Tlhaloso e bonolo ka ho fetesisa e ka fuoang mekholutsoane kaofela ke makhapetla a tsoang molaong o ka tlase oa lihahabi, ntle le linoha.
Tlhaloso ea mekholutsoane
Hammoho le linoha, beng ka bona ba haufi ka ho fetesisa mme ka nako e ts'oanang litloholo, mekholutsoane e theha mola o arohileng oa lihahabi... Mekholutsoane le linoha ke karolo ea taelo ea squamous (Squamata) ka lebaka la sekala (ho tloha ho sekala sa Selatine "sekala"), tse koahelang 'mele ea bona ho tloha molomong ho ea ntlheng ea mohatla. Mekholutsoane ka boeona, e fetotseng lebitso la pele la Selatine la Sauria ho ea ho Lacertilia, e emela lihlopha tse 'maloa tse fapaneng tsa tlholeho, tse kopantsoeng ke tloaelo e tloaelehileng - phokotso kapa tahlehelo e felletseng ea maoto le matsoho.
Hoo e batlang e le mekholutsoane eohle e na le mahlo a tsamaeang, ho buloa ho hlakileng ha likanale tsa kantle tsa kutlo le lipara tse peli tsa maoto le matsoho, empa ka lebaka la hore matšoao ana a ka ba sieo, litsebi tsa herpetologists li khetha ho shebana le likarolo tsa sebopeho sa kahare. Ka hona, mekholutsoane eohle (ho kenyeletsoa e se nang maoto) e boloka bonyane li-stissum tsa lebanta la sternum le lehetla, tse sieo ho linoha.
Ponahalo
Ha ho na ho tšoana ka bokantle ba mekholutsoane, ntle le 'mala oa bokamorao ba' mele, o etselitsoeng ho koahela sehahabi har'a naha ea sona. Bongata ba mekholutsoane e pentiloe e tala, e putsoa, e sootho, ea mohloaare, ea lehlabathe kapa e ntšo, eo monotony oa eona o phelisoang ke mekhabiso e fapaneng (mabala, mabala, li-rhombus, metopa e telele / e parolang).
Ho boetse ho na le mekholutsoane e hlokomelehang haholo - hlooho e chitja e litsebe ka molomo o sekareleta o bulehileng, agama e litelu, motley (bosehla le lamunu) liphokojoe tse fofang. Boholo ba sekala bo ea fapana (ho tloha ho bo bonyenyane ho isa ho bo boholo), hammoho le tsela eo li behoang ka eona 'meleng: ho tlallana, joalo ka marulelo a lithaele, kapa ho khutlela morao, joalo ka lithaele. Ka linako tse ling sekala se fetoha likhahla kapa likhahla.
Ho lihahabi tse ling, joalo ka li-skinks, letlalo le fumana matla a ikhethileng a entsoeng ke li-osteoderms, lipoleiti tsa masapo tse kahara sekala se nang le manaka. Mehlahare ea mekholutsoane e na le meno, 'me mefuteng e meng, meno a bile a hola masapong a palatine.
Hoa thahasellisa! Mekhoa ea ho lokisa meno kahare ea molomo ea fapana. Meno a Pleurodont a nkeloa sebaka nako le nako ka hona a lula ka lehlakoreng le kahare la lesapo le fokolang, ho fapana le acrodontic, e ke keng ea nkeloa sebaka hape e kopantsoe ka botlalo le lesapo.
Ke mefuta e meraro feela ea mekholutsoane e nang le meno a li-acrodont - tsena ke li-amphisbens (li-walkers tse peli), li-agamas le li-chameleon. Litho tsa lihahabi le tsona li hlophisitsoe ka mekhoa e fapaneng, e leng ka lebaka la tsela ea tsona ea bophelo, e lumellanang le mofuta o itseng oa lefatše. Mefuteng e mengata ea ho hloa, li-geckos, anoles le likarolo tsa li-skinks, karolo e ka tlase ea menoana ea maoto e fetoloa sethala se nang le bristles (boea bo kang boea ba epidermis). Ka lebaka la tsona, sehahabi se itšoarella ka thata holim'a bokaholimo bofe kapa bofe 'me se khasa ka potlako se shebile tlaase.
Mokgwa wa bophelo, boitshwaro
Mekholutsoane boholo ba tsona li phela bophelo ba lefats'e, li ka ipata ka lehlabatheng (lihlooho tse chitja), li khasa lihlahleng / lifate ebile li lula moo, nako le nako li qala ho fofa. Li-geckos (eseng kaofela) le li-agama li tsamaea habonolo libakeng tse moepa 'me hangata li lula majoeng.
Mefuta e meng e nang le mmele o molelele le ho ba sieo ha mahlo li ikamahanya le maemo mobung, tse ling, mohlala, mokholutsoane oa leoatleng, li rata metsi, ka hona li lula lebopong mme hangata li ikhatholla leoatleng.
Lihahabi tse ling li sebetsa nakong ea motšehare, ha tse ling (hangata li e-na le morutoana) - ka shoalane le bosiu. Batho ba bang ba tseba ho fetola 'mala / khanya ea bona ka lebaka la ho hasana kapa ho kopanya mmala ka melanophores, lisele tse khethehileng tsa letlalo.
Hoa thahasellisa! Mekholutsoane e mengata e bolokile "leihlo la boraro" la parietal le futsitsoeng ho baholo-holo ba eona: ha e khone ho bona sebopeho, empa e khetholla pakeng tsa lefifi le khanya. Leihlo la moqhaka oa hlooho le ela hloko leseli la mahlaseli a kotsi, le laola lihora tsa ho pepesehela letsatsi le mefuta e meng ea boits'oaro.
Ho fapana le tumelo e tloaelehileng ea hore mekholutsoane e mengata e chefo, ke lihahabi tse peli tse amanang haufi-ufi tse tsoang lelapeng le nang le meno a gila tse nang le bokhoni bona - escorpion (Heloderma horridum), e lulang Mexico, le bolulo (Heloderma suspectum), bo lulang boroa-bophirima ho United States. Mekholutsoane eohle e tšolla nako le nako, e nchafatsa karolo e kantle ea letlalo la eona.
Litho tsa kutlo
Mahlo a lihahabi, ho latela mofuta, a khetholloa ka kholo e nyane kapa e nyane ea nts'etsopele: mekholutsoane eohle e ts'oaroang e na le mahlo a maholo, ha mefuta ea likoti e le nyane, e senyeha ebile e koahetsoe ka sekala. Tse ngata li na le leihlo la makhapetla le tsamaeang (ka tlase), ka nako e 'ngoe le "fensetere" e bonaletsang e lulang sebakeng se seholo sa leihlo, e holang ho fihla ntlheng e kaholimo ea leihlo (ka lebaka la seo a se bonang eka ke ka khalase).
Hoa thahasellisa! Li-geckos tse ling, li-skinks le mekholutsoane e meng, eo mahlo a eona a sa sisinyeheng a kang noha, a na le "likhalase" tse joalo. Lihahabi tse nang le lintsu tse tsamaeang li na le mahlo a boraro, lera le nictifying, le shebahalang joalo ka filimi e bonaletsang e tsamaeang ho tloha lehlakoreng le leng.
Mekholutsoane eo e nang le menyetla ea likanale tsa kantle tse nang le lera la tympanic e ts'oasa maqhubu a molumo ka makhetlo a 400-1500 Hz... Ba bang kaofela, ka likala tse sa sebetseng (tse koetsoeng kapa tse nyametseng ka ho felletseng) menyetla ea ho utloa e utloahala e le mpe ho feta beng ka bona ba "utloang".
Karolo ea bohlokoa bophelong ba mekholutsoane e bapaloa ke setho sa Jacobsonia se ka pele ho mahalapa 'me se na le likamore tse peli tse hokahantsoeng le karolo ea molomo ka masoba a mabeli. Setho sa Jacobson se supa sebopeho sa ntho e kenang molomong kapa e moeeng. Leleme le hlahelletseng le sebetsa joalo ka mokena-lipakeng, eo sehahabi se isang ntlheng ea setho sa Jacobs, se etselitsoeng ho tseba hore na lijo kapa kotsi li haufi hakae. Karabelo ea mokholutsoane e its'etleha ka botlalo ho kahlolo e fetisitsoeng ke setho sa Jacobson.
Ke mekholutsoane e mekae e phelang
Tlhaho e sebelitse ka mokhoa o hlokang mohau le mefuta e meng ea lihahabi (hangata tse nyane), e felisa bophelo ba bona hang kamora ho behela mahe. Mekholutsoane e meholo e phela lilemo tse 10 kapa ho feta. Rekoto ea ho phela nako e telele botlamuoeng e ile ea beoa, ho ea ka mong'a eona, ke sekontiri se fokolang (Anguis fragilis), mokholutsoane oa maoto a bohata o nkileng lilemo tse ka bang 54.
Empa sena se etsahala ha se moeli - Sphenodon punctatus, moemeli a le mong feela oa taelo ea khale ea beakheads, e tsejoang ka hore ke tuatara, kapa tuatara, o phela ka karolelano lilemo tse 60. Mekholutsoane ena (e bolelele ba limithara tse 0,8 le boima ba lik'hilograma tse 1,3) e lula lihlekehlekeng tse 'maloa New Zealand' me, tlas'a maemo a matle, e keteka lilemo tse lekholo. Litsebi tse ling tsa herpetologists li kholisehile hore li-tuatar li phela halelele habeli ho feta, lilemo tse ka bang 200.
Dimorphism ea thobalano
Karolo e ka sehloohong ea banna ke hemipenis, litho tsa 'mele tse kopantsoeng tse pheletsong ea mohatla mahlakore ka bobeli a anus. Tsena ke li-tubular formations tse sebeletsang manyolo a kahare a basali nakong ea ho nyalana, a khonang ho fetohela kahare ka nako e nepahetseng kapa ho hula kahare, joalo ka menoana ho liatlana.
Mefuta ea Lizard
Mesaletsa ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea lihahabi tsena e khutlela morao Jurassic (lilemong tse ka bang limilione tse 160 tse fetileng)... Mefuta e meng e felileng e ne e le kholohali ka boholo, mohlala, e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-mosasaurs, e amanang le mekholutsoane ea sejoale-joale, e ne e le bolelele ba limithara tse 11,5. Basasaure ba ne ba lula metsing a lebopong la polanete ea rona lilemong tse ka bang limilione tse 85 tse fetileng. E nyane hanyane ho feta Mosasaurus e ne e le Megalania, e felileng Pleistocene, e neng e phela lilemo tse ka bang milone e le 'ngoe e fetileng Australia mme ea hola ho fihla ho limithara tse 6.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ho latela The Reptile Database, e leng database ea machaba ea reptile taxonomic, hajoale ho na le mefuta e tsejoang ea 6,515 ea mekholutsoane (hajoale ho tloha ka Mphalane 2018).
E nyane ka ho fetisisa ke checheiki e menoana e chitja (Sphaerodactylus elegans) e lulang West Indies, eo bolelele ba eona e leng 3.3 cm ka boima ba 1 g. Komodos e shebile mokholutsoane (Varanus komodoensis), o lula Indonesia ebile o hola ho fihla ho 3 m ka boima ba 135 kg.
Habitat, habitats
Mekholutsoane a lula lefatšeng lohle, ntle le Antarctica. Ba lula lik'honthinenteng tse ling, khubung ea Eurasia e fihlang Arctic Circle, karolong eo ea eona moo boemo ba leholimo bo nolofalitsoeng ke maqhubu a futhumetseng a leoatle.
Mekholutsoane a fumaneha bophahamong bo fapaneng - ka tlase ho bophahamo ba leoatle, ka mohlala, Phuleng ea Lefu (California) le bophahamo bo phahameng ka mokhoa o sa lumelloeng, lik'hilomithara tse ka bang 5.5 kaholimo ho leoatle (Himalaya) Lihahabi li ikamahantse le libaka le libaka tse fapaneng tsa naha - majoana a mabopong, mahoatata, mahoatata, masabasaba, meru, lithaba, meru, mafika le liphula tse metsi.
Lijo tsa mokholutsoane
Hoo e ka bang mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo e ja. Mekholutsoane e menyenyane le e mahareng e ja ka matla mafolofolo liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo: likokoanyana, li-molluscs, li-arachnids le liboko.
Lihahabi tse kholo, tse jang liphoofolo (tse shebileng mokholutsoane le tegu) li ja mahe a linonyana le lihahabi, hape li tsoma liphoofolo tse nang le lesapo la mokokotlo:
- liphoofolo tse anyesang tse nyane;
- mekholutsoane;
- linonyana;
- noha;
- lihohoana.
Drakone ea Komodo (Varanus komodoensis), e tsejoang e le mokholutsoane o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa sejoale-joale, ha e tsilatsile ho hlasela phofu e khahlang joalo ka likolobe tse hlaha, likhama le linare tsa Asia.
Hoa thahasellisa! Mefuta e meng ea liphoofolo tse jang nama e khetholloa e le li-stenophage ka lebaka la tsebo ea tsona e patisaneng ea lijo. Mohlala, Moloch (Moloch horridus) e ja bohloa feela, ha letlalo le lepinki (Hemisphaeriodon gerrardii) le tsoma li-mollusk tsa lefats'e feela.
Har'a mekholutsoane, ho boetse ho na le mefuta e jang limela ka ho felletseng (li-agama tse ling, li-skinks le li-iguana), tse phehellang li lula lijong tsa semela tsa letlobo le lenyane, inflorescence, litholoana le makhasi. Ka linako tse ling lijo tsa lihahabi lia fetoha ha li ntse li tsofala: liphoofolo tse nyane li fepa likokoanyana, le batho ba baholo - limela.
Mekholutsoane e jang mahlo (li-agama tse ngata le li-skinks tse kholo) li boemong bo botle ka ho fetisisa, li ja lijo tsa liphoofolo le tsa limela.... Ka mohlala, letsatsi le jang likokoanyana tsa Madagascar, li-geckos li thabela makhasi a lero le peo e phofo / lero ka thabo. Le har'a libatana tsa 'nete, ho lekola mekholutsoane, ho na le bakoenehi (Gray monitor lizard, emerald monitor lizard), nako le nako ba fetohela litholoana.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Mekholutsoane e na le mefuta e meraro ea ho ikatisa (oviposition, ovoviviparity le viviparity), leha qalong e nkuoa e le liphoofolo tse oviparous, bao bana ba bona ba qhotsoang mahe a koahetsoeng a hlahang kantle ho 'mele oa mme. Mefuta e mengata e thehile ovoviviparity, ha mahe a sa "holisoa" ka likhetla a lula 'meleng (oviducts) ea basali ho fihlela tsoalo ea e monyane.
Bohlokoa! Ke matlalo a Amerika Boroa feela a mofuta oa Mabuya a leng viviparous, ao mahe a ona a manyane (a se nang li-yolks) a hlahang ka har'a maqhubu ka lebaka la limatlafatsi tse fetang kahara. Ho mekholutsoane, setho sena sa embryonic se khomaretse leboteng la oviduct e le hore methapo ea mme le lesea le koalehe, mme lesea le ka emoloa le ka fumana phepo / oksijene ka bolokolohi maling a mme.
Palo ea mahe / manamane (ho latela mofuta) e fapana ho tloha ho e le 'ngoe ho isa ho 40-50. Skinks le mefuta e 'maloa ea li-geckos tsa Amerika tse chesang tse mongobo "li tsoala" lesea le le leng, le hoja malinyane a likhofu tse ling ka mehla a na le bana ba babeli.
Ho hola ha thobalano ha mekholutsoane hangata ho tsamaellana le boholo ba eona: mefuteng e nyane tsoalo e hlaha ho fihlela selemo se le seng, tse kholo - kamora lilemo tse 'maloa.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Mekholutsoane, haholo-holo tse nyane le tse mahareng, li lula li leka ho ts'oara liphoofolo tse kholo - tse jang liphoofolo le tse nang le masiba, hammoho le linoha tse ngata. Mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa oa mekholutsoane e mengata o tsebahala haholo, o shebahalang o lahla mohatla oa ona, o sitisang mahlo a lira.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ketsahalo ena, e ka khonehang ka lebaka la karolo e bohareng e sa sebetsoang ea li-vertebrae tsa caudal (ntle le tse haufi le kutu), e bitsoa autotomy. Kamora moo, mohatla o nchafatsoa.
Mofuta o mong le o mong o ba le maqheka a ona a ho qoba ho thulana ka kotloloho, ka mohlala, hlooho e chitja, ha e sa khone ho qoela e ipatile, e ema ka mokhoa o tšosang. Mokholutsoane o phutholla maoto le ho sarolla ’mele, oa kerema, ka nako e tšoanang o ahlamisa molomo oa oona o ahlameng, o nang le lera le lefubedu le lefubelu. Haeba sera se sa tlohe, hlooho e chitja e ka tlola ebile e sebelisa meno a eona.
Mekholutsoane e meng le eona e eme e le kotsing ha e tobane le kotsi e tlang. Kahoo, Chlamydosaurus kingii (mokholutsoane o halikiloeng oa Australia) o bula molomo oa eona haholo, ka nako e ts'oanang o phahamisa molaleng o khanyang o entsoeng ke lesaka le sephara la molala. Maemong ana, lira li tšosoa ke phello ea ho makala.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea mefuta, re tla shebana feela le tse kenyellelitsoeng ho Red Book ea Russia:
- mokholutsoane o bohareng - Lacerta media;
- Molomo oa leoto oa Przewalski - Eremias przewalskii;
- Skink ea Bochabela bo Hare - Eumeces latiscutatus;
- checheiki e putsoa - Cyrtopodion russowi;
- mokholutsoane barbura - Eremias argus barbouri;
- Sekhokho se thellang - Alsophylax pipiens.
Boemong bo kotsi ka ho fetisisa naheng ea Russian Federation ho na le checheiki e putsoa, e nang le sebaka sa bolulo st. Starogladkovskaya (Rephabliki ea Chechen). Leha ho na le palo e phahameng lefatšeng, ha ho checheiki e bohlooho e fumanoeng naheng ea rona kamora 1935.
Hoa thahasellisa! Khafetsa Russia le barbury lefu la maoto le molomo, leha ho na le bongata bo bongata lintlheng tse ling: haufi le Ivolginsk (Buryatia) ka 1971, sebakeng sa 10 * 200 m, batho ba 15 ba ile ba baloa. Mefuta e sirelelitsoe sebakeng sa Daursky State Reserve.
Baahi ba Bochabela bo Hōle ba halima sehlekehlekeng seo. Kunashir ke batho ba likete tse 'maloa. Mofuta ona o sirelelitsoe sebakeng sa Kuril Nature Reserve, empa libaka tse nang le palo e kholo ea likhahla li kantle ho polokelo. Sebakeng sa Astrakhan, palo ea li-geckos tse makatsang e fokotsehile. Melomo ea maoto ea Przewalski e fumanoa khafetsa ho la Russia Federation, khafetsa moeling oa moeli. Mekholutsoane e mahareng le eona ha e ngata, eo baahi ba eona ba Leoatle le Letšo ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e fetelletseng.
