Leruarua la Humpback kapa joalokaha phoofolo ena e boetse e bitsoa ka lerato, minke e hlometseng ka nako e telele ke phoofolo e anyesang e kholo ea metsing e lulang maoatleng le maoatleng ho pota lefatše. Leruarua le nkoa e le e 'ngoe ea maruarua a tsamaeang ka ho fetesisa a etsang lipontšo tsa' nete, a tlolela ka ntle ho karolo ea metsi ebe ka lerata a khutlela ka metsing. Bakeng sa litšoantšiso tsa bona tsa marabele, maruarua a tumme ka maruarua a monate.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Leruarua la Humpback
Megaptera novaeangliae Leruarua la humpback kapa leruarua ke phoofolo e anyesang e khōlō haholo ea metsing eo e leng ea lelapa la maruarua a metsero, e leng karoloana ea maruarua a baleen. Mofuta oa Humpback. Maruarua ke a liphoofolo tse anyesang, 'me li-ungulates tsa mehleng ea khale-mesonychia li nkuoa e le baholo-holo ba tsona. Liphoofolo li batla li tšoana ka liphiri tse nang le litlhako le manala a bohale ho tsona. Kahoo beng ka uena ba haufi ba maruarua lefatšeng la sejoale-joale ba ka nkuoa e se lihlapi, empa ho fapana le likubu.
Liphoofolo tse anyesang tse tsoang lelapeng la Protocetid, tse neng li etella pele bophelo ba amphibiotic, empa li ne li se li ntse li ts'oana le sebopeho sa maruarua a sejoale-joale, li nkuoa li tšoana haholo le maruarua a sejoale-joale lefatšeng la khale. Ho buleha ha linko tsa liphoofolo tsena ho ile ha sutumetsoa holimo, 'me liphoofolo tsena li ne li se ntse li na le hoo e batlang e le tlhapi ea tlhapi.
Video: Leruarua la Humpback
Mokhahlelo o latelang oa phetoho ea maruarua e ne e le basilosaurs - libopuoa tsena li phetse lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 38 tse fetileng. Li ne li ka lekana le maruarua a sejoale-joale 'me li ne li na le mafura a ka pele a neng a ikarabella bakeng sa ho thunya. Ho senyeha ha lipheletso ho ile ha bonoa liphoofolong tsena ka lebaka la phetoho ea tsona e batlang e felletse ho bophelo ba metsing. Litho tsa maoto le matsoho li ntse li holile hantle, empa li nyane haholo 'me li ke ke tsa sebelisoa ho sisinyeha.
Mokhahlelo o latelang oa phetoho ea li-cetaceans e ne e le maruarua a meno, a neng a lula metsing a polanete ea rona ho tloha Middle Oligocene ho isa bohareng ba Miocene. Sena ke lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 34 ho isa ho tse 14 tse fetileng, libopuoa tsena li ne li sebelisa echolocation, li sesa hantle ka metsing mme li lahlehetsoe ke kamano le lefatše. Mefuta ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea maruarua a metsu, Megaptera miocaena, a ne a phela polaneteng ea rona ho elella bofelong ba Miocene.
Masalla a liphoofolo tsena a tsejoa ka Pleistocene le Late Pliocene. Gorbach o ile a hlalosoa ka lekhetlo la pele ke Maturin Jacques Brisson e le "baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre" e bolelang "Leruarua la New England" ka 1756 bukeng ea hae "The Animal Kingdom". Hamorao Georg Barovski o ile a reha phoofolo lebitso, a fetolela lebitso la eona ka Selatine Baleana novaeangliae.
Setsebi sa li-ichthyologist sa Fora Bernard Germain Hélien de la Ville, Count Laceped o fetotse tlhophiso le lebitso la mofuta ona oa leruarua. O boetse a hlalosa e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea li-fossil whale, Megaptera miocaena, e neng e lula morao Miocene.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Leruarua la humpback le shebahala joang
Minke e hlometseng ka nako e telele ke e 'ngoe ea libopuoa tse kholo ka ho fetesisa polaneteng ea rona. Boima ba 'mele ea motho e moholo ke lithane tse ka bang 30. Bolelele ba 'mele bo ka ba limithara tse 15 ho basali le 12.5-13 ho banna. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le batho ba baholo haholoholo bao bolelele ba bona bo fihlang ho limithara tse 19 le boima ba lithane tse 50. Phoso ea thobalano molemong oa basali. Ka ntle, basali ba fapana le ba batona feela ka boholo le sebopeho sa sebaka se oeleng. 'Mele oa leruarua o motenya ebile o mokhutšoane. 'Mele o pharalletse ka pele,' mele o motenya ka morao mme o petelitsoe hanyane mahlakoreng.
Hlooho e kholo 'me e qetella ka sefene se chitja. Mohlahare o tlase o ntlafalitsoe hantle, o matla ebile o ea pele. Lehata le sephara le sephara. Mahlo a manyane. Linko tsa mofuta ona li kaholimo ho hlooho 'me li theha pherekano. Hloohong, ho tloha phufolong ho ea sefeneng, ho na le mela e ka bang 4 ea makhopho a letlalo a ts'oanang le li-warts.
Moleng o bohareng ho na le kholo ea 6-8, mahlakoreng ho tloha ho 6 ho isa ho 15. Ka pela mohlahare o ka tlase, ho na le kholo e batlang e le kholo ka bophara ho fihla ho 32 cm. Lipalesa tsohle li fetotsoe mefuta ea moriri, ho tloha ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho tloha ho sekhahla se hola haufi le moriri. Boholo le sebaka sa kholo, hammoho le 'mala oa maruarua, li ikemetse. Leruarua le na le mpa e kholo e tetemang.
Mpa e na le mameno a bolelele ba 'metso a tlohang selameng ho ea ho mokhubung. Nakong ea lijo, masaka ana a hola haholo, ka lebaka la lona leruarua le ka metsa metsi a mangata. Ho na le mameno a ka bang 20 ka kakaretso, mameno a masoeu.
Taba e khahlisangLeruarua le nang le lera le teteaneng haholo le etsang hore phoofolo e lule nako e telele e se na lijo 'me e lule metsing a batang.
Mapheo a sefubeng a malelele haholo; bolelele ba bona bo lekana le 30% ea bolelele ba 'mele oa leruarua. Ka lebaka la mapheoana a malelele joalo, leruarua le khona ho sesa hantle le ho qhomela holimo ka holim’a metsi. Lephegwana le le lego ka morago ke le le nnyane, fela le ka ba disentimetara tše 32. Karolo ya ka morago ya fini gantši e kobegile ka sebopego sa sekele. Bohale ba anterior ea fin ha bo na botebo.
Mohatla o na le lepheo le leholo le leholohali le bohale bo bohale. Maruarua a humpback a ka ba le mebala e fapaneng. Mokokotlo le mahlakore a leruarua hangata bo botsho kapa botsho bo lefifi ka mmala. Ho na le liforo tse tšoeu sefubeng le mahlakoreng. Mapheoana a sefubeng se kaholimo a lefifi kapa a bosoeu, hangata a bobebe kapa a masoeu ka tlase. Mohatla o lefifi ho tsoa holimo, ho tloha ka tlase o ka ba o bobebe kapa o na le mabala.
Ho na le li-vertebrae tse 7 molaleng. Litho tsa ka hare li sireletsa li-vertebrae tse 14 tsa 'mele, li-vertebrae tse 10 tsa lumbar le li-vertebrae tse 21 tsa caudal. Leruarua la humpback le ntša seliba se seholo se bopehileng joaloka v, bophahamo ba seliba se ka fihla ho limithara tse tharo.
Leruarua leno le phela hokae?
Setšoantšo: Leruarua la Humpback naheng ea Dominican Republic
Maruarua a humpback ke baeti ba sebele. Ba phela maoatleng a lefatše le maoatleng a haufi. Li falla khafetsa 'me li lula haholo libakeng tsa krill. Hape ho hlokomeloa le ho falla ha linako tsa selemo. Liphoofolo tsena tsa leoatle ha li fumanehe feela metsing a polar.
Maoatleng a lefatše, litsebi li khetholla baahi ba bangata ba 3 le mehlape e ka bang 10 e arohaneng ea maruarua e lulang e falla. Baahi ba bophirima ba tloha Iceland le Labrador ho ea metsing a New England le Lihlekehleke tsa Antian.
Baahi ba ka bochabela ba lula Leoatleng la Barents, metsing a Norway le Afrika bophirima. Mehlape ea Bophirimela le e ka bochabela e ka kopana nakong ea ho falla. Li ka robala bosiu mohlapeng o le mong haufi le li-Antilles. Leoatle le ka leboea la Pacific le boetse le na le mehlape e qhalakaneng e tlohang Chukotka ho ea lebopong la California, lebopong la Mexico, Hawaii le Japane. Mehlape e ka bang 5 e khethile metsi a batang a Arctic a Karolong e ka Boroa ea Lefatše hore e be lehae la bona.
Ho beoa ha mehlape ena ho tjena:
- mohlape oa pele o fumaneha lebopong la Amerika Boroa ho tloha bophirima;
- mohlape oa bobeli o lula metsing a lebopong la Amerika Boroa lehlakoreng le ka bochabela;
- ea boraro e metsing a Afrika Bochabela le haufi le sehlekehleke sa Madagascar;
- ba bone ba lula metsing Australia Bophirimela;
- Mohlape o mong o lula haufi le lebopo la Australia Bochabela.
Sebakeng sa naha ea rona, maruarua a mofuta ona a lula maoatleng a Japane, Chukchi, Berengovo le Barents. Ke 'nete hore haufinyane tjena maruarua a mefuta ena a fokotsehile haholo, libakeng tsa liphoofolo tsena ho ntse ho fokotseha. Ke maruarua a 'maloa a humpback a setseng Leoatleng la Barents.
Taba e khahlisang: Ho itšireletsa likokoana-hloko, maruarua a humpback hangata a kena melomong ea linoka tsa metsi a hloekileng, moo a lokolloang ho likokoana-hloko tse phelang 'meleng oa leruarua. Likokoana-hloko li ke ke tsa phela metsing a hloekileng ebe lia shoa.
Joale ua tseba hore na leruarua le humpback le lula hokae. Ha re boneng hore na phoofolo ena e anyesang e ja eng.
Leruarua la humpback le ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Leruarua le leholo le leholo
Maruarua a humpback ke liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse ling 'me a fepa haholo-holo li-crustaceans tse nyane, krill le litlhapi.
Lijo tse tloaelehileng tsa libopuoa tsena li kenyelletsa:
- krill;
- li-crustaceans tse nyane;
- shellfish;
- shrimp le plankton;
- herring;
- capelin;
- cod;
- chum;
- salmon e pinki le mefuta e meng ea litlhapi;
- lehola la lewatle.
Litšitiso li iphepa ka ho sefa. Liphoofolo tsena li na le lipoleiti tse khōlō tsa leruarua, tse batlang li tšoana le sefe, tse melang mohlahareng o ka holimo. Lipoleiti tsena li bokella plankton, bolele le litlhapi tse nyane. Sebata se bula molomo oa sona o moholo ebe se monya metsi a mangata hammoho le li-plankton le libopuoa tse phelang tse ho eona.
Ka mor'a hore leruarua le koale molomo, metsi a tlhotliloeng pakeng tsa lipoleiti tsa leruarua. Likhoele tsa molala tse neng li otlolohile li petelitsoe, leleme la leruarua lea phahama. Lijo li sala li-bristles tse karolong e ka hare ea leruarua 'me hamorao ea metsoa. Metsi a tsoa.
Taba e khahlisangLeruarua ke sebopuoa se seholo haholo 'me se hloka lijo tse ngata. Mpa ea leruarua e ka tšoara litlhapi tse ka bang 850 kg.
Maruarua a fumana lijo tsa 'ona ka litsela tse fapaneng. Ka linako tse ling maruarua a tsoma lihlapi tse ngata hammoho. Maruarua a 'maloa ka nako e le' ngoe a sesa ka selikalikoe 'me a shapa metsi ka mapheoana a' ona, a etsa lesale le nang le foam leo litlhapi li sitoang ho sesa ka lona ebe li lahleha sekolong se le seng se teteaneng.
Tabeng ena, maruarua a chenchana ka ho teba ho kenella bohareng ba sekolo sa litlhapi mme a leka ho ts'oasa phofu e ngata kamoo ho ka khonehang. Ha u tsoma litlhapi tse ka tlase le li-crustaceans, litsuonyana, ho ntša metsi, ho theha leru la foam ka metsing ho tsoa phufolong, sena se lihela litlhapi fatše. Ka mor'a moo, leruarua le hlaba ka botebo ho ea tlase, le metsa lijo.
Ka linako tse ling maruarua a le mong a hlaba litlhapi ka mohatla o bohale holim'a metsi, ha leruarua le sesa selikalikoe. Litlhapi tse maketseng ha li utloisise hore na li hloka ho sesa kae hape li khelohela sekolong, ka mor'a moo leruarua le tšoara phofu ka tšohanyetso.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Leruarua la Humpback ka leoatleng
Bophelo ba litšitiso bo itšetlehile haholo ka ho falla ha tsona ka linako tsa selemo. Nakong ea nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo le libakeng tsa tsona tse tloaelehileng, maruarua a leka ho lula libakeng tse lebopong le tlase. Ba lula khafetsa libakeng tsa krill. Sebakeng se le seng, liphoofolo li nontšoa li etsa lera le matla la mafura a 'mele. Nakong ea mariha, maruarua a ja hanyenyane haholo mme a theola boima ba 'ona ho fihlela ho 30%.
Maruarua a fallela libakeng tse nang le boemo ba leholimo bo futhumetseng. Maruarua hangata mariha a tsoa mabopong a Mexico, Japane le Colombia. Nakong ea ho falla, maruarua a sesa lik'hilomithara tse likete, ha maruarua a le moleng o otlolohileng. Maruarua a tsamaea butle, nakong ea phallo lebelo la mokokotlo le ka ba 10-15 km / h.
Maruarua a humpback a nkoa e le a qabolang ka ho fetisisa ebile a bapala haholo. Lits'oants'o hangata li theha tšebetso e felletseng ka ho tlolela ka metsing limithara tse 'maloa ebe li oela ka thabo metsing. Ka nako e ts'oanang, litšitiso li lika-likelitsoe ke maru a spray. Boitšoaro bona liphoofolong ha bo hlile ha bo bakoe ke tlhaho ea bona ea papali. Maruarua ha a natefeloe ka tsela ena, empa a lahla feela likokoana-hloko tse phelang 'meleng ea' ona. Maruarua ha a khone ho lula ka tlasa metsi ka nako eohle ka tsela eo a hemang moea ka eona.
Lehlabuleng, maruarua a qoela ka metsotso e 5-8. Mariha, ka 10-15 maemong a sa tloaelehang, li ka ba tlasa metsi ho fihlela halofo ea hora. Mekokotlo e lula e hlahisa liliba tsa metsi a tlhotliloeng holim'a metsi ka linako tse ling tsa metsotsoana e 5-17. Liliba tse bōpehileng joaloka V tse bophahamo ba limithara tse 5. Maruarua a humpback a na le khutso, botsoalle. Sebopeho sa maruarua ha sea ntlafatsoa; maruarua ka kakaretso a lula mehlapeng e menyenyane kapa a le mong. Malapa ha a thehoe ka maruarua, ke basali feela ba hlokomelang bana. Karolelano ea bophelo ba maruarua a humpback ke lilemo tse 40-50.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Leruarua la Humpback le tsoang Bukeng e Khubelu
Nako ea ho tlolelana ha maruarua a humpback e oela mariha. Nakong eohle ea ho nyalana, ho utloahala molumo o moholo oa banna. Kahoo ba hohela tse tšehali, 'me ba tšoaea meeli ea thepa ea bona bakeng sa tse ling tse tona. Ka linako tse ling ho bina e ka ba mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa puisano.
Nakong ea nako ea ho tlolelana ha maruarua, maruarua a feta le metsi a futhumetseng, ha tse tšehali li ikemiselitse ho nyalana li lula metsing a khutsitseng a sirelelitsoeng meeeng e metsing a sa tebang. Tse tona li lula haufi. Kaha e khethile e tšehali, e tona ea e lelekisa, e sa lumelle tse ling tse tona ho mo atamela. Hangata ho ba le lintoa lipakeng tsa ba batona ba loanelang e tšehali. E tona ha e lule le e tšehali nako e telele, 'me kamora ho nyalana, e tlohella hanghang ho khutlela ho tse ling tse tona.
Qetellong ea nako ea ho tlolelana ha maruarua, maruarua a khutlela libakeng tse fepeloang ke polar. Ha ba le moo, maruarua a nona haholo ka likhoeli tse 3. Ka mor'a ho nona, maruarua a khutlela metsing a futhumetseng. Ke hona moo, kamora nako e ka etsang selemo ea ho emara, lesea le le leng le hlahang ka basali. Leruarua le sa tsoa tsoaloa le boima ba pakeng tsa 700 kg le 1.5 tonne. Khōlo ea lesea nakong ea tsoalo e ka ba limithara tse 5. E tšehali e fepa malinyane ka lebese selemong sa pele.
Taba e khahlisang: Maruarua a basali ke tsona feela liphoofolo tse anyesang tse khonang ho jara le ho fepa ngoana ka lebese ka nako eo ka boeena a se nang letho leo a ka le jang. Nakong ea mariha libakeng tsa tropike, maruarua ha a je, 'me tse tšehali li fepa malinyane a tsona ka lebese, le hlahisoang ka pokello ea mafura.
Lelinyane le hola kapele haholo, 'me qetellong ea ho fepa le bolelele ba limithara tse 9. Nakong ena, e tšehali e tlohela hoo e batlang e le mehloli eohle mme e theola boima ba 'mele haholo. Nakong ea ho falla, malinyane a sesa haufi le 'm'a eona. Maruarua a fihla kholo ea thobalano ka lilemo tse 6. E tshehadi e tswala ledinyane le le leng hang kamora dilemo tse mmalwa. Ka linako tse ling tse tšehali li ka ima nakong ea ho anyesa, empa hona ho etsoa feela ke maemo a matle.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa maruarua a humpback
Setšoantšo: Leruarua la Humpback
Maruarua a humpback, ka lebaka la boholo ba 'ona, ha a na lira naheng. Ho lira tsa tlhaho tsa maruarua, ke leruarua le bolaeang feela le ka tsejoang, le ka hlaselang malinyane a maruarua. Leha ho le joalo, libopuoa tsena tse kholohali li chefo haholo ke likokoana-hloko tse nyane.
Likokoana-hloko tse tloaelehileng haholo tse lulang maruarung li kenyelletsa:
- li-copepods;
- dinta tsa leruarua;
- Li-crustaceans tsa baleen;
- liboko tse chitja;
- li-trematode;
- li-nematode, li-scraper, jj.
Empa sera se ka sehloohong sa libopuoa tsena tse kholo e ne e le motho ebile e ntse e le motho. Li-whale esale e le ntho e ratoang ke maruarua, mme lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, hoo e ka bang 90% ea liphoofolo tsena li ile tsa felisoa, ha joale bakeng sa ho tsoma, thibelo e se e hlahisitsoe ke maruarua. Empa ho fihlela joale, maruarua a 'maloa a bolaoa selemo se seng le se seng. Nama ea leruarua e ratoa haholo, 'me leruarua le lona le bohlokoa haholo, leo lintho tse ngata li etsoang ka lona.
Ha ho hlahisoa thibelo ea ho tsoma, palo ea leruarua e se e qalile ho fola butle. Kajeno khathatso e kholo e bakoa ke tšilafalo ea 'mele ea metsi eo maruarua a lulang ho eona. Ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le tšilafalo ea metsi, ho kenella ha lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi ka metsing, litlhapi le li-crustaceans tse nyane, e leng lijo tsa maruarua, lia shoa. Ntle ho moo. maloanlahla a sa senyeheng a lithupa a marulelo a maruarua 'me phoofolo e ka shoa.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Leruarua la humpback le shebahala joang
Ka lebaka la hore e se e le nako e telele batho ba ntse ba tsoma ka sehlōhō maruarua maruarua, baahi ba libopuoa tsena tse hlollang ba kotsing ea ho timela. Lipalo-palo li bohloko: ho batho ba likete tse 150-120, ho setse batho ba likete tse 30 ho isa ho tse 60 feela polaneteng ea rona. Ka nako e ts'oanang, palo ea maruarua a Atlantic Leboea a theohile ho tloha ho 15,000 ho ea ho 700.
Leruarua la North Pacific qalong le ne le na le batho ba ka bang likete tse 15, empa ka 1976 palo ea batho e ne e theohetse ho 1,500, leha e ne e le ka 1997 palo ea batho e ne e boetse e nyolohetse ho 6,000. Karolong e ka Boroa ea Lefatše ka 1965, ho ne ho e-na le batho ba likete tse 100, hajoale ho na le lihlooho tse likete tse 20. Leoatleng la India Leboea lilemong tsa bo-80. ho ne ho e-na le batho ba 500 feela.
Ka mor'a hore thibelo ea ho tšoasa litlhapi e hlahisoe, batho ba humpback ba ile ba qala ho hlaphoheloa butle-butle. Ka 1990, mofuta ona o ne o le kotsing ka ho Red Book - mofuta o haufi le ho timela o ile oa fetoloa ho ba Vulnerable (mofuta oo baahi ba ona ba leng tlokotsing).
Tšokelo e ka sehloohong ho maruarua hajoale e hlahisoa ke boemo bo bobe ba tikoloho, tšilafalo ea metsi le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo. Hape, maruarua a humpback hangata a fella ka matlooa a ho tšoasa litlhapi, moo a sitoang ho tsoa, le ho thulana le likepe.Mabakeng a ho ikatisetsa maruarua, ho na le mabaka a mangata a thibelang liphoofolo tsena ho ikatisa ka bolokolohi, ho kenyelletsa palo e kholo ea likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi, le likepe le likepe tse ngata.
Tšireletso ea leruarua la Humpback
Setšoantšo: Leruarua la Humpback le tsoang Bukeng e Khubelu
Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa tšireletso bakeng sa maruarua a humpback, o lebisitseng keketseho ea baahi, ke thibelo ea ho ts'oasa maruarua linaheng tsohle tsa lefats'e. Hajoale, ke batho ba 'maloa feela ba lumelloang ho tsongoa ka selemo.
Libakeng tse 'maloa tsa metsi, maemong a molao, ba lekanyetsa lebelo leo likepe li ka tsamaeang ka lona, ba fetola litsela tsa likepe tse ling hore litsela tsa maruarua nakong ea ho falla li se ke tsa kopana le likepe,' me maruarua a se ke a oela. Ho hlophisitsoe lihlopha tse khethehileng ho thusa maruarua ho tsoa ka matlooa.
Naheng ea habo rona, leruarua le humpback le thathamisitsoe bukeng e khubelu. Ha ho ka ba le tšenyo ho baahi ba leruarua, ho ts'oaroa ha liphoofolo tsena ho lebelletsoe ho hlaphoheloa ha li-ruble tse likete tse 210 molemong oa mmuso.
Mehloli e ntse e ntlafatsoa sebakeng sa Leoatle la Okhotsk le Lihlekehleke tsa Commander. Paballo ea leruarua la humpback e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa paballo ea mefuta-futa ea liphoofolo.
Maruarua a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea libaka tse fapaneng tsa liphoofolo le potoloho ea lintho tse phelang ka tlhaho. Ntle le moo, maruarua a laola bongata ba mefuta ea litlhapi le libopuoa tse ling tsa metsing, e ba thibela ho ata haholo. Pholoso ea maruarua e matsohong a rona, batho ba lokela ho ela hloko tikoloho haholoanyane, ba ahe libaka tsa ho lokisa litšila le ho lekola bohloeki ba 'mele.
Leruarua la Humpback Ke sebopuoa se makatsang e le kannete. Kajeno, bafuputsi ba leka ho fumana hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang hore na liphoofolo tsena li phela joang. Ntle le moo, pejana ho ne ho etsoa hanyane ka taba ena. Lekola sistimi ea bona e makatsang eo batho ba sa e utloisiseng. Ke mang ea tsebang, mohlomong haufinyane re tla fumana hore na leruarua le bina ka eng?
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 08/20/2019
Letsatsi la ho nchafatsa: 11.11.2019 ka 12:01
