Se-pelican (Pelecanus) ke nonyana e metsing e tsoaletsoeng libakeng tsohle tsa lefats'e ntle le Antarctica. Ponahalo ea eona, 'me ka holim'a tsohle, letlalo le otlolohileng le molomong o ka tlase le etsa hore nonyana eo e be e ikhethang le e ka lemohuoang kapele. Mefuta e robeli ea letata e na le kabo e sa tloaelehang ea lefats'e ho tloha libakeng tse chesang tsa tropike ho ea sebakeng se futhumetseng, leha linonyana li le sieo kahare ho Amerika Boroa, libakeng tsa polar le leoatleng le bulehileng.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Pelican
Mofuta oa li-pelican (Pelecanus) o qalile ho hlalosoa ka molao ke Linnaeus ka 1758. Lebitso le tsoa lentsoeng la khale la Segerike pelekan (πελεκάν), le tsoang lentsoeng pelekys (πέλεκυς) le bolelang "selepe". Lelapa la Pelicanea le ile la hlahisoa ke polymath ea Sefora K. Rafinesky ka 1815. MaPelican a reha Pelecaniformes lebitso la ona.
Video: Pelican
Ho fihlela haufinyane, taelo e ne e sa hlalosoa ka botlalo mme sebopeho sa eona, ntle le li-pelican, se kenyelelitse Sulidae, frigate (Fregatidae), Phaethon (Phaethontidae), cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae), molala oa noha (Anhingidae), ha hlooho ea leruarua ( Shoebill), egrets (Egrets) le ibises (Ibises) le likhaba tsa likhaba (Plataleinae) e ne e le tse ling tsa linonyana tsa mokotatsie (Ciconiiformes). Ho ile ha fumaneha hore ho tšoana lipakeng tsa linonyana tsena ho bile teng ka phoso, ka lebaka la ho iphetola hoa lintho ho tšoanang. Bopaki ba limolek'hule tsa papiso ea DNA bo khahlanong le kopano eo ka mokhoa o hlakileng.
'Nete e thabisang: Liphuputso tsa DNA li bonts'itse hore malinyane a mararo a Lefatše le Lecha a thehile lesika le le leng ho tsoa ho letlapa le lesoeu la Amerika, le mefuta e mehlano ea Lefatše la Khale ho tsoa letlalong le tšehetsoeng ke pinki, ha letlapa le lesoeu la Australia e ne e le mong ka bona ea haufi. Letlala le pinki le lona e ne e le la leloko lena, empa e bile la pele la ho kheloha ho moholo-holo oa mefuta e meng e mene. Tlhahiso ena e bonts'a hore li-pelican li qalile ho iphetola ho Lefatše la Khale ebe li namela Amerika Leboea le Boroa, 'me khetho ea sehlaha lifateng kapa mobung e amana haholo le boholo ho feta liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Lintho tsa khale tsa khale li fumanoe li bontša hore malinyane a bile teng lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 30. Lintho tsa khale tsa khale tsa li-pelican tse fumanoeng li fumanoe libakeng tsa pele tsa Oligocene Luberon ka boroa-bochabela ho Fora. Li ts'oana ka mokhoa o makatsang le mefuta ea sejoale-joale. Ho ile ha pholoha molomo o batlang o felletse, o tšoanang hantle le oa malinyane a sejoale-joale, ho bontšang hore sesebelisoa sena se tsoetseng pele sa ho fepa se ne se ntse se le teng ka nako eo.
Qalong ea Miocene, mesaletsa e ile ea reoa Miopelecanus - mofuta oa mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale, mofuta M. gracilis motheong oa litšobotsi tse itseng qalong e ne e nkuoa e ikhethile, empa joale ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea hore ke mofuta o mahareng.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Nonyana ea Pelican
Li-pelican ke linonyana tsa metsi tse kholo haholo. Dalmatian Pelican e ka fihla boholo bo boholo. Sena se etsa hore e be e 'ngoe ea linonyana tse fofang ka ho fetisisa le tse boima ka ho fetisisa. Mofuta o monyane ka ho fetisisa oa letonanahali le sootho. Masapo a ikarabella ho 7% feela ea boima ba 'mele ba likoala tse boima ka ho fetesisa. Ntho e ikhethang ka ho fetisisa ea likoala ke molomo oa tsona. Mokotla oa 'metso o atolositsoe haholo' me o hokahane le molomo o tlase, oo ho ona o leketlileng joalo ka mokotla oa letlalo o rekereng. Bokgoni ba eona bo ka fihla lilithara tse 13, e sebelisoa joalo ka letlooa la ho tšoasa litlhapi. E koala ka thata ka molomo o molelele, o theohelang hanyane hanyane.
Mefuta e robeli ea lintho tse phelang e na le litšobotsi tse latelang:
- American White Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos): bolelele ba 1.3-1.8 m, mapheo a bophara ba 2.44-2.9 m, boima ba 5-9 kg. Masiba a batla a le masoeu ka ho feletseng, ntle le masiba a mapheo, a bonahalang feela ha a fofa;
- Letlalo le bosootho la Amerika (P. occidentalis): bolelele ho fihla ho 1.4 m, mapheo a 2-2.3 m, boima ba 3.6-4.5 kg. Ke letonanahali le lenyane ka ho fetisisa le nang le masiba a sootho.;
- Letlalo la Peruvia (P. thagus): bolelele ho fihlela 1.52 m, mapheo a 2.48 m, bolelele bo boima ba 7 kg. Lefifi ka mola o mosoeu ho tloha hloohong ho fihla mahlakoreng a molala;
- pinki e pinki (P. onocrotalus): bolelele ba 1.40-1.75 m, mapheo a 2.45-2.95 m, boima ba 10-11 kg. Masiba a boputsoa bo bosoeu, a na le matheba a mapinki sefahlehong le maotong;
- Letamo la Australia (P. conspicillatus): bolelele ba 1.60-1.90 m, mapheo a bolelele ba 2.5-3.4 m, boima ba 4-8.2 kg. Haholo-holo e tšoeu e kopane le botšo, e nang le molomo o moholo o mopinki o phatsimang;
- pelican e tšehetsoeng ke rosa (P. rufescens): bolelele ba 1.25-1.32 m, mapheo a bolelele ba 2.65-2.9 m, boima ba 3.9-7 kg. Masiba a masoeu, ka linako tse ling a bopinki ka mokokotlong, a nang le mohlahare o ka holimo o mosehla le mokotla o moputsoa;
- Letlalo la Dalmatian (P. crispus): bolelele ba 1.60-1.81 m, mapheo a 2.70-3.20 m, boima ba 10-12 kg. Letata le leholo ka ho fetisisa le bosoeu bo bosoeu, le na le masiba a kobehileng hloohong le molaleng o kaholimo;
- Letlalo le leputsoa (P. philippensis): bolelele ba 1.27-1.52 m, mapheo a bolelele ba 2.5 m, boima ba c. 5 lik'hilograma. Haholo-holo ke masiba a masoeu, a boputsoa. Nakong ea nako ea ho ikatisa, pinki e nang le mokotla o nang le mabala.
Letata le lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Pelican e Russia
Litlhapi tsa sejoale-joale li lula lik'honthinenteng tsohle ntle le Antarctica. Mefuta e 'meli ea liphoofolo e lula Russia: pinki (P. onocrotalus) le lekhakhapha le kobehileng (P. crispus). Europe, ho na le baahi ba bangata Linaheng tsa Balkan, likoloni tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa tsa lipinki tse pinki le tse kobehileng li fumaneha Lebopong la Danube. Ntle le moo, mefuta ena e 'meli e ntse e fumaneha Letšeng la Prespa le lebopong le ka bochabela la Leoatle la Azov. Ho phaella moo, Dalmatian Pelican e boetse e fumanoa likoloneng tse ling tse tlaase Volga le lebōpong le ka leboea la Leoatle la Caspian.
Mefuta ena e mmedi le letata le bohlooho (P. philippensis) le tsona di fumaneha Asia Bophirima le Bohareng. Ea morao-rao e boetse e fumaneha Asia Boroa. Afrika ke lehae la letata le tšehelitsoeng ke pinki (P. rufescens), le fumanehang libakeng tse chesang le tse mongobo. Libaka tsa ho ikatisa le mariha li fumaneha Roselle Canyon, e tlohang Sahel ho ea Afrika Boroa.
Australia le Tasmania ke lehae la letata la letata la Australia (P. conspicillatus), le kopanang khafetsa kantle ho nako ea ho ikatisa New Guinea, Solomon Islands le Lihlekehleke tsa Lesser Sunda. American White Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos) e ikatisa ka bophirima ho Amerika Leboea le ka boroa ho Canada, le li-overwinters mabopong a Amerika Leboea le Bohareng. Lebopo la k'honthinente e habeli ea Amerika ke lehae la letlapa le sootho (P. occidentalis).
Taba e khahlisang: Mariha, mefuta e meng e mamella serame se matla, empa e hloka metsi a se nang leqhoa. Mefuta e mengata e khetha metsi a hloekileng. Li ka fumanoa matšeng kapa linokeng tsa noka, 'me kaha li-pelican ha li qoele ka botebo, li hloka botebo bo tebileng. Ke lona lebaka leo ka lona linonyana li seng li le sieo matšeng a tebileng. Letlalo le bosootho ke lona feela mofuta o phelang selemo ho pota feela haufi le leoatle.
Boholo ba malinyane ha se linonyana tse fallang hangata. Sena se sebetsa ho mefuta ea tropike, empa hape le ho li-pelican tsa Danube Delta Dalmatian. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, malinyane a pinki a tsoang Nōkeng ea Danube a fallela libakeng tsa mariha tsa Afrika kamora nako ea ho ikatisa. Ba qeta matsatsi a mabeli ho isa ho a mararo Isiraele, moo lithane tsa litlhapi tse sa tsoa khuuoa li isoa linonyaneng.
Letlalo le ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Molomo oa Pelican
Lijo tsa likhoho li na le litlhapi feela. Ka linako tse ling li-pelican li fumanoa li fepa feela li-crustaceans. Nōkeng ea Danube, carp le perch ke phofu ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa mefuta ea li-pelican. American White Pelican e fepa haholo litlhapi tsa carp tsa mefuta e fapaneng e sa khahliseng ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa khoebo. Afrika, li-pelican li tšoara litlhapi tsa cichlid ho tsoa molikong oa Tilapia le Haplochromis, le Afrika Boroa-bochabela, mahe le litsuonyana tsa Cape cormorants (P. capensis). Letlalo le bosootho le fepa lebopong la Florida la menhaden, herring, anchovies le Pacific sardine.
'Nete e monate: MaPelican a ja 10% ea boima ba' ona ka letsatsi. Sena se ka ba 1.2 kg bakeng sa letata le lesoeu. Haeba u eketsa joalo, palo eohle ea letata ho Nakurusi, Afrika, e ja 12,000 kg ea litlhapi ka letsatsi kapa lithane tse 4,380 tsa litlhapi ka selemo.
Mefuta e fapaneng e sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho tsoma, empa kaofela li tsoma haholo ka lihlopha. Mokhoa o tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ke ho sesa, ho khannela litlhapi metsing a sa tebang, moo li seng li sa khone ho balehela ka hare ho naha kahoo ho leng bonolo ho li tšoasa. Ka linako tse ling liketso tsena li tsamaisoa ke likotlo tse matla tsa mapheo holim'a metsi. Likhetho tse ling ke ho etsa selikalikoe le ho koala ho tsoa ha litlhapi sebakeng se bulehileng kapa mela e 'meli e otlolohileng e sesang e lebile ho e mong.
Li-pelican li lema ka metsing ka molomo oa tsona o moholohali 'me li tšoasa litlhapi tse lelekiloeng. Sekhahla sa katleho ke 20%. Kamora ho tšoasa ka katleho, metsi a lula kantle ho mokotla oa letlalo mme litlhapi li metsoa li felletse. Mefuta eohle e ka boela ea tšoasa e le mong, 'me e meng e khetha sena, empa mefuta eohle e na le mekhoa e hlalositsoeng kaholimo. Ke feela linonyana tse sootho le tsa Peru tse tsomang moeeng. Ba tšoasa litlhapi ka botebo bo boholo, ba theoha ka ho otloloha ho tloha bophahamong ba limithara tse 10 ho isa ho tse 20.
Hona joale ua tseba hore na nonyana ea letata e beha litlhapi kae. A re boneng hore na o phela joang naheng.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Pelican e baleha
Bophelo, ho ikatisa, ho falla, ho fepa likoloneng tse kholo. Ho tšoasa litlhapi ho nka karolo e nyane haholo ea letsatsi la letata, hobane batho ba bangata ba qeta ho fepa ka 8-9 hoseng. Nako e setseng ea letsatsi e sebelisoa ho lla hohle - ho hloekisa le ho hlapa. Liketsahalo tsena li etsahala mabopong a lehlabathe kapa lihlekehlekeng tse nyane.
Nonyana ea hlapa, e sekamisa hlooho le 'mele ka metsing, e otlanya mapheo a eona. Letata le bula molomo oa lona kapa le otlolla mapheo ha mocheso oa lona o phahama molemong oa ho laola mocheso oa 'mele. Ho sireletsa sebaka sa bona, banna ba sokela bahlaseli. Letata le hlasela ka molomo oa lona e le sebetsa sa lona sa mantlha.
Taba e khahlisang: Mefuta e robeli ea lintho tse phelang e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli, e 'ngoe ea tsona e na le mefuta e mene ea batho ba baholo e ahang lihlaha tsa lefats'e ka bongata ba tsona e le makhooa a masoeu (Australia, curly, great white le American white pelican),' me e 'ngoe e na le mefuta e mene e nang le masiba a sootho. e itlhahisang ka ho khetheha lifateng (lipalesa tse pinki, tse thokoa le tse sootho) kapa mafikeng a leoatle (letata la Peru).
Boima ba nonyana ena bo etsa hore mokhoa o boima haholo oa ho phahamisa. Letlhaka le tlameha ho otlanya mapheo a lona holim'a metsi nako e telele pele le ka nyolohela moeeng. Empa haeba nonyana eo e atlehile ho tsamaea, e tsoela pele ho fofa ka boitšepo. Li-pelican li khona ho fofa lihora tse 24 ntle le tšitiso, li ka fihla ho 500 km.
Lebelo la sefofane le ka fihla ho 56 km / h, bophahamo bo feta limithara tse 3000. Nakong ea ho fofa, likoala li kobeha melala ea tsona morao e le hore hlooho e pakeng tsa mahetla le molomo o boima e ka tšehetsoa ke molala. Kaha mesifa ha e lumelle ho otlanya mapheo ka linako tsohle, malinyane a fapanya mekhahlelo e melelele ea ho thellela ka ho otlolla.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Lelapa la Pelican
Li-pelican li ikatisa ka likolone, ha likolone tse kholo le tse teteaneng li theoa ke linonyana tse tsoalang fatše. Ka linako tse ling ho ba le likolone tse tsoakaneng: Lebopong la Danube, li-pelican tse pinki le tse kobehileng hangata li tsoala hammoho. Mefuta ea lihlaha tsa lifate e lula haufi le mekotatsie le li-cormorant. Pejana, likoloni tsa liphooko li ne li baloa ka limilione, kolone e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-pelican ho fihlela joale ke kolone Letšeng la Rukwa naheng ea Tanzania e nang le lipara tse 40,000.
Nako ea ho ikatisa e qala libakeng tse futhumetseng nakong ea selemo, bakeng sa mefuta ea Europe le Amerika Leboea ka Mmesa. Maemong a leholimo a tropike, hangata ha ho na linako tse behiloeng tsa ho ikatisa 'me mahe a ka alama selemo ho pota. Melomo, mekotla le letlalo la sefahleho le se nang letho la mefuta eohle li ba mebala e khanyang pele nako ea ho ikatisa e qala. Tse tona di etsa moetlo wa lefereho o fapaneng le mefuta le mefuta, empa e kenyelletsa ho phahamisa hlooho le molomo le ho balla mokotla oa letlalo molomong o tlase.
Kaho ea sehlaha e fapane haholo le mefuta le mefuta. Hangata ho epuoa ho le hong mobung ntle le thepa. Lihlaha tsa lifate li thata haholo. Letata le putswa le tsoalla lifateng tsa mango, lifeiga kapa lifate tsa coconut. Sehlaha se na le makala mme se na le jwang kapa dimela tsa metsing tse bolang. E na le bophara ba lisenthimithara tse ka bang 75 le bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 30. Ho tsitsa ha sehlaha ho batla ho le tlase, ka hona ho haha sehlaha se secha selemo se seng le se seng.
Hangata ho beheloa mahe a mabeli, empa ho hlaha litšoanelo tse nang le lehe le le leng kapa a tšeletseng. Nako ea poloko ke matsatsi a 30 ho isa ho a 36. Qalong litsuonyana li hlobotse, empa kapele li koaheloa ke tlase. Ha a le lilemo li libeke tse robeli, moaparo o tlase o nkeloa sebaka ke masiba a manyane. Pele, malinyane a ne a ja motoho oa lijo tsa khale. Tsuonyana ea pele e qhotsoang e leleka bara le barali babo eona ka sehlaheng. Ho tloha matsatsing a 70 ho isa ho a 85, malinyane a ikemela mme a siea batsoali ba 'ona kamora matsatsi a 20. Ha li le lilemo li tharo kapa tse 'ne, li-pelican li tsoala ka lekhetlo la pele.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa li-pelican
Setšoantšo: Nonyana ea Pelican
Likarolong tse ngata tsa lefats'e, li-pelican li 'nile tsa tsongoa ka nako e telele ka mabaka a fapaneng. Asia Bochabela, lera la adipose la linonyana tsa bana le nkuoa e le moriana meriana ea setso ea China. Hape India, mafura ana a nkuoa a sebetsa khahlano le mafu a rheumatic. Karolong e ka boroa-bochabela ho Europe, mekotla ea 'metso e ne e sebelisetsoa ho etsa mekotla, mekotla ea koae le lisabole.
Taba e khahlisang: Likolone tsa letlapa tse sootho tsa Amerika Boroa li ile tsa sebelisoa hampe ka tsela e ikhethang. Hammoho le boobies ba Peru le bougainvillea cormorant, mantle a ile a bokelloa ka bongata e le manyolo. Ha basebetsi ba roba mahe le ho senya litsuonyana, likolone li ile tsa senngoa nakong ea mosebetsi oa tlhokomelo.
Ho phelisana ho tšoarellang ha batho le liphooko tse putsoa ho etsahala metseng ea setereke sa India sa Karnataka. Moo li-pelican li lulang marulelong joalo ka mekotla e tšoeu. Baahi ba moo ba sebelisa mantle joalo ka manyolo 'me ba rekisa keketso metseng e haufi. Ka hona, li-pelican ha li mamelloe feela, empa hape lia sireletsoa. Maemong a tlhaho, liphoofolong ha li na lira tse ngata ka lebaka la boholo ba tsona bo khahlisang.
Likokoana-hloko tse ka sehloohong tsa li-pelican li kenyelletsa:
- likoena (hlasela nonyana e seng e le kholo);
- liphokojoe (litsomi)
- mafiritšoane;
- Linonyana tse jang liphoofolo tse ling.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Pelican
Palo ea baahi ba lulang metsing a metsi a omellang ebe a tlala ka metsi e ka fetoha haholo - likoloni tsa sehlaha lia hlaha hape li nyamela hape. Leha ho le joalo, Dalmatian le Gray Pelicans ba thathamisitsoe e le ba tlokotsing Lenaneng le Lefubelu la IUCN. Li-subspecies tse peli tsa letata le leng le sootho, e leng Californian le Atlantic, le tsona ha li sa tloaeleha.
Lebaka le ka sehloohong la ho fokotseha ke tšebeliso ea DDT le meriana e meng e bolaeang likokoanyana e matla United States. Ts'ebeliso ea meriana e bolaeang likokonyana hammoho le lijo e lebisitse ho fokotseheng ho hoholo hoa monono oa linonyana. Ho tloha ka 1972, ts'ebeliso ea DDT e thibetsoe United States, mme lipalo li se li qalile ho hlaphoheloa butle-butle. Palo e kholo ea Maafrika a letata le pinki ke lipara tse ka bang 75,000. Ka hona, leha ho na le ho theoha ha batho ka bomong Europe, ha ho letho le sokelang mofuta ona ka kakaretso.
Mabaka a mantlha a ho fokotseha ha li-pelican ke:
- tlholisano ea batšoasi ba litlhapi ba lehae bakeng sa litlhapi;
- metsi a mekhoabo;
- ho thunya;
- tšilafalo ea metsi;
- ho sebelisoa hampe ha lihlahisoa tsa litlhapi;
- ngongoreho e tsoang ho bahahlauli le batšoasi ba litlhapi;
- ho thulana le lithapo tsa motlakase tse holim'a lihlooho.
Ha li le botlamuoeng, li-pelican li ikamahanya hantle 'me li phela ho fihlela lilemo tse 20+, empa ha li tsoaloe hangata. Le hoja ho se mofuta oa letata o sokeloang haholo, ba bangata ba fokolitse palo ea baahi. Mohlala o ka ba pinki letata, eo mehleng ea khale ea Roma e neng e lula melomong ea Rhine le Elbe. Ho ne ho na le lipara tse ka bang milione nokeng ea Danube lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. Ka 1909, palo ena e ile ea theohela ho 200.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 18.07.2019
Letsatsi le ntlafalitsoeng: 25.09.2019 ka 21:16
