Bokoplav phoofolo ea crustacean ea mofuta oa crayfish e phahameng (Amphipoda). Ka kakaretso, ho tsejoa mefuta e ka bang 9,000 ea li-crustaceans tse lulang botebong ba maoatle le libakeng tse ling tsa metsi ho pota lefatše. Batho ba bangata ba li-crustaceans bao e leng karolo ea taelo ena ba lula libakeng tse lebopong la leoatle haufi le surf, ba ka tsoa ka lebopong. Hape ka tatellano ena ho na le mefuta ea likokoana-hloko, linta tsa leruarua ke tsa bona.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Bokoplav
Amphipoda (Amphipoda) ke li-arthropods tsa sehlopha sa crayfish e holimo ho latela li-amphipods. Ka lekhetlo la pele sehlopha sena se ile sa hlalosoa ke setsebi sa likokoana-hloko sa Mofora Pierre André Latreuil ka 1817. Taelo ena e kenyelletsa mefuta e fetang 9000 ea li-crustaceans. Bokoplavs ke libopuoa tsa khale haholo, hoa tsebahala hore li-crustaceans tsena li ne li ahile li-benthos tsa maoatle le 'mele ea metsi a hloekileng qalong ea Nako ea Lejoe la mehla ea Paleozoic, e se e le lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 350 tse fetileng.
Video: Bokoplav
Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho ba sieo ha carapace, mesaletsa ea liphoofolo tsena ha e e-s'o pholohe; ke mefuta e 12 feela ea li-crustaceans tsa mehleng ena tse tsebahalang. Lintho tsa khale tse bolokiloeng tsa li-amphipod tsa khale tse neng li phela mehleng ea Eocene. Lintho tsena tsa khale tsa khale li ntse li le teng le kajeno. Phoofolo ea boholo-holo e ile ea oela lerotholi la 'mala o mosehla' me ea sitoa ho tsoa ho eona, 'me feela ka lebaka la sena re ka tseba hore libopuoa tsena li ne li phela mehleng ea Paleozoic.
Ka 2013, amphipod e ile ea hlalosoa e neng e phela mehleng ea Triassic ea nako ea Mesozoic, e se e le lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 200 ho feta mohlala o fetileng.
Ke amphipod ea mofuta oa Rosagammarus minichiellus selemong sona seo, mesaletsa ena e hlalositsoe ke sehlopha sa bo-rasaense tlasa boemeli ba Mark McMenamin. Hajoale, baahi ba crustacean ba fapane haholo. Hape le tse ling tsa li-planktonic li kenyelelitsoe ka tatellano ena.
Ponahalo le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Amphipod e shebahala joang
Bocoplavas ke li-crustaceans tse nyane haholo. Boholo ba karolelano ea motho ka mong bo ka ba bolelele ba 10 mm feela, leha ho le joalo, ho boetse ho na le batho ba baholo ba boholo ba 25 mm ka boholo, empa ka seoelo. Baemeli ba mefuta e menyenyane ea li-amphipod ke tse nyane haholo mme boholo ba tsona ke bolelele ba 1 mm feela.
'Mele oa li-amphipods o bataletse ka mahlakoreng. Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa li-amphipods le li-crustaceans tse ling ke ho ba sieo ha carapace. Ka sefubeng, karolo e ka pele e kopantsoe ka botlalo le hlooho. Litho tsa karolo ea pele li emeloa ke mehlahare ea maoto. Litho tsa sefubeng li na le sebopeho se fapaneng. Ho na le lipentšele tse kholo tsa bohata maotong a mabeli a ka pele. Manala ana a hlokahala ho ts'oara lijo. Lihlopha tse peli tse latelang li qetella ka manala. Ke manala a ka pele feela a lebisitsoeng pele, le manala a ka morao a lebisitsoe morao.
Ka lebaka la manala ana, phoofolo e khona ho tsamaea habonolo. Li-gill li lipakeng tsa karolo ea 2 le ea 7 ea thoracic. Mpa ea amphipod e arotsoe likarolo tse 'maloa - urosome le pleosome. Karolo ka 'ngoe e na le likarolo tse tharo. Likarolong tsa pleosome ho na le li-pleopods, maoto le matsoho a bifurcated a sebeletsang ho sesa.
Uropods-maoto le matsoho e teng ka uresome, ka lebaka leo ho lona crustacean ka qhomela phahameng le ho fallela ka potlako ka ho lekaneng ho pholletsa le lebōpong la leoatle le ka botlaaseng ba pokello ea. Li-urepod li matla haholo. Tsamaiso ea litšila e emeloa ke mala le anus.
Amphipod e lula hokae?
Setšoantšo: Bokoplav ka nokeng
Bocoplavs ke libopuoa tse tloaelehileng haholo. Li lula hoo e ka bang metsing 'ohle a metsi a hloekileng, maoatleng, botlaaseng ba maoatle. Ntle le moo, li-amphipod tse ngata le tsona li lula metsing a ka tlasa lefatše. Li ka fumanoa lilibeng le lilibeng tsa Caucasus, Ukraine ka bophirima ho Europe.
Ingol-fiellidea e ka tlase e lula metsing a ka tlasa lefatše a Afrika, boroa ho Yuropa le Amerika. Hape, mefuta e 'maloa ea li-crustaceans tsena e lula litselaneng tsa lehlabathe lebopong la Peru, Channel le Koung ea Thailand. Mefuta Gammarus pulex, G. kischinef-fensis, G. balcanicus. Ba lula matamong a England, Moldova, Jeremane le Romania. Naheng ea habo rona, li-crustaceans tsena li lula hoo e batlang e le 'mele eohle ea metsi.
Li-amphipods tsa metsing li lula maoatleng a Azov, Black le Caspian. Linokeng tsa Volga, Oka le Kama li phela li-amphipods tsa mefuta e mengata: Niphargoides sarsi, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Niphargoides sarsi. Letamong la Yenisei le Angarsk ho na le mefuta e fetang 20 ea li-crustaceans tsena. Ha e le hantle, liphoofolo tse fapaneng ka ho fetisisa Letšeng la Baikal. Botlaaseng ba Letša la Baikal, ho na le mefuta e 240 ea li-crustaceans. Li-crustaceans tsohle li lula botlaaseng ba 'mele ea metsi mme li phela bophelo ba planktonic.
Taba e khahlisang: Botlaaseng ba Noka ea Oka, ha e le botlaaseng ba eona, ho na le batho ba ka bang likete tse 170 ba mofuta oa Corophium ka sekwere se le seng sa tlase.
Hona joale ua tseba hore na amphip e fumanoa hokae. Ha re utloe hore na o ja eng.
Li-amphipods li ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Crustacean amphipod
Hoo e ka bang li-amphipods kaofela ke li-omnivores.
Lijo tsa mantlha tsa amphipods li kenyelletsa:
- limela tse ka tlas'a metsi (likarolo tse phelang le tse shoeleng);
- mesaletsa ea litlhapi le liphoofolo tse ling;
- priming;
- lehola la lewatle;
- liphoofolo tse nyane.
Tsela eo u jang ka eona e ka fapana. Li-crustaceans tsena li loma lijo tse kholo tse hlafunang ebe li li arola likotoana. Mehlahare e matla e tšoara likotoana tsa lijo ebe e li thibela ho tsoa molomong. Mefuta e meng ea li-amphipods e fepa ka ho sefa ntho e fanyehiloeng e tlisoang ke maqhubu. Hangata li-crustacean tsena li lula sehlopheng sa mabopo. Ha ba utloa eka leqhubu le tloha lebopong, crayfish e ipata fatše e its'etleha hanyane feela ho eona, ha mobu o pepesoa, li-crustaceans li oela ka ho eona ka botlalo, ka hona mofuta oa Niphargoides maeoticus hangata oa fepa.
Li-crustaceans tsa mofuta oa Corophiidae, Leptocheirus le Ampeliscidae li fepa li sa siee matlo a tsona. Ha ba le moo, liphoofolo tsena li qala ho silafatsa karolo e kaholimo ea mobu ka manakana a tsona a ka morao. Algae le baktheria li kena ka metsing, mme mofets'e o sefa metsi ka marang-rang a lithupa tse ka pele maotong. Tse jang tse ling har'a li-amphipods ke lipōli tsa leoatleng.
Li-crustaceans tsena tse nyane li hlasela beng ka bona ba banyenyane, liboko, jellyfish. Li-amphipods tsa li-Planktonic tsa mofuta oa Lysianassidae li phela ka jellyfish mme li phela bophelo bo batlang bo tšoana le ba likokoana-hloko. Mefuta ea likokoana-hloko ea li-amphipods Cyamidae whale lice. Likokoana-hloko tsena tse nyane li lula maruarung haufi le anus 'me li iphepa ka letlalo la leruarua, li loma liso tse tebileng.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Bokoplav
Boholo ba li-amphipod li phela bophelo bo tlase metsing. Motšehare li lula botlaaseng ba letamo, bosiu, li-crustacean tsena tse nyane li theohela mobung mme li ka khasa lebopong la leoatle li batla lijo. Hangata li ja bolele bo bolang, bo hlatsuoang lebopong ka maqhubu. Motšehare, li-crustaceans li khutlela letamong kapa li ipate mobung, li sireletsa li-gill hore li se ke tsa omella.
Joalo ka crayfish e ngata, li-amphipods li hema ka gill.Lipoleiti tsa gill li phunngoa ka likepe tse tšesaane tse bolokang mongobo mme sena se lumella li-crustaceans ho theohela mobung. Batho ba Crustaceans ba na le bokhoni bo hlollang ba ho tsamaea sepakapakeng, ebile ba suthela hole le metsi ba ka tseba hantle hore na ba hloka ho khutla kae.
Li-amphipods tse ling li batla patsi ea lehloa le makala, li iphepa ka lehong la lifate le lerōle. Li-amphipods tsa liphoofolo tse jang nama, lipoli tsa leoatleng li ipata har'a mofero oa joang nako eohle. Li tsoma phofu ka nako e telele li lutse sebakeng se le seng ka ho phahamisa lintja tsa tsona hanyane hanyane, hang ha e bona phofu e bohale ebe ea e hlasela.
Linta tsa leruarua li phela bophelo ba likokoana-hloko, 'me li qeta hoo e ka bang bophelo bohle ba tsona maruarung a fepa letlalo. Li-crustaceans tse nyane tse lulang leoatleng li phela bophelo bo khutsitseng. Ba bang ha ba tsoe mekoting ea bona, ba iphelisa ka mokhoa oa ho sefa ba lula ba cheka tlase.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Cancer amphipod
Bokoplavs ke libopuoa tse sa tšoaneng ka bong. Boholo ba thobalano hangata bo tsebahala haholo. Ho latela mofuta, tse tona li ka ba kholo ho feta tse tšehali kapa ka ho le leng. Lelapeng la Gammaridae, tse tona li kholo ka makhetlo a 'maloa ho feta tsehali. Lelapa la Leptocheirus lona le na le basali ba bangata ho feta ba batona. Basali ba holileng ka thobalano ba mefuta eohle ea li-amphipod ba na le mokotla oa bana.
Taba e khahlisang: Nts'etsopele ea litšobotsi tsa thobalano tsa banna li-amphipods e bakoa ke boteng ba hormone e ikhethang e patiloeng ke litšoelesa tsa endocrine tsa androgenic. Ho fetisoa ha litšoelesa tsena ho ea basali ho lebisitse ho senyeha ha mae a bomme ho li-testes.
Ho li-amphipods Gammarus duebeni, bong ba bana bo khethoa ke mocheso oo mahe a holang ka ona. Nakong e batang, tse tona lia qhotsoa; nakong e futhumetseng, tse tšehali lia tsoaloa. Ts'ebetso ea ho nyalanya li-amphipods e nka matsatsi a 'maloa. E tona e hatella ka morao ea e tšehali, e itšoarelletse ka lehlakoreng le ka morao le kamorao la karolo ea bohlano ea thoracic ea basali ka manala a eona a matla ka tebello ea molting.
Kamora ho qhibilihisa, e tona e ea ka mpeng ea e tšehali ebe e mena maoto a mpa, e a sututsa makhetlo a 'maloa lipakeng tsa lipoleiti tse ka morao tsa brood bursa. Nakong ena, peo ea botona e lokolloa lipulong tsa thobalano. Peo ea botona e isoa ka har'a bursa ea bana ka thuso ea maoto a mpeng. Kamora lihora tse 4, mahe a beheloa ka mokotleng ona ke e tšehali 'me hang-hang a emolisoa. Mefuteng e fapaneng ea li-amphipods, palo ea mahe ao basali ba a behelang e fapane. Boholo ba tse tšehali li behela mahe a 5 ho isa ho a 100 ka nako e le 'ngoe.
Empa mefuta e meng e nonne haholo, ka mohlala, Gammara-canthus loricatus e behela mahe a fihlang ho 336, Amathillina spinosa ho fihlela ho 240. Li-amphipods tsa White Sea tse nonneng ka ho fetisisa Apopuchus nugax kamora ho palama hanngoe, tse tšehali li beha mahe a ka bang sekete. Pele li-crustaceans tse nyane li siea mokotla oa 'm'a tsona, ho nka matsatsi a 14 ho isa ho a 30.
Li-crustaceans tse nyane li hola ka potlako, li phela ka li-molts tse 13. Mefuta e mengata ea li-amphipod e tsoala nakong e futhumetseng, leha ho le joalo, li-amphipods tsa mofuta oa Anisogammarus li qhotsa mahe mariha kaofela, 'me nakong ea selemo li-crustaceans tse nyane lia hlaha. Nako e tloaelehileng ea bophelo ba li-amphipod ke lilemo tse ka bang 2. Baemeli ba mofuta oa Niphargus orcinus virei ba phela haholo; ba ka phela ho fihlela lilemo tse 30, empa ka karolelano ba phela lilemo tse ka bang 6.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa li-amphipods
Setšoantšo: Amphipod e shebahala joang
Lira tsa mantlha tsa li-amphipod ke:
- litlhapi;
- maruarua le maruarua a bolaeang;
- likolopata;
- mink;
- likatse;
- lintja;
- mokhathala;
- dinqanqane le tse ding tsa metsing;
- likokoanyana le liboko tsa tsona;
- li-arachnids;
- linonyana (haholo-holo lihlabathe).
Bokoplavs ke libopuoa tse nyane haholo ebile li batla li sa khone ho itšireletsa. Ka hona, tikolohong ea bona ea tlhaho, li-crustaceans tsena li na le lira tse ngata. Ka lebaka la sena, bo-crustaceans ba leka ho phela bophelo ba lekunutu. Linokeng, li-amphipod li tsongoa ke li-eel, burbot, perch, roach, bream le litlhapi tse ling tse ngata. Li-Eels li nkuoa e le lira tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa tsa li-crustaceans tsena, kaha litlhapi tsena li lula li cheka fatše 'me li nyolohela habonolo mekoting ea crayfish.
Lebopong la linonyana tsa crayfish le liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo li laletse. Empa li-amphipods tse ngata ha li bolaoe ke ho oela matsohong a liphoofolo tse li jang, empa ke mafu. 'Me e kotsi ka ho fetisisa ho tsona ke seoa sa crayfish. Ke lefu la seoa le bolaeang li-crustaceans tse likete selemo se seng le se seng. Li-crustaceans le mafu a likokoana-hloko a utloa bohloko, esita le libopuoa tsena tse nyane ke likokoana-hloko. Li-crustaceans tse tlokotsing ka ho fetesisa tse fumaneng likotsi, libaktheria tse fapaneng li ngatafala ka potlako maqeba.
Tšilafalo ea 'mele ea metsi le eona ke e' ngoe ea lintlha tse sa thabiseng. Bocoplavas li ameha haholo ka ho kenella ha lintho tse kotsi ka metsing; linyeoe tsa lefu la bongata ba li-crustaceans libakeng tsa tšilafalo e matla ea 'mele ea metsi lia tsebahala.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Bokoplav
Bocoplavas ke sehlopha sa li-crustaceans tse ngata ka ho fetisisa. Sehlopha sena ha se hloke tšireletso e khethehileng. Ho ke ke ha khoneha ho lekola boholo ba baahi ka lebaka la palo e kholo haholo ea li-crustaceans tsa mefuta e fapaneng e lulang metsing ohle a metsi. Li-crustaceans tsena tse nyane li ikutloa li phutholohile ha li le naheng, li ikamahanya hantle le maemo a fapaneng a tikoloho mme li ikatisa kapele.
Ho tšoasa li-amphipod ho lumelloa. Li-crustaceans tse nyane naheng ea rona li tšoaroa ka tsela e bolokang tikoloho. Nama ea krill ke lijo tse monate le tse matlafatsang tse nang le livithamini le liminerale tse ngata. Mefuta e mengata ea li-amphipod e sebelisoa e le sefi ho ts'oasa litlhapi. Batšoasi ba litlhapi ba sebelisa jig bakeng sa ho tšoasa litlhapi, bream, crucian carp le mefuta e meng ea litlhapi.
Bokoplavs ke litaelo tsa 'nete tsa matamo. Li-crustaceans tsena tse nyane li ja mesaletsa ea litopo tsa liphoofolo, limela tse bolang, plankton. Ka mantsoe a mang, ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe eo libaktheria tse kotsi le tse nang le tšoaetso li ka atisang katleho. Ha li ntse li fepa, li-crustaceans tsena li hloekisa metsi, ho a hloekisa le ho bonahatsa. Li-crustaceans tse jang liphoofolo li laola palo ea jellyfish le libopuoa tse ling tseo li li tsomang.
Sohle se ka etsoang bakeng sa li-amphipod ke ho lekola bohloeki ba 'mele ea metsi, ho kenya lits'ebeletso tsa kalafo likhoebong le ho etsa bonnete ba hore ha ho na lintho tse kotsi le tse chefo tse kenang ka metsing.
Taba e khahlisang: Bokoplavov e boetse e bitsoa matsetse a leoatleng, empa ho fapana le matsetse a lefats'e, libopuoa tsena ha li utloise batho le liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa lefats'e bohloko.
Bokoplav sebupuwa se makatsang se dulang metsing a mangata lefatsheng ho pota. Liketekete tsa li-crustaceans tse nyane li lula metsing afe kapa afe. Leha e le nyane, ke libopuoa tse mahlahahlaha tse etellang pele bophelo bo mahlahahlaha. Ba tseba ho sesa hantle, 'me ka potlako ba tsamaea mabopong a lehlabathe ba sebelisa ho qhomela. Ka linako tse ling libopuoa tsena tse nyane li bapisoa le manong, ka lebaka la tloaelo ea tsona ea ho ja setopo. Li-crustaceans li bapala karolo ea bohlokoahali tikolohong ea tikoloho, kaha ke tatellano ea matamo ebile ke lijo tsa palo e kholo ea liphoofolo tse ka tlasa metsi, liphoofolo tse anyesang le linonyana.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: Loetse 15, 2019
Letsatsi la ho nchafatsa: 11.11.2019 ka 12:00
