Bison kapa nare ea Amerika

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Nare - ena ke tsela eo batho ba Amerika Leboea ba neng ba tloaetse ho bitsa bison. Poho ena e matla e amoheloa ka molao e le liphoofolo tse hlaha le tse ruuoang linaheng tse tharo - Mexico, USA le Canada.

Tlhaloso ea nare

Li-bison tsa Amerika (Bison bison) ke tsa lelapa la li-bovids ho tloha ka tatellano ea li-artiodactyls mme, hammoho le li-bison tsa Europe, ke tsa mofuta oa Bison (bison).

Ponahalo

Linare tsa Amerika li ne li ke ke tsa fapana le bison haeba e ne e se ka hlooho e tlase le moetse o motenya, o fumanang mahlo 'me o theha litelu tse shahlisang seledung (ka tsela ea' metso). Moriri o molelele ka ho fetesisa o hola hloohong le molaleng, o fihla halofo ea mithara: seaparo se khuts'oane hanyane, se koahela mokokotlo, mahetla 'me karolo e' ngoe e le maoto a ka pele. Ka kakaretso, bokapele bo felletseng ba mmele (khahlano le semelo sa mokokotlo) bo koahetsoe ke moriri o moleleleYu.

Hoa thahasellisa! Boemo ba hlooho e tlase haholo, hammoho le moetse o kobehileng, li fa nare matla a ikhethang, leha e le hore ka boholo ba eona ha e hlokahale - banna ba baholo ba hola ho fihla ho 3 m (ho tloha molomong ho ea mohatleng) ho 2 m ha e pona, ba fumana boima ba lithane tse 1.2-1.3.

Ka lebaka la bongata ba moriri hloohong e kholo ea phatla e sephara, mahlo a maholo a lefifi le litsebe tse moqotetsane ha li bonahale hakaalo, empa manaka a makhuts'oane a khutsufalitsoeng a bonahala, a khelohela ka mahlakoreng mme a fetohela holimo kahare. Nare e na le 'mele o sa lekanang hantle, kaha karolo e ka pele ea eona e tsoetse pele haholo ho feta e ka morao. Scruff e fela ka hump, maoto ha a phahame, empa a matla. Mohatla o mokgutshwane ho feta wa dinare tsa Yuropa, mme o kgabisitswe qetellong ka borashe bo teteaneng bo boya.

Hangata baki e ba bosootho bo sootho kapa bosootho, empa hloohong, molaleng le maotong a ka pele e fifala ka mokhoa o bonahalang, e ba bosootho bo botsho. Boholo ba liphoofolo li sootho ebile li sootho ka mmala, empa li-bison tse ling li bontša mebala e sa tloaelehang.

Botho le mokhoa oa bophelo

Kaha nare ea Amerika e felisitsoe pele e ka ithutoa, ho thata ho ahlola mokhoa oa eona oa bophelo. Ho tsebahala, ho etsa mohlala, hore nare e ne e sebelisana 'moho metseng e meholo e fihlang ho likete tse 20. Li-bison tsa sejoale-joale li bolokiloe ka mehlape e menyenyane, e sa feteng liphoofolo tse 20-30. Ho na le bopaki ba hore lipoho le likhomo tse nang le manamane li theha lihlopha tse arohaneng, joalo ka ha ba re, ka bong.

Tlhahisoleseling e hanyetsanang e boetse e amohetsoe mabapi le sehlopha se busang sa mehlape: litsebi tse ling tsa liphoofolo li re khomo e nang le boiphihlelo e laola mohlape, ba bang ba na le bonnete ba hore sehlopha se tlas'a ts'ireletso ea lipoho tse 'maloa tsa khale. Linare, haholo-holo bacha, ba labalabela ho tseba haholo: ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e ncha kapa e sa tloaelehang e hohela tlhokomelo ea bona. Batho ba baholo ba sireletsa liphoofolo tse nyane ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, ba sekametse lipapaling tsa kantle moeeng o hloekileng.

Hoa thahasellisa! Li-bison, ho sa tsotelehe molao oa tsona o matla, li bonts'a matjato a makatsang kotsing, li kena ka lebelo le lebelo ho fihla ho 50 km / h. Ho makatsang ke hore, nare e sesa hantle haholo, 'me e kokota likokoana-hloko ho tsoa boea, e palama nako le nako lehlabatheng le leroleng.

Li-bison li na le mohopolo o tsoetseng pele oa monko, o thusang ho utloa sera se le hole ho fihlela ho 2 km, le metsi a mangata - hole le ho fihla ho 8 km... Ho utloa le pono ha li bohale joalo, empa ba etsa karolo ea bona ho tse nne. Ho habanya nonyana e le 'ngoe ho lekane ho ananela matla a eona, a menahaneng habeli ha phoofolo e lemetse kapa e koetsoe.

Boemong bo joalo, nare ea tlhaho e seng mpe e potlakela ho teneha, e khetha ho hlaseloa. Mohatla o otlolohileng le monko o bohale, o monate o ka bonoa e le sesupo sa thabo e fetelletseng. Hangata liphoofolo li sebelisa lentsoe la tsona - li lla habohloko kapa li honotha ka melumo e fapaneng, haholo ha mohlape o ntse o tsamaea.

Nare e phela halelele hakae

Linaheng tse hlaha le tsa Amerika Leboea, li-bison li phela lilemo tse ka bang 20-25.

Dimorphism ea thobalano

Esita le ponahalo, basali ba tlase haholo ho ba banna ka boholo, hape, ha ba na setho sa botona sa ka ntle, seo lipoho tsohle li fuoang sona. Phapang ea bohlokoa le ho feta e ka fumaneha ho 'mele le likarolo tsa seaparo sa li-subspecies tse peli tsa li-bison tsa Amerika, tse hlalosoang e le Bison bison bison (steppe bison) le Bison bison athabascae (bison ea meru).

Bohlokoa! Li-subspecies tsa bobeli li fumanoe qetellong ea lekholo la leshome la metso e robong la lilemo. Ho ea ka litsebi tse ling tsa liphoofolo, nare ea morung hase letho haese linonyana tsa khale (Bison priscus) tse ntseng li le teng le kajeno.

Lintlha tsa molao-motheo le jase tse hlokometsoeng naheng ea steppe bison:

  • e bobebe ebile e nyane (ka lilemo tse tšoanang / bong) ho feta bison ea patsi;
  • hloohong e kholo ho na le "cap" e teteaneng ea moriri lipakeng tsa manaka, 'me ke ka seoelo manaka ka boeona a hlahellang ka holim'a "cap" ena;
  • Cape e hlakileng ea boea, 'me' mala o bobebe ho feta oa bison ea morung;
  • ntlha ea mokokotlo e kaholimo ho maoto a pele, litelu tse mahlahahlaha le mane e tsebahalang molaleng e fetela ka nqane ho ribcage.

Mekhabiso ea 'mele le jase, e boletsoeng li-bison tsa morung:

  • e kholo ebile e boima (ka lilemo tse tšoanang le bong) ho feta bison ea masapo;
  • hlooho e seng matla haholo, ho na le likhoele tse leketlileng ka holim'a phatla le manaka a hlahellang kaholimo ho eona;
  • kape ea boea e boletsoeng hanyane, 'me boea bo lefifi ho feta ba li-steppe bison;
  • bokaholimo ba mokokotlo bo namela maotong a ka pele, litelu li tšesaane, mme moetse oa qoqothong ha o bonolo.

Hajoale, li-bison tsa meru li fumanoa feela merung e meutloa ea lithotse e melang ka likoting tsa linoka tsa Buffalo, Peace le Birch (tse phallelang matšeng a Bolshoye Slavolnichye le Athabasca).

Habitat, habitats

Lilemong tse makholo a 'maloa tse fetileng, li-subspecies tse peli tsa li-bison, tseo palo ea tsona e fihletseng liphoofolo tse limilione tse 60, li fumanoe hoo e ka bang Amerika Leboea. Hona joale mokoloko, ka lebaka la ho felisoa ho se nang kelello ha mofuta ona (o phethiloeng ke 1891), o fokotsehile libakeng tse 'maloa ka bophirima le leboea la Missouri.

Hoa thahasellisa! Ka nako eo, palo ea li-bison tsa meru e ne e se e theohile haholo: ke liphoofolo tse 300 feela tse ileng tsa phela tse neng li lula bophirima ho Noka ea Slave (ka boroa ho Letša la Big Slave).

Ho thehiloe hore khale khale li-bison li ne li phela bophelo ba bo-hloma-u-hlomole, bosiung ba leholimo le batang, li leba boroa ebe li khutla moo ka mofuthu oa mofuthu. Hona joale, ho falla ha li-bison ho ea hōle ha ho khonehe, kaha meeli ea sebaka sena e lekanyelitsoe ke libaka tsa boikhathollo tsa naha, tse pota-potiloeng ke masimo. Li-bison li khetha libaka tse fapaneng bakeng sa bophelo, ho kenyeletsoa le meru, masimo a bulehileng (maralla le a bataletseng), hammoho le meru, e koetsoeng ka tsela e itseng.

Lijo tsa linare tsa Amerika

Li-bison li fula hoseng le mantsiboea, ka linako tse ling li fepa motšehare esita le bosiu... Li-steppe li its'etleha ka joang, li kha li-kg tse 25 ka letsatsi, 'me mariha li fetohela likatana tsa joang. Moru, hammoho le joang, li fapanya lijo tsa tsona le limela tse ling:

  • letlobo;
  • makhasi;
  • boriba;
  • boriba;
  • makala a lifate / lihlahla.

Bohlokoa! Ka lebaka la boea ba tsona bo botenya, li-bison li mamella serame sa likhato tse 30 hantle, li iphepa ka lehloa le bophahamo ba mithara e le 'ngoe. Ha li ea fepa, li batla libaka tse nang le lehloa le lenyane, moo li akhelang lehloa ka litlhako, li tebisa lesoba ha li potoloha hlooho le thiba (joalo ka ha bison e etsa).

Hang ka letsatsi, liphoofolo li ea sekoting sa metsi, li fetola mokhoa ona feela ka serame se matla, ha matamo a hoamisitsoe ke leqhoa 'me li-bison li tlameha ho ja lehloa.

Ho ikatisa le bana

Leqhubu lena le qala ho tloha ka Phupu ho isa Loetse, ha lipoho le likhomo li arotsoe ka mehlape e meholo ka tatellano e hlakileng. Ha nako ea ho ikatisa e fihla qetellong, mohlape o moholo o boela o aroha lihlopha tse qhalakaneng. Li-bison li na le sethepu, 'me tse tona tse hlaheletseng ha li khotsofatsoe ke e le' ngoe ea basali, empa li bokella basali.

Ho tsoma ka lipoho ho tsamaea le ho puruma ho hoholo, ho ka utluoang maemong a leholimo a hlakileng bakeng sa 5-8 km. Ha lipoho li ntse li eketseha, molumo oa 'mino oa tsona o hohela haholoanyane. Lintoeng tse mabapi le basali, bakopi ha ba felle feela ho likhukhuni tsa ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, empa hangata ba kenella lintoeng tse mabifi, tseo nako le nako li qetellang ka likotsi tse mpe kapa lefu la e mong oa batho ba loantšanang.

Hoa thahasellisa! Bere e nka likhoeli tse 9, kamora moo khomo e tsoala namane e le 'ngoe. Haeba a sena nako ea ho fumana sekhutlo se khutsitseng, lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa le hlaha bohareng ba mohlape. Tabeng ena, liphoofolo tsohle li tla ho namane, li e fofonela ebe lia e nyeka. Namane e monya mafura (ho fihlela ho 12%) lebese la matsoele hoo e ka bang selemo.

Libakeng tsa liphoofolo, li-bison li sebelisana hantle eseng feela le baemeli ba mefuta ea tsona, empa hape li na le li-bison. Likamano tse ntle tsa boahisani hangata li fella ka lerato, ho nyalana le ponahalo ea linonyana tse nyane. Ea morao-rao e fapane hole le poone e nyalisitsoeng e nang le mehlape, kaha e na le tsoalo e phahameng.

Lira tsa tlhaho

Ho lumeloa hore ha ho na li-bison tse joalo, haeba u sa nahane ka liphiri tse hlabang manamane kapa batho ba baholo haholo. Ke 'nete hore nare e ne e sokeloa ke Maindia, ao mokhoa oa' ona oa bophelo le litloaelo li neng li itšetlehile haholo ka liphoofolo tsena tse matla. Maindia a Amerika a ne a tsoma li-bison ka pere (ka linako tse ling lehloeng), a nkile lerumo, seqha kapa sethunya. Haeba pere e ne e sa sebelisetsoe ho tsoma, linare li ne li khanneloa ka mohohlong kapa likorong.

Leleme le monono o nonneng haholo li ne li ananeloa haholoholo, hammoho le nama e omisitsoeng le e besitsoeng (pemmican), eo Maindia a neng a e bolokela mariha. Letlalo la li-bison tse nyane le ile la fetoha thepa ea liaparo tsa ka ntle, matlalo a teteaneng a ile a fetoha letlalo la letlalo le tala le letlalo le soeufalitsoeng.

Maindia a lekile ho sebelisa likarolo tsohle le lisele tsa liphoofolo, ho fumana:

  • letlalo la bison - lisalesele, li-teepees le mabanta;
  • ho tloha tendon - khoele, khoele ea khoele le tse ling;
  • ho tloha masapong - lithipa le lijana;
  • ho tloha ho hooves - sekhomaretsi;
  • ho tloha moriri - liropo;
  • Ho tloha bolokoe - mafura.

Bohlokoa! Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela ka 1830, motho e ne e se sera se ka sehloohong sa nare. Palo ea mofuta ona ha ea ka ea susumetsoa ke ho tsongoa ha Maindia, kapa ke ho thunngoa ha bison ke bo-ralikolone ba basoeu ba neng ba tšoere lithunya.

Baahi le boemo ba mofuta

Kamano pakeng tsa motho le tlhaho e koahetsoe ke maqephe a 'maloa a bohloko, leo le leng la lona e neng e le pheletso ea nare... Mathoasong a lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, mehlape e mengata (lihlooho tse ka bang limilione tse 60) e ile ea solla libakeng tse sa feleng tsa Amerika Leboea - ho tloha matšeng a leboea a Erie le Great Slave ho ea Texas, Louisiana le Mexico (ka boroa), le ho tloha maralleng a bophirima a Lithaba tsa Rocky ho ea lebopong le ka bochabela la Leoatle la Atlantic.

Tšenyo ea li-bison

Ho felisoa ho hoholo ha li-bison ho qalile lilemong tsa bo-30 tsa lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ho fumana sekhahla se neng se e-s'o ka se e-ba teng lilemong tsa bo-60, ha ho ne ho qalisoa kaho ea seporo sa naha ena. Bapalami ba ile ba ts'episoa khahloa e khahlang - ba thunya nare ho tsoa lifensetereng tsa terene e fetang, ba siea liphoofolo tse makholo tse tsoang mali.

Ntle le moo, basebetsi ba mebileng ba ile ba fepeloa nama ea nare, 'me matlalo a romeloa ho ea rekisoa. Ho ne ho na le linare tse ngata hoo litsomi li neng li sa tsotelle nama ea tsona, li itšeha maleme feela - litopo tse joalo li ne li hasane hohle.

Hoa thahasellisa! Lihlopha tsa ba fulang ba koetlisitsoeng ba ile ba lelekisa li-bison ba sa khaotse, 'me ka li-70 palo ea liphoofolo tse thunngoeng selemo le selemo e feta limilione tse 2,5. Setsomi se tummeng, se bitsitsoeng Buffalo Bill, se bolaile linare tse 4280 ka selemo le halofo.

Lilemo tse 'maloa hamorao, ho ile ha hlokahala masapo a li-bison, a hasantsoeng ka lithane ho parola masabasaba: lik'hamphani li ile tsa bonahala li bokella thepa ena e tala, e rometsoeng ho hlahiseng pente e ntšo le manyolo. Empa li-bison ha lia bolaoa feela bakeng sa nama bakeng sa li-canteens tsa basebetsi, empa hape le ho etsa hore merabe ea Maindia e bolaoe ke tlala, e neng e hanela ka matla bokolone. Morero o ile oa fihlelloa mariha a 1886/87, ha Maindia a likete a bolaoa ke tlala. Ntlha ea hoqetela e ne e le 1889, ha ho ne ho phela feela li-bison tse limilione tse 835 (ho kenyeletsoa le liphoofolo tse makholo a mabeli tse tsoang Yellowstone National Park).

Tsosoloso ea nare

Ba boholong ba ile ba potlakela ho pholosa liphoofolo ha mofuta ona o le lintšing - mariha a 1905, American Bison Rescue Society e thehiloe. Ka bonngoe (ho Oklahoma, Montana, Dakota le Nebraska) ho ile ha thehoa libaka tse khethehileng tsa bolulo bakeng sa nare e sireletsehileng.

Se ka 1910, mehlape e imenne habeli, 'me ka mor'a lilemo tse ling tse 10 palo ea eona e ile ea eketseha ho fihlela ho batho ba likete tse 9... Mokhatlo oa eona oa ho boloka li-bison o qalile Canada: ka 1907, mmuso o ile oa reka liphoofolo tse 709 ho beng ba tsona, oa li isa Wayne Wright. Ka 1915, Wood Buffalo National Park (lipakeng tsa matša a mabeli - Athabasca le Lekhoba le Leholo) e thehiloe, e reretsoe bison ea meru e ntseng e phela.

Hoa thahasellisa! Ka 1925-1928. li-bison tse fetang likete tse 6 tsa masapo li ile tsa tlisoa moo, tse tšoaelitseng lefuba la meru. Ntle le moo, bajaki ba kopane le batho ba tsoalo ea morung mme ba batla ba "metsa" ba morao, ba ba amoha boemo ba bona ba subspecies.

Li-bison tsa meru tse hloekileng li fumanoe libakeng tsena feela ka 1957 - liphoofolo tse 200 li fula sebakeng se hole sa leboea-bophirima ho serapa. Ka 1963, li-bison tse 18 li ile tsa tlosoa mohlapeng 'me tsa romeloa polokelong e ka mose ho noka. Mackenzie (haufi le Fort Providence). Li-bison tse ling tse 43 tsa morung le tsona li tlisitsoe Elk Island National Park. Hona joale United States ho na le li-bison tse hlaha tse fetang likete tse 10, 'me Canada (libaka tsa polokelo le lirapa tsa naha) - tse fetang likete tse 30, tseo bonyane 400 e leng moru.

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