Char - ke ea lelapa la tlhapi ea salmon mme e theha mefuta e fapaneng, e ferekanyang bafuputsi-ichthyologists, hobane hangata ho thata ho utloisisa hore na ke mofuta ofe oa sampole e hlahisitsoeng e lumellanang. Char ke tlhapi ea salmon e ka leboea. Litho tse ngata tsa mofuta ona ke litlhapi tsa lipapali tse tummeng, 'me tse ling e se e le liphofu tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa khoebo.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Loach
Char e qalong e ne e abetsoe mofuta oa Psalme ke Karl Linnaeus e le Psalms Alpinus ka 1758. Ka nako e ts'oanang, o ile a hlalosa li-Salmo salvelinus le li-umbla tsa Psalms, tseo hamorao li ileng tsa nkuoa li tšoana. John Richardson (1836) o ile a arola karoloana ea lipina tsa khale (Salvelinus), eo joale e nkoang e le mofuta o felletseng.
Taba e khahlisang: Lebitso la mofuta oa Salvelinus le tsoa lentsoeng la Sejeremane "Saibling" - salmon e nyane. Lebitso la Senyesemane le lumeloa hore le tsoa ho Old Irish ceara / cera, e bolelang "khubelu ea mali," e bolelang karolo e ka tlase e khubelu ea hlapi. E boetse e amana le lebitso la eona la Welsh torgokh, "mpa e khubelu". 'Mele oa litlhapi ha oa koaheloa ka sekala; mohlomong ke lona lebaka la lebitso la Serussia bakeng sa litlhapi - char.
Char ea Arctic e khetholloa ka mefuta e mengata ea morphological kapa "morphs" ho pholletsa le mefuta ea mefuta. Ka hona, char ea Arctic e bitsoa "phoofolo e nang le lesapo la mokokotlo ka ho fetesisa lefatšeng." Morphs e fapana ka boholo, sebopeho, 'mala le ho bontša phapang ea boits'oaro bo fallang, bolulo kapa thepa e makatsang, le boitšoaro ba ho fepa. Li-morph li lula li nyalana, empa li ka arohanngoa ka mokhoa oa ho ikatisa 'me tsa bonts'a batho ba khetholloang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, tse boletsoeng e le mehlala ea boiphihlelo bo ikhethang.
Iceland, Letša la Tingvadlavatn le tsejoa ka nts'etsopele ea li-morph tse 'ne: tse nyane tsa benthic, tse kholo tsa benthic, tse nyane tsa limagnetic le tse kholo. Ka Svalbard, Norway, Letša la Linne-Vatn le na le litlhapi tse boholo bo itekanetseng, "tse tloaelehileng" le litlhapi tse nang le lik'hemik'hale, ha Sehlekehleke sa Medvezhiy se na le moferefere o monyane, o sa tebang oa littoral le o moholo oa pelagic.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Loach fish
Chate ke mofuta oa li-salmonids, tseo tse ling tsa tsona li bitsoang "trout". Ke setho sa lelapa la Salmoninae lelapeng la Salmonidae. Mofuta ona o na le kabo ea potoloho e ka leboea, 'me boholo ba baemeli ba ona, e le molao, ke litlhapi tsa metsi a batang, haholo-holo tse lulang metsing a hloekileng. Mefuta e mengata le eona e fallela leoatleng.
Video: Loach
Char ea Arctic e amana haufi-ufi le litlhapi tsa salmon le letša, 'me e na le litšobotsi tse ngata tsa mefuta ena ka bobeli. Litlhapi li fapana haholo ka 'mala, ho latela nako ea selemo le maemo a tikoloho moo a lulang. Tlhapi ka bonngwe e ka ba boima ba 9.1 kg kapa ho feta. Ka tloaelo, litlhapi tsohle tsa boholo ba mmaraka li lipakeng tsa 0.91 le 2.27 kg. 'Mala oa nama o ka fapana ho tloha bofubelu bo khanyang ho ea ho bopinki bo sootho. Ho ile ha ngoloa char e kholohali e bolelele ba cm cm 60.6 le tjhitja e nyane e fihlang ho 9.2 cm. Mokokotlo oa litlhapi o lefifi ka 'mala, ha karolo ea ventral e fapana ho ea khubelu, bosehla le bosoeu ho latela sebaka.
Litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa char fish:
- 'mele o bōpehileng joaloka torpedo;
- tloaelo ea adipose fin;
- molomo o moholo;
- mebala e fapaneng ho latela sebaka sa bolulo;
- mpa e bofubelu bo fokolang (haholo-holo nakong ea ho beleha);
- mahlakore a maputsoa le boputsoa kapa boputsoa bo boputsoa bo botala le boea;
- boholo boholo: ho tloha ho 35 ho isa ho 90 cm (ka tlhaho);
- boima ba 'mele ho tloha 500 ho ea ho 15 lik'hilograma.
Nakong ea ho hlahisa, 'mala o mofubelu o ba matla haholo,' me banna ba bontša 'mala o khanyang. Morabe oa morabe o na le mapheoana a khubelu a sefahleho le a manonyeletso le meeli e mosehla kapa ea khauta ntlheng ea mapheo. Mmala o motle oa char ea bana o boreleli ho feta oa batho ba baholo.
Char e lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Loach Russia
Char e lulang matšeng a lithaba le mabopong a arctic le metsing a ka tlasa lefatše e na le kabo e chitja. E ka falla, ea lula kapa ea notleloa mobu ho latela sebaka. Litlhapi tsa char li tsoa mabopong a arctic le a subarctic le matšeng a lithaba. E ile ea bonoa libakeng tsa Arctic tsa Canada le Russia le Bochabela bo Hōle.
Litlhapi li teng ka metsing a linoka tsa Leoatle la Barents ho tloha Volonga ho ea Kara, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Kolguev, Bear le lihlekehleke tsa Novaya Zemlya, Siberia Leboea, Alaska, Canada le Greenland. Karolong e ka leboea ea Russia, char ha e eo linokeng tse phallelang Leoatleng la Baltic le le White. Hangata e tsoala le ho hibernates metsing a hloekileng. Ho fallela leoatleng ho etsahala mathoasong a lehlabula ho tloha bohareng ba Phuptjane ho isa Phupu. Ha ba le moo ba qeta matsatsi a ka bang 50, ebe ba khutlela nōkeng.
Ha ho litlhapi tse ling tsa metsi a hloekileng tse fumanehang leboea lena. Ke eona feela mofuta oa litlhapi o fumanoang Letšeng la Heisen le Canada Arctic le mefuta e fumanehang ka seoelo Brithani le Ireland, e fumanoang haholo-holo matšeng a tebileng, a leqhoa. Likarolong tse ling tsa mefuta ea eona, joalo ka linaha tsa Nordic, e atile haholo ebile e rafshoa haholo. Siberia, litlhapi li ile tsa qalisoa ka matšeng, moo li ileng tsa ba kotsi ho mefuta e fokolang ea tikoloho.
Hona joale ua tseba hore na litlhapi tsa char li fumanoa kae. A re boneng hore na o ja eng.
Char e ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Loach ho tsoa ho Red Book
Litlhapi tsa char li fetola mekhoa ea tsona ea ho ja ho latela sebaka. Bo-rasaense ba fumane mefuta e fetang 30 ea lijo ka mpeng ea hae. Chate ke tlhapi e jang liphoofolo tse jang nama bosiu le motšehare. Litlhapi tsa lelapa la salmon li nkuoa e le libatana tse bonang. Le ha ho ne ho bonoa mofuta oa char, litloaelo tsa eona tsa tlhaho tse neng li ipapisitse le tatso le tšusumetso e bonolo, eseng ponong.
Hoa tsebahala hore char e iphepa ka:
- likokoanyana;
- caviar;
- litlhapi;
- shellfish;
- zooplankton;
- li-amphipods le li-crustaceans tse ling tsa metsing.
Mekotla e meng e meholohali e bile e tlalehiloe e le malimo a jang bana ba mefuta ea ona hammoho le char e nyane ea Arctic. Lijo li fetoha ka linako tsa selemo. Qetellong ea selemo le ho pholletsa le lehlabula, ba ja likokoanyana tse fumanoang holim 'a metsi, salmon caviar, likhofu le li-crustaceans tse ling tse nyane tse fumanehang tlase letšeng, le litlhapi tse nyane. Nakong ea likhoeli tsa hoetla le mariha, char e iphepa ka li-zooplankton le li-shrimp tsa metsing a hloekileng, hammoho le litlhapi tse nyane.
Lijo tsa metsing tsa char li na le: li-copepods le krill (Thysanoessa). Letša la char le fepa haholo-holo likokoanyana le zoobenthos (molluscs le larvae). Le litlhapi: capelin (Mallotus villosus) le goby goby (Triglops murrayi). Ha o le naheng, tebello ea bophelo ea char ke lilemo tse 20. Lilemo tse ngata tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tse tlalehiloeng e ne e le lilemo tse 40.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Red fish char
Li-loach ke litlhapi tse fallang le tse fumanehang sechabeng ka bongata nakong ea ho falla. Li ikatisa ebe lia ipata metsing a hloekileng. Litlhapi lia buisana ha li tsoala ka monko. Tse tona li lokolla pheromone e hohelang tse tšehali tse ntšitsoeng ka mahe. Nakong ea ho beleha, banna ba lula sebakeng sa bona. Puso e bolokiloe ke banna ba baholo. Char e na le mola o ka morao o ba thusang ho bona metsamao le ho thothomela tikolohong.
Joalo ka boholo ba li-salmonid, ho na le phapang e kholo ho 'mala le sebopeho sa mmele lipakeng tsa batho ba holileng ka thobalano ba bong bo fapaneng. Tse tona di hlahisa mehlahare e lemaletseng e nang le mmala o mofubelu o khanyang. Tsehali li lula li le silevera. Boholo ba banna ba theha le ho lebela libaka mme hangata ba hlaha le basali ba bangata. Chate ha e shoe kamora ho tsoala, joalo ka salmon ea Pacific, mme hangata e nyalana makhetlo a 'maloa nakong ea bophelo ba eona (selemo se seng le se seng sa bobeli kapa sa boraro).
Fry e nyane e tsoa lehlohlojaneng nakong ea selemo ebe e lula ka nokeng likhoeli tse 5 ho isa ho tse 7 kapa ho fihlela bolelele ba eona bo fihla lisenthimithara tse 15 ho isa ho tse 20. Litlhapi tsa char ha li fane ka tlhokomelo ea batsoali bakeng sa fry kamora ho hlahisa. Boikarabello bohle bo fokotsoa ho aha sehlaha ke basali le tšireletso ea sebaka seo ke banna nakong eohle ea ho tsoala. Mefuta e mengata ea char e qeta nako ea eona e le botebo ba limithara tse 10, 'me e meng e nyolohela botebong ba limithara tse 3 ho tloha holim'a metsi. Botebo bo phahameng ba ho qoela bo tlalehiloe ho limithara tse 16 ho tloha holim'a metsi.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Loach fish
Litlhapi tsa char li khutla ka leoatleng ho ea linokeng tsa habo tsona ka metsi a hloekileng ho hlahisa. Banna ba char ba nyetse sethepu, ha basali ba le bong bo le bong. Bakeng sa ho itukisetsa ho tsoala, banna ba theha sebaka seo ba se sirelletsang. Tse tshehadi di tla ikgethela sebaka sebakeng sa e tona mme di cheke sehlaha sa tsona sa ho hlahisa. Tse tona li qala ho ratana le tse tšehali, li li potolohe, ebe u ea pel'a tse tšehali ebe lia thothomela. Hammoho, tse tona le tse tšehali li lahlela mahe le lebese ka sekoting, ka hona, manyolo a kantle. Mahe a emolisitsoeng a tšeloa ka lehlohlojane.
Qaleho ea kholo ea thobalano ea char ea Arctic e fapana ho tloha ho lilemo tse 4 ho isa ho tse 10. Sena se etsahala ha li fihla bolelele ba 500-600 mm. Boholo ba baahi bo hlaha nakong ea hoetla ho tloha ka Loetse ho isa ka Tshitwe, leha ho na le baahi ba se nang naha ba tsoalang nakong ea selemo, lehlabula kapa mariha. Char Arctic hangata e tsoala hang ka selemo, 'me batho ba bang ha ba tsoale hangata ho feta hanngoe lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 3-4. Tse tona tse ka sehlohong ke tsa naha ebile di sireletsa tse tshehadi.
Tse tona di atisa ho tswala le basadi ba fetang bonngwe nakong ya ho nyalana. Tse tšehali li ka behela mahe ho tloha ho 2 500 ho ea ho 8 500, tseo tse tona li ka emisang. Linako tsa poloko lia fapana, empa hangata li etsahala lipakeng tsa likhoeli tse 2-3. Boima ba poloko bo fapana ka bongata. Boima ba liboko tsa char ha li qhotsoa bo ne bo tloha ho 0,04 ho ea ho 0,07 g. Fry hang hang e ikemela ho batsoali ba bona ha e qhotsoa.
Nts'etsopele ea mahe e etsahala ka mekhahlelo e meraro:
- Karolo e arohanang e qala kamora ho emolisa 'me e tsoele pele ho fihlela ho emoloa hoa lesea le sa tsoa emoloa;
- karolo ea epibolic. Nakong ena, lisele tse thehiloeng nakong ea phepelo ea metsi li qala ho theha lisele tse ikhethang;
- mokhahlelo oa organogenesis o qala ha litho tsa kahare li qala ho hlaha.
Phapang ea thobalano e etsahala nakoana kamora ho qhotsoa mme e laoloa ke phetolo ea chromosomal ea khubu leheng le emotsoeng. AY le X chromosome li lebisa ho e tona, ha li-chromosome tse X li lebisa ho e tšehali. Litšobotsi tsa thobalano tsa morphological li khethoa ke lihormone.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa char char
Setšoantšo: Loach ka nokeng
Tloaelo ea anti-predator of char ke bokhoni ba eona ba ho fetola mmala ho latela tikoloho. Li tloaetse ho fifala matšeng le ho ba bobebe ka 'mala leoatleng. Phuputsong ea 2003 ho fumanoe hore mekhahlelo e meng ea bana ba lilemong tsa bocha e tsebahala haholo ka monko oa liphoofolo tse li jang. Liphuputso li bonts'itse hore boits'oaro ba tlhaho ba litlhapi tsa bana khahlanong le libatana ke ho arabela ka kotloloho lipontšo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse tsoang ho litlhapi tse fapaneng tse jang tse ling, hammoho le phepong ea liphoofolo tse li jang.
Libata tse tloaelehileng tsa char ke:
- li-otter tsa leoatleng;
- Libere tse tšoeu;
- char ea arctic;
- trout;
- litlhapi tse kholo ho feta char.
Ntle le moo, tlhapi ea char e ba phofu ea likokoana-hloko tse kang lebone la leoatle. Vampire ena, e tlohang Leoatleng la Atlantic, e itšoarella ka char e nang le molomo o ts'oanang le kopi e hulang, e etsang lesoba letlalong ebe e monya mali. Likokoana-hloko tse tsejoang hape ke litlhapi tsa char ke protozoa, trematode, tapeworms, nematode, liboko tse hlabang, leeches le crustaceans.
Batho ba rua molemo ho char arctic e le mohloli oa lijo le ho tšoasa litlhapi lipapaling. Joaloka lijo, char fish e nkuoa e le tatso e turang. Theko ea mmaraka e fapana ho latela bophahamo ba modumo. Litheko tse phahameng li tsamaisana le molumo o tlase. Litheko tsa Char ho 2019 ka karolelano e ka ba $ 9.90 ka kg ea litlhapi tse ts'oeroeng.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Loach
Char Arctic e thathamisitsoe ho IUCN Red Data Book e le Mefuta e Kotsi e Kotsing. Tšokelo e kholo ho eena ke batho. Tšokelo e 'ngoe ke letsoai la metsi. Ka boroa ho Scotland, palo ea litlhapi tsa char e felile ka lebaka la letsoai la melapo. Batho ba bangata ba charctic Arctic e Ireland ba felile ka lebaka la letsoai la letša le ho senyeha ha boleng ba metsi ho tsoa tšilafalong ea lapeng le temo.
Taba e khahlisang: Tšokelo e bonoang e tobaneng le baahi ba bang ba char ea Arctic ke khaello ea ho fetoha ha liphatsa tsa lefutso. Palo ea baahi ba Letšeng la Siamaa ka boroa-bochabela ho Finland e ipapisitse le temo ea liphoofolo hore e phele, kaha khaello ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho baahi e baka lefu la mahe le tšoaetso ea mafu.
Ho a mang a matša ao ho leng thata ho fihlella, baahi ba char ba fihla boholo bo boholo. Matšeng a fumanehang ka hare ho sebaka sa BAM, meepo ea khauta le tlhaiso-leseling ea jioloji, palo ea batho e sentsoe haholo, mme 'meleng e meng ea metsi, char e felisitsoe ka botlalo. Lintho tsa mantlha tse amang maemo le boholo ba baahi ba char ke tšilafalo ea 'mele ea metsi le ho ts'oasa litlhapi tse seng molaong.
Tšireletso ea loach
Setšoantšo: Tloha litlhapi ho tsoa bukeng e khubelu
Ho theoa ha maemo a matle linokeng tsa boroa ho Scotland ke boiteko bo ka bang teng ba paballo ea char. Mekhoa ea paballo e hlahisitsoe ho la Ireland e le boiteko ba ho sireletsa baahi ba karolo e setseng ea Arctic char. Mekhoa e meng e reriloeng e kenyelletsa ho netefatsa nts'etsopele e tšoarellang, ho lokolla fry, ho laola phepo ea limatlafatsi le ho thibela litlhapi tse jang liphoofolo ho kena matšeng a nang le char. Ho khutlisetsa litlhapi tsena matšeng ke boiteko bo bong ba paballo bo etsoang libakeng tse ling, joalo ka Letša la Siamaa le ka boroa-bochabela ho Finland.
Ka 2006, mananeo a ho holisa char ea arctic a thehiloe e le khetho e ntle ka ho fetisisa tikolohong bakeng sa bareki, kaha litlhapi tsena li sebelisa lisebelisoa tse nyane feela tsa leoatleng e le fepa. Ntle le moo, char ea arctic e ka lengoa lits'ebetsong tse koetsoeng tse fokotsang monyetla oa ho balehela naheng.
Char hajoale e thathamisitsoe e le Mefuta e Kotsing ea Tlase tlasa Federal Species at Risk Act le Ontario Endangered Species Act, e fanang ka ts'ireletso ea molao ho litlhapi le libaka tsa bona tsa bolulo. Ts'ireletso e 'ngoe e fanoa ke Federal Fisheries Act, e fanang ka mehato ea ts'ireletso bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea litlhapi.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 22.07.2019
Letsatsi le ntlafalitsoeng: 09/29/2019 ka 19:06
