabi;
- litoeba tse ling.
Hangata lijo li jeoa hang-hang e le mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa. Mefuta libakeng tse nang le mariha a batang e boloka mehloli e meholo nakong ea kaho, e e eketsa ka botebo ba mithara e le 'ngoe. Lijo tse ngata tsa limela li bolokiloe ka mekoting ea tsona - ka linako tse ling ho fihlela 60 kg. Gerbils ke bareki ba mantlha le ba bobeli, hape le lijo tsa bareki ba bangata ba qetellang. Li silafatsa limela tse ling 'me mohlomong li bapala karolo ea ho hasana ha peo.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Mongolian gerbil
MaGerbils ke baahi ba sekhukhu. Mefuta e meng e khona ho tlola ho fihla ho limithara tse 3.5. Mefuta e meng e tsamaea feela ka maoto a mane. Ba lulang libakeng tse majoe hangata ke batho ba hloahloa ba hloang lithaba. Boholo, li-gerbil ke litoeba tse tsoang letsatsing, empa mefuta e meng ke ea bosiu, e hlabang kapa e pota-potile nako.
'Nete e monate: Li-Gerbils li haha mekoti ka monyako o le mong le kamore ea lihlaha, kapa marang-rang a rarahaneng a likotopo tse nang le menyako e mengata le likamore tsa ho haha, ho boloka lijo le mantle. Gerbils ba hlapa ka lerole ho boloka seaparo sa bona sa silika se le maemong a matle.
Mefuta e meng ea likokoana-hloko e itšehla thajana, e mabifi ebile e libakeng tse ling, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e lula mokoting oa eona. Mefuta e meng e thabela botsoalle haholo 'me e theha likolone tse kholo,' me batho ba bangata ba lula marang-rang a kotopo limithara tse mashome le bolelele ba limithara tse peli kapa tse tharo. Ba bang bona ba lula ka lihlopha tse nyane tsa malapa, 'me sehlopha ka seng sa lelapa se sireletsa sebaka sa sona. Likokoana-hloko tse ling li na le puisano e ngata ha li le ka sehlaheng. Manamane a hlatsoana, a lelekisane, 'me a bapale le ho loana ha a le matsatsi a 18 ho isa ho a 35.
Gerbils ka kakaretso e lula sebakeng se le seng, leha bacha ba ka feta nakong ea bo-hloma-u-hlomole maphelong a bona ho fihlela ba khona ho ba le lehae le sa feleng, 'me mefuta e meng e falla nakong ea komello. Ha li ipate mariha, empa libakeng tse ling li ba le linako tse telele tsa ho ba shohlo nakong ea mariha 'me li lula mekoting ea tsona, li iphepa ka lijo tse bolokiloeng likhoeli tse' maloa.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: para ea gerbils
Nakong ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, lipolaka tse kopanyang li theha tšebetsong ea basali, e thibelang ho nyalana kamora moo. Mefuta e meng ea likokoana-hloko e tsoala selemo ho pota, ha e meng e tsoala ka linako tse ling tsa selemo. Basali ba mefuta e mengata ba khona ho hlahisa matlakala a 'maloa ka selemo. Ba bang le bona ba ba le boiphihlelo ba kamora ho pepa le ho liehisoa ho kenngwa, e le hore mantle a macha a qale ho hlaha hang ha a khoesoa. Nako ea bokhachane, haeba e tšehali ha e anyese, e nka libeke tse tharo ho isa ho tse 'ne.
Boholo ba lithōle bo tloha ho 1 ho isa ho 13, leha litter 4 ho isa ho 7 li atile haholo. Likokoana-hloko tse nyane li tsoetsoe li hlobotse ebile li foufetse. Boea bo qala ho hola hape lipakeng tsa matsatsi a 8 le 13 kamora ho hlaha, 'me bo koahetsoe ka botlalo ke boea kamora matsatsi a 13-16. Mahlo a buleha hoo e ka bang libeke tse peli ho isa ho tse tharo kamora ho hlaha. Bacha ba ka tsamaea le ho tlola kapele kamora libeke tse ka bang tharo. Ha li le khoeli e le 'ngoe, malinyane a khoesoa ebe a ikemela. Li fihla kholo ka mor'a libeke tse 10-16.
'Nete e Monate: Bo-'mè ba hlatsoa masea a bona ka ho nyeka maoto a ka morao a masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa ho a susumetsa hore a hlahise moroto le mantle, ebe aa jeoa.
Likokoana-hloko tsa basali li tloaetse malinyane a tsona ho fihlela li le matsatsi a ka bang 30. Hoa tsebahala hore bo-mme ba gerbil ba fallisetsa malinyane a bona lihlaheng tse ncha makhetlo a 'maloa matsatsing a pele a tsoalo, hape ba fetola mekoti pakeng tsa matlakala. Ha li siea malinyane ka sehlaheng ho ea batla lijo, ka linako tse ling li koahela malinyane a tsona ka joang le lehlabathe ebe li thiba monyako oa sehlaha. Tse tshehadi di jara madinyane a tsona ka ho di pepeta ka melomo ya tsona.
Hang ha batho ba bacha ba qala ho tsamaea haholo, bo-mme ba li ts'oara ka mehatla ea bona ebe ba li hulela ho bona, ebe ba li isa sehlaheng. Ba emisa ho lata bana ba bona ha ba le matsatsi a 17 ho isa ho a 23. Bo-'mè ba Gerbil ba tloaetse ho lahla lithole ho fihlela ba itsamaela. Tse tona tsa mefuta e meng li tloaetse ho fumana malinyane ka tsela e ts'oanang le tse tšehali.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa gerbils
Setšoantšo: Gerbil
Gerbils ha e na liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse ngata haholo tikolohong ea tsona ea tlhaho. Haholo-holo li tsongoa ke linoha tse fapaneng, liphooko le liphoofolo tse anyesang tse nyane, tse jang tse ling tse li fetang ka boholo. Ho tšosa motho ea hlaselang hore a se ke a kena mekoting ea tsona, likokoana-hloko tse ling li boloka menyako ea tsona ka lehlabathe. Tse ling li kenyelletsa litsela tsa ho phonyoha litsamaisong tsa bona tsa mekoti moo ba ka ipatang haeba ba hlaseloa moeeng. Ntle le moo, li-gerbils li na le seaparo se sa nke lehlakore se sebetsang e le ho ipata ebile se li thusa ho kopana le semelo sa lehlabathe kapa sa majoe.
Libata tse tsebahalang tsa ho tsoma li-gerbils li kenyelletsa:
- linoha;
- liphooko;
- liphoofolo tse anyesang tse jang nama.
Li-Gerbils li hlasetsoe ke mefuta e 'maloa ea matsetse, joalo ka:
- xenopsylla cumulus;
- xenopsylla bothata;
- xenopsylla difficilis.
Mefuta e meng ea likokoana-hloko e nkuoa e le tse senyang lijalo ka mefuta ea eona ea tlhaho hobane e senya lijalo, e senya mekoti le lits'ebetso tsa nosetso ka ho cheka le ho jala seoa sa bubonic. Ka hona, li senngoa ke batho ba tikolohong ea tsona ea tlhaho. Ho boetse ho na le ngongoreho ea hore likokoana-hloko tse ruuoang malapeng li ka baleha 'me tsa baka baahi ba naha ba tla sututsa litoeba tsa matsoalloa.
Taba e khahlisang: Ha e hlasela gerbil, e tšoana le mokholutsoane o khonang ho lahlela mohatla oa eona, empa khoto ena ha e mele mohatla o mocha joalo ka sehahabi.
Li-Gerbils, haholo-holo likhele tse khabisitsoeng, ke liphoofolo tse hloekileng haholo tse bonolo ho li hlokomela le ho li tsoala habonolo botlamuoeng. Ka mabaka ana, litoeba tsena li sebelisoa lilaboratoring tse ngata bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa bongaka, tsa mmele le tsa kelello. Hape ke liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng tse tummeng.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Gerbil e shebahala joang
Ka lebaka la bophelo ba ka tlas'a lefatše, ho thata ho tseba boholo ba palo ea litoeba tsena. Mefuta e mengata ea li-gerbils e kotsing ka lebaka la ho kena-kenana le batho sebakeng sa bona sa bolulo. Boholo ba liphoofolo li lula libakeng tse nang le baahi ba fokolang, tse ling li nkuoa e le tse senyang lijalo hobane li senya lijalo tsa temo, hape li baka tšenyo e kholo lits'ebetsong tsa temo. Ka hona, lihoai li li loantša ka chefo ea khase kapa ho lema mekhoa ea bona ea kaho.
Joaloka moamoheli oa matsetse, gerbil e jala mafu a kang lefu la seoa 'me e jere leishmaniasis e kotsi. Sekhahla se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa tšoaetso ea leishmaniasis sea bonoa nakong ea hoetla. Ho bile le 5.8% ea likokoana-hloko tse fumanoeng li tšoaelitsoe L. kholo feela, le 23.1% ea Leishmania turanica. Ts'oaetso ea tlhaho ea tlhaho e ne e bonoa ka litoeba tse nang le L. major le L. turanica (21.2%). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, nama e tsoekere ea gerbil e nkoa e le tatso libakeng tse ling. Mefuta e mengata e sebelisoa ke batho joalo ka liphoofolo tse lekang lilaboratoring, ha tse ling e se e le liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng tse ratoang tseo ntle ho tsona bophelo bo ka utloang bohloko ho feta.
Mabaka a ho tsebahala ha li-gerbils joalo ka liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng a kenyelletsa:
- liphoofolo ha li mabifi;
- ka seoelo ho loma ntle le ho halefa kapa khatello ea maikutlo;
- ke tse nyane le tse bonolo ho sebetsana le tsona;
- libopuoa tse nang le botsoalle haholo tse natefeloang ke botsoalle ba batho le likokoana-hloko tse ling.
Gerbils o entse hore likhahla tsa tsona li hlahise litšila tse fokolang ho boloka maro a 'mele, e leng se etsang hore li hloeke haholo li be li hloke le monko. Litho tse 'maloa tsa mofuta oa Lesser gerbils li lula naheng naheng ea Russia, ho kenyeletsoa le gerbil ea mots'ehare (M. meridianus). Ka kakaretso, ho na le mefuta e 110 ea li-gerbils tsa karolo ea 14.
Ts'ireletso ea li-gerbils
Setšoantšo: Gerbil oa Red Book
Hajoale, mefuta e 35 ea li-gerbils e kenyelelitsoe Bukeng e Khubelu joalo ka mefuta e kotsing. E kenyelletsa mofuta o le mong (Meriones chengi), o maemong a mahlonoko mme o sokeloa ke timetso e felletseng. Hape le mefuta e mene e kotsing, e kotsing ka tlhaho (M. arimalius, M. dahli, M. sacramenti, M. zarudnyi).
Ntle le moo ho na le mefuta e 'meli e tlokotsing (dwarf gerbils hesperinus and andersoni allenbyi), e' ngoe e haufi le mefuta e kotsing (dwarf gerbils hoogstraali), mofuta o mong o maemong a tlase a kotsi (dwarf gerbils poecilops), le mefuta e 26 e se nang data. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tsa mahlale ho netefatsa maemo a mefuta eo ho sa tsejoeng letho ka eona.
'Nete e thabisang: Palo e nepahetseng ea mefuta ha e tsejoe. Liphapang tse bonahalang kahare ho genera hangata li tšesaane haholo 'me li bonahala ka' mala oa seaparo le oa lenala, bolelele ba mohatla, kapa ho ba sieo kapa boteng ba mohatla. Esita le ho hlahisoa ha mofuta o itseng ke mofuta o mong ka linako tse ling ho thata haholo ntle le lipatlisiso tsa chromosomal, protheine kapa limolek'hule.
Li-Gerbils tsa mefuta e fapaneng joale li rekisoa mabenkeleng a liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng hohle, e leng litholoana tsa lilemo tse ngata tsa ho ikatisa. Gerbil ea Mongolia e na le mebala e fapaneng ea boea e fetang 20, e holisitsoeng kholehong nako e telele ho feta mefuta e meng. Haufinyane, mofuta o mong oa li-gerbils o kentsoe khoebong ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng: gerbil e mohatla o mafura.
E nyane ho feta li-gerbils tsa Mongolia 'me e na le seaparo se selelele, se bonolo le mohatla o mokhutšoane, o motenya, o kang hamster. Mabala a masoeu haufi le litsebe ha a fumanoe feela ho gerbil ea Mongolia, empa le ho gerbil e patehileng. Phetoho ea moriri o molelele le letheba le lesoeu le tsona li hlahile mofuteng ona - oa Afrika gerbile dulang mehatleng e mesweu e hlwehlwa.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 03.09.2019
Letsatsi le ntlafalitsoeng: 23.08.2019 ka 22:39
