Lintsu (lat .quila) ke mofuta oa linonyana tse jang nama tse ngata haholo, tsa lelapa la Hawk le taelo e bopehileng joaloka Hawk. Likokoana-hloko tse joalo tse nang le masiba li na le lebitso la tsona la Serussia motso oa Old Slavonic "op", e bolelang lentsoe "leseli".
Tlhaloso ea lintsu
Nalane ea nonyana e hlomphehang e jang nama e simolohile mehleng ea boholo-holo, empa ho lefa la setso la boholo ba batho ba lefats'e, ntsu kajeno e na le khanya le lehlohonolo, tlholo le matla. Bongata ba mefuta ea lintsu e tsejoang hajoale e khetholloa ka boholo bo tsotehang, 'me bolelele ba' mele oa batho ba bang ba baholo e kanna ea ba cm 80-95... Ka nako e ts'oanang, tse tšehali tsa ntsu li kholo ho feta tse tona. Boima ba 'mele oa ntsu hangata bo fapana lipakeng tsa 3-7 kg. Mokhelo ke mofuta o monyane ka ho fetisisa: ntsu e nyane le ntsu ea maqhubu.
Ponahalo
Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba khetholloa ke 'mele o moholo o nang le lera le lekaneng la mesifa le maoto a malelele, a matla, a masiba ho fihlela menoaneng. Sebaka sa hlooho ea lintsu se kopane, se nang le molala o matla le o mesifa. Mahlo a maholo a mahlo a khetholloa ka ho sisinyeha ho sa reng letho, empa sebaka sa molala se tsoetseng pele hantle se feta feela bakeng sa bofokoli bo bonyenyane joalo.
E 'ngoe ea liphapang tse kholo lipakeng tsa lintsu ke boholo bo khahlisang ba manala, hammoho le molomo o matla haholo o nang le pheletso e kobehileng, e fang nonyana e joalo litšoaneleho tse ke keng tsa lekanngoa. Manala le molomo oa ntsu li hola ho pholletsa le bophelo ba sebatana, empa mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa linonyana o kenya letsoho ho li siloleng ka mafolofolo. Baemeli bohle ba lelapa la Hawk le mofuta oa Lintsu ba na le mapheo a malelele a batlang a le sephara, bolelele ba tsona bo fihla ho 250 cm, e lumellang nonyana e jang nama ho fofa nako e telele bophahamong ba limithara tse fetang 600-700.
Hoa thahasellisa! Lintsu, le ha li na le moea o matla o lekaneng, li khona ho sebetsana ka katleho le maqhubu a moea, kahoo li qoela habonolo phofu e ka bang teng e bonoang ka lebelo la 300-320 km / h.
Har'a tse ling, lintsu ka tlhaho li na le mahlo a bohale haholo, ka lebaka leo linonyana tse jang nama li khonang ho sheba ho tloha bophahamong bo boholo haholo esita le phofu e nyane haholo, eo hangata e emeloang ke mekholutsoane, linoha le litoeba, le pono ea pono e thusa nonyana ho lekola habonolo libaka tse bulehileng ho fihla ho limithara tse 12.2... Ho utloa ho sebelisoa ke lintsu tse seng li le baholo, haholo molemong oa puisano, mme kutlo ea monko oa nonyana ha e ntlafatsoe hantle.
Mmala oa masiba a mantlha a ntsu a fapana ho latela sebopeho sa mefuta, ka hona e kanna ea ba monochromatic ka ho felletseng kapa ea fapana le matheba. Ho fofa ha ntsu ea mofuta o fe kapa o fe ho khetholloa ke lits'oants'o tse ikhethang tsa ts'ebetso, e tsamaeang le mapheo a tebileng le a matla a mapheo.
Botho le mokhoa oa bophelo
Lintsu ke linonyana tse nang le molekane a le mong, tse khonang ho khetha molekane a le mong bakeng sa bophelo bohle, ka hona baemeli ba lelapa la Hawk le mofuta oa Lintsu hangata ba lula ka bobeli. E le hore li fumane lijo, liphoofolo tse li jang tse nang le masiba li khona ho etsa selikalikoe sepakapakeng ka lihora tse 'maloa ebe li sheba liphoofolo tse li jang... Ka kakaretso, ts'ebetso ea ho tsoma ha e nke nako e ngata haholo, ka hona, lintsu li qeta karolo e kholo ea bophelo ba tsona li shebile se etsahalang haufi le moo. Gareng ga tse dingwe, dijo di bolokiwa mo kgorong ya ntsu malatsi a le mmalwa, se se fedisang tlhokego ya nonyane e e jang nama letsatsi le letsatsi.
Lintsu li phela halelele hakae
Ka karolelano, maemong a tlhaho kapa a tlhaho, lintsu li phela ho fihlela kotara ea lekholo la lilemo, empa ho na le mefuta eo bolelele ba eona ba bophelo bo bolelele. Mohlala, lintsu tsa ntsu le ntsu tse botlamuoeng li ka phela lilemo tse mashome a mahlano, 'me lintsu tse tsebahalang tsa nako e telele li bile tsa phela lilemo tse mashome a robeli.
Mefuta ea lintsu
Ho ea ka lithuto tsa limolek'hule tse entsoeng ke boramahlale ba Majeremane nakong e ka tlase ho halofo ea lekholo la lilemo e fetileng, baemeli ba mefuta eohle ka tloaelo ho thoe ke sehlopha sa Aquila, Hieraaetus, Lophaetus le Istinaetus, hammoho le mofuta o seng o timetse oa Narragornis, ke sehlopha se le seng sa monophyletic. Leha ho le joalo, lintsu tsa 'nete tsa sehlopha sa Aquila ke moholo-holo oa bohle.
Hajoale, boemo bo hlophisehileng ba taxa eohle e tsoang sehlopheng sena bo khetholloa ke boemo ba ntlafatso, bo tsamaeang le qeto ea nakoana ea ho kopanya taxa ho mofuta oa Aquila:
- Lintsu tsa Hawk (Аquila fаsciata) - eo pele e neng e le mofuta oa Hieraaetus fаssiаtus. Bolelele ba bolelele ba mapheo ke cm 46-55, bolelele ba linonyana bo ka bang 65-75 cm le boima ba 1.5-2.5 kg. Mmala o ka morao oa nonyana e seng e le kholo o sootho bo bosootho, mohatla o moputsoa ka boteng ba paterone e lefifi e parolang. Sebaka sa mpeng se boreleli kapa se soeufetse ka boteng ba methapo e melelele ea bolelele bo bolelele le metopa e lefifi e fetohang masiba a tikolohong ea tibia le undertail. Tse tšehali tsa mofuta ona li kholo ho feta tse tona;
- Lintsu tse nyenyane (Aquila renata) - eo pele e neng e le mofuta oa Hieraaetus pennatus. Boholo le boholo ba 'mele oa mofuta ona bo tšoana le buzzard e nyane, empa sebatana se na le ponahalo e tšoanang le ea ntsu. Boholo ba boholo ba sebatana se masiba: bolelele ba 45-53 cm, bo bolelele ba mapheo a 100-132 cm le boima ba ligrama tse ka bang 500-1300. Tse tšehali le tse tona ha li tšoane ka 'mala,' me molomo o motšo o batla o le mokhutšoane hape o kobehile ka matla. 'Mala o emeloa ke "morphs" tse peli - mofuta o lefifi le o bobebe, empa mofuta oa bobeli o fumanoa khafetsa;
- Lintsu tsa Maindia (Аquila kiеnеrii) - eo pele e neng e le Нiеraаеtus kienеrii. Nonyana ena e nyane ka boholo, e bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 46 ho isa ho tse 61 ka bolelele ba mapheo a masesaane le a motsu hanyane boemong ba lisenthimithara tse 105 ho isa ho tse 140. Mohatla o chitja hanyenyane. Nonyana e hodileng e na le mmele o motsho o ka hodimo, kgase e tshweu, seledu le mmetso. Maoto le mmele o ka tlase di bosootho bo bokgubedu ka metopa e sephara e metsho. Likamano tsa thobalano mofuteng ona ha li hlahisoe;
- Lintsu tse khauta (Аquila сhrysаеtоs) Na ke baemeli ba kholo le ba matla ba mofuta oo, ka bolelele ba 'mele bo ka bang 76-93 cm, e nang le mapheo a bolelele ba cm 180-240. Tse tšehali li kholo haholo ho feta tse tona,' me boima ba tsona bo ka fapana ho feta 3.8-6.7 kg. Molomo oa nonyana o tloaelehile bakeng sa mofuta ona - ntsu, e hatelletsoe libakeng tse lehlakoreng le holimo, 'me e kobehile ka sebopeho se bopehileng joaloka hakisi tlase;
- Mabitla (Aquila heliasKe liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse khōlō tse nang le masiba a mapheo a malelele le a sephara, hammoho le mohatla o otlolohileng. Bolelele ba nonyana ke 72-84 cm, e nang le mapheo a bolelele ba cm 180-215 le boima bo sa feteng 2.4-4.5 kg. Libaka le libaka tsa bolulo tsa mabitla le lintsu tsa khauta hangata lia kopana;
- Lintsu tsa majoe (Аquila rarakhNa ke liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse bolelele ba 'mele bo ka bang 60-70 cm, e nang le mapheo a bolelele ba cm 160-180 le boima ba lik'hilograma tse 1.8-2.5. Li-morphs li fapana ka phapang ea lilemo ka 'mala oa masiba, litšobotsi tsa subspecies le mefuta e meng e fapaneng ea motho ka mong;
- Lintsu tsa steppe (Aquila niralensisNa liphoofolo tse li jang li bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 60-85, tse nang le mapheo a bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 220-230 le boima bo bolelele ba 2.7-4.8 kg. 'Mala oa masiba a linonyana tse kholo o emeloa ke' mala o mosootho o lefifi, hangata ka boteng ba sebaka se sefubelu sebakeng sa occiput le masiba a mantlha a sootho e ntšo. Masiba a mohatla o bosootho bo lefifi le metopa e bosootho bo sephara;
- Ntsu e Kgolo (Аquila сlаngа) le Ntsu e Metsing e Monyane (Аquila romarina) - linonyana tse jang nama tsa lelapa la Hawk, tse lokelang ho lebisoa ho linonyana tsa mofuta oa Lophaetus kapa Istinaetus;
- Lintsu tsa Kaffir (Аquila verreuxiiKe taxon ea Selatine. Nonyana e jang nama e fapana ka bolelele ba 'mele ka bolelele ba 70-95 cm ka boima ba' mele ea 3.5-4.5 kg e nang le mapheo a bolelele ba limithara tse peli;
- Lintsu tsa Moluccan (Aquila gurneyi) - linonyana tse kholo, tse khetholloang ka palo e nyane ea batho, bolelele ba 'mele kahare ho 74-85 cm, e nang le mapheo a bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 170-190. Boima ba' mele ba basali ke likilogeramo tse tharo;
- Lintsu tsa silevera (Аquila wаhlbergi) Na linonyana tse jang nama ka nako e telele tse bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 55-60 tse nang le mapheo a bolelele bo fetang cm cm 130-160. Mofuta ona o fumaneha linaheng tse ngata tsa Afrika;
- Lintsu tse nang le mehatla e meholo (Аquila audax) Na ke liphoofolo tse jang mapheo tsa mots'eare tse tsoang lelapeng la Yastrebiny, tse bolelele ba mithara ka mapheo a bolelele ba limithara tse fetang tse 'maloa. Tsehali li kholo ho feta tse tona, 'me boima ba tsona hangata li 5 kg.
Aquila kuroshkini, kapa Pliocene, ke mofuta oa ntsu ea lintho tsa khale. Lintsu tse boholo bo mahareng tsa mofuta ona li ts'oana le morpholoji le lintsu tsa sejoale-joale.
Habitat, habitats
Mefuta le sebaka sa kabo ea lintsu se pharalletse haholo, 'me mofuta oa bolulo ka kotloloho o ipapisitse le mefuta ea linonyana tse jang nama. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa litho tsohle tsa lelapa, khetho ea sebaka, hole le bolulo ba batho le tsoelo-pele, ke tšobotsi, ka hona, lintsu hangata li rata libaka tse lithaba kapa tse bulehileng.
Mohlala, lintsu tsa khauta tse lulang naheng ea naha ea rona, ho kenyeletsoa leboea la Caucasus le karolo e ka boroa ea Primorye, sehlaha, e le molao, libakeng tse thata ho fihlella merung, le beng ka bona ba Australia, lintsu tsa khauta tse mehatla e meholo, li ikutloa li phutholohile ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang libakeng tse nang le lifate tsa New Guinea. Ntsu e khetha masimo a lehoatateng le a lehoatata e le sebaka sa bolulo, e lulang libakeng tse tsoang Transbaikalia ho ea lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo.
Lintsu tsa borena haesale li khethoa ke libaka tsa meru tse mahoatateng a Ukraine, libaka tse masabasabeng a Kazakhstan, meru ea Czech Republic, Romania le Spain. Hape, linonyana tse jang liphoofolo tse joalo li fumaneha libakeng tse pharalletseng haholo tsa Iran le China, Slovakia le Hungary, Jeremane le Greece. Batho ba bangata haesale ba sebelisa baemeli ba mofuta ona joalo ka linonyana tse koetlisitsoeng habonolo, 'me nakong ea puso ea baemphera ba Russia, lintsu tsa khauta li ile tsa koetlisoa ka ho khetheha, kamora moo tsa sebelisoa ho loma liphokojoe le liphiri.
Lijo tsa lintsu
Phofu ea nonyana e jang nama e ka emeloa le ke liphoofolo tse boholo bo lekaneng, ho kenyelletsa phokojoe, phiri le likhama, empa hangata hares le li-gopher tse nyane, hammoho le linonyana le litlhapi, li oela lerabeng la linonyana tse joalo. Ha ho se na phofu e phelang nako e telele, lintsu li ka iphepa ka setopo, ha ho tsoma ho etsoa ke libatana tse nang le masiba eseng feela mobung, empa le ka metsing ka kotloloho.
Hoa thahasellisa! Liphoofolo tse ngata li oela sehlopheng sa liphofu tse netefalitsoeng, ho kenyeletsoa lofura e ntšo, likhoho le likhoho tse ruuoang, likarolo tse hahiloeng le lihlahla, maeba a matala le a malapeng, bo-kingfisher le bo-squirrels.
Phofu e ts'oeroeng, joalo ka molao, e jeoa ke nonyana hanghang kapa e fepeloa ke litsuonyana. Har'a tse ling, linoha tse chefo haholo li senngoa ke mefuta e meng ea lintsu. Kamora ho ja lijo, ntsu e sebelisa metsi a mangata haholo, 'me e leka nako e telele ho hloekisa masiba a eona ka hloko.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Linonyana tse jang nama, ho kenyeletsoa le lintsu, li hola ka botlalo ho fihlela li le lilemo tse hlano. Ka tloaelo, lintsu tsa mofuta ofe kapa ofe lihlaha lihlahleng kapa lifateng, empa ka linako tse ling li ka fumanoa mafikeng, ho kenyeletsoa le lintsu tsa thabeng. Balekane ka bobeli ba etsa kaho ea sehlaha, empa hangata basali ba tsetela ho feta, boiteko le nako ts'ebetsong ena. Sehlaha se phethiloeng ka botlalo se ka sebelisoa ke linonyana lilemo tse 'maloa.
Ka linako tse ling linonyana tse jang nama li tšoara lihlaha tsa batho ba bang, tse entsoeng ke linonyana tse kholo haholo, ho kenyeletsoa lekhoaba le phakoe... Tse tshehadi di behela mahe hang feela ka selemo, mme palo yohle ya tsona e ka fihla dikotwana tse tharo. Likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea ho qhotsa mahe ka kotloloho li ipapisitse le sebopeho sa ntsu. Litsuonyana tsa ntsu tse hlahileng hanghang li bontša mokhoa oa tsona oa ho hlonama. Nakong ea lintoa tse joalo, lintsu tse fokolang kapa tse sa thehoang hantle li bolaoa ke likotlo tse matla tseo li li fumanang melomong ea tsona.
Hoa thahasellisa! Lipapali tsa lintsu tsa ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo li khetholloa ka lipalo tse makatsang tsa moea, moo batho ka bobeli ba nkang karolo, 'me lefereho le tsamaea le ho lelekisana, ho fofa ka maqhubu, ho teba haholo le ho potoloha ka moea.
Batsoali ba baholo ke lintsu tsa gravedigger, tse elang mahe ka nako e le 'ngoe le halofo. Hang ha lilemo tsa malinyane a qhotsitsoeng e le likhoeli tse tharo, batho ba baholo ba qala ho ruta litsuonyana ho fofa. Ka lebaka la boitokisetso bo botle, linonyana tse jang nama li khona ho etsa lifofane tse telele mariha.
Ts'ebetso ea ho holisa litsuonyana tsa lintsu tsa steppe, tse itlhahelang ka kotloloho mobung le ho aha matlo a bolulo ka makala, le eona ha e khahlehe. Mahe a futhumatsoa ke tse tšehali, 'me tse tona li tlisetsa likhoho tsa tsona lijo. Batsoali ka bobeli ba hlokomela litsuonyana tse tsoetsoeng. Linonyana tse nyane li khona ho lelera ho fihlela li fumana tse hlomphehang.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Ho sa tsotelehe matla le matla a tsona a tlhaho, lintsu li se li le ho likhokahano tse tlokotsing liketsong tsa tlhaho tsa tlholeho. Tlas'a maemo a tlholeho, linonyana tse jang liphoofolo tse joalo ebile li le kholo li na le lira tse fokolang, empa linonyana tse kholo li ka shoa ka lebaka la ntoa e sa lekanang le mohanyetsi ea matla oa sefofane kapa phiri e tloaelehileng.
Matsatsi a mangata a tlala a kotsi haholo ho lintsu, ka hona tlhoko ea 'mele e tsitsitseng le e tsitsitseng ea' mele bakeng sa phofu e kholo ea nama e qobella linonyana tse joalo ho tloha maqhubu a futhumetseng ho ea linaheng tse ka boroa ka likhoka, ho latela mefuta e meng ea linonyana tse fallang.
Bohlokoa! Ka lilemo tse nang le lijo tse lekaneng tsa nama, palo e kholo ea malinyane e ile ea phela kahara sehlaha, empa ha ho se na setsi sa lijo, e le molao, namane e le 'ngoe feela e sala e phela.
Joalokaha ho bonts'itsoe ke liphuputso tse ngata le lithuto tsa mahlale, ho lema libaka tse ncha tsa linaha tse sa roaloang le ho nyamela ha liphoofolo tse hlaha ho tsona ho baka khaello ea mehloli ea lijo e tsejoang ke ntsu, e leng sesosa sa lefu la bongata ba linonyana ke tlala. Har'a tse ling, lintsu, ho fapana le linonyana tse ling tse ngata, hangata lia shoa ha li kopana le likhoele tsa motlakase, tse bakoang ke boiteko ba libatana tse masiba ho hlomella lihlaha palong e tloaelehileng ea motlakase.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Hajoale, linonyana tse jang nama ho tsoa lelapeng la Hawk, tse emeloang ke:
- Ntsu ea Hawk (A.fаsciata kapa H.fаsciatus);
- Ntsu ea Indian hawk (Lhorhotriorchis kieneri);
- Berkut (A. chrysaetos);
- Lenong ntsu (A. arakh);
- Ntsu ea Kaffir (A.verreauuxii);
- Ntsu ea silevera (A. wahlbergi);
- Ntsu e nang le mehatla e meholo (A. audax).
Linonyana li fumane boemo ba paballo "Likokoana-hloko tse Kotsing":
- Sebaka sa lepato (A. helias);
- Sebaka sa mabitla sa Spain (A. adalberti);
- Ntsu e nang le matheba a maholo (A. clanga).
Mefuta e kotsing ea ho fela e emeloa ke Steppe Eagle (A. niralensis), 'me e haufi le boemo bo tlokotsing ke Moluccan Eagle (Аquila gurneyi). Ntsu e nyane (A. renata kapa H. renata) le sebaka sa lepato linaheng tse 'maloa li kenyelelitsoe maqepheng a Buka ea Bofubelu ea naha.
Lintsu le motho
Ntsu ke e 'ngoe ea matšoao a mantlha a Russia,' me setšoantšo sa eona se ka bonoa seaparong sa naha ea rona... Leha ho le joalo, masoabi a maholo a litsebi tsa li-ornithologists, lintsu li karolo ea mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea liphoofolo tse jang masiba tse thathamisitsoeng maqepheng a Red Book.
Linonyana tse ikhohomosang tse jang nama li ne li le makhatheng a ho fela ka ho felletseng, haholo-holo ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea batho, mme ho theoha ho hoholo hoa baahi ha hoa bakoa feela ke ho tsometsa le lintho tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa anthropogenic, empa le ke maemo a tikoloho ka kakaretso libakeng tsa lintsu tse ntseng li mpefala selemo se seng le se seng. Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore ke Buka e Khubelu e thusang ho fumana le ho rekota mefuta ea lintsu ka nako e haufi kapa e haufi le ho timela ka ho felletseng, e leng se nolofalletsang ho fetola maemo le baahi hore ba be betere.
