Mussel - invertebrates baahi ba matamo a tsoang malapeng a bivalve mollusks. Ba lula lefats'eng lohle ka 'mele ea metsi a letsoai + a letsoai + a macha. Liphoofolo li lula libakeng tse lebopong la leoatle ka metsi a pholileng le maqhubu a potlakileng. Li-mussels li bokellana haholo haufi le libaka tse lebopong la leoatle - mofuta oa libanka tsa li-mussel tse hlahisang metsi.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Mussel
Mussel ke lebitso le tloaelehileng le sebetsang ho litho tsa malapa a bivalve a metsi a hloekileng le a letsoai. Litho tsa lihlopha tsena li na le khetla e tloaelehileng e nang le kemiso e telele, e sa lekanang ha e bapisoa le li-molluscs tse ling tse ka jeoang, khetla e kantle ea eona e chitja kapa e motopo ka sebopeho.
Lentsoe "mussel" hangata le sebelisoa ka bongata ho supa li-mollusk tsa lelapa la Mytilidae, tseo bongata ba tsona li lulang mabopong a bulehileng a libaka tse lebopong la leoatle tsa 'mele ea metsi. Li khomaretsoe ka likhoele tse matla tsa bissalk ho substrate e thata. Mefuta e 'maloa ea mofuta oa Bathymodiolus e na le maqhubu a hydrothermal a bokolone a amanang le maporogo a leoatle.
Video: Li-mussels
Li-mussels tse ngata, likhetla li moqotetsane empa li telele ebile li na le sebopeho se bopehileng joaloka sebali. Mebala e kantle ea likhetla e na le bosootho bo lefifi: hangata e boputsoa bo loileng, bosootho kapa botšo, 'me seaparo se ka hare se boreleli ebile se batla se le perela. Lebitso "mussel" le boetse le sebelisoa bakeng sa li-molluscs tsa metsi a hloekileng, ho kenyeletsoa le li-mussels tsa perela. Li-mussels tsa metsi a hloekileng ke tsa lihlopha tse nyane tsa li-bollve molluscs, leha li na le ho tšoana ho itseng feela.
Li-mussels tsa metsi a hloekileng tsa lelapa la Dreissenidae ha se tsa lihlopha tse khethiloeng pejana, leha li ka tšoana le tsona ka sebopeho. Mefuta e mengata ea Mytilus e lula haufi le mafika a sebelisa byssus. Li khetholloa e le Heterodonta, sehlopha sa taxonomic se kenyelletsang boholo ba mefuta ea li-musselve tse bitsoang "molluscs".
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Mosele o shebahala joang
Li-mussel li na le khetla e boreleli, e sa lekanang ea kantle, hangata e pherese, e putsoa, kapa e sootho e lefifi, e nang le mela ea kholo. Bokantle ba nyeoe ke bosoeu ba perela. Karolo e ka hare ea li-valve e bosoeu bo bosehla; lebali la poster adductor e kholo haholo ho feta la adductor ea kantle. Likhoele tse bosootho bo khanyang li atoloha ho tloha khetla e koetsoeng ho ikamahanya le holimo.
Likhetla tse holileng tsebong li ka ba bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 10. Li na le sebōpeho se chitja sa oval 'me li na le li-valve tse ka ho le letona le le lets'ehali, tse kopantsoeng hammoho ka mothapo o mosesane oa mesifa.
Khetla e na le likarolo tse 3:
- holimo ho entsoe ka lintho tse phelang;
- lera la kalaka le botenya bo mahareng;
- lera le ka hare le bosoeu bo bosoeu ba perela.
Li-mussels li na le sphincter e karolong e bonolo ea khetla le litho tse ling (pelo, mpa, mala, liphio). Ka thuso ea sphincter, mussel e ka koala ka thata likhetla haeba ho ka ba le kotsi kapa komello. Joaloka li-molluscs tse ngata tsa bivalve, li na le setho se bitsoang leoto. Li-mussels tsa metsi a hloekileng, leoto le na le mesifa, le leholo ka tšoelesa ea byssal mme hangata e le sebopeho sa selepe.
Taba e khahlisang: 'Mele oa kantle ho naha, o lipakeng tsa lebanta le seaparo sa ka holimo, o koahetsoe ka mahlakore ohle ke mme oa perela, ka hona o etsa perela.
Tšoelesa, ka thuso ea 'mala o mosoeu oa lehe o ka har'a mussel, le tšepe e tlhotliloeng ho tsoa leoatleng, e hlahisa likhoele tsa byssus tseo ka tsona mussel e ka khomarelang bokaholimo. Leoto le sebelisetsoa ho hula phoofolo ka substrate (lehlabathe, lehlohlojane kapa mohloa). Sena se bakoa ke tsoelo-pele ea leoto ka substrate, ho holisa tsela, ebe o hula phoofolo e setseng ka khetla pele.
Li-mussels tsa leoatleng, leoto le lenyane mme le ts'oana le leleme, ka khatello e nyane ea mpa. Ho tsoa lemeneng lena le nang le pherekano le pherekano, le kenang ka mokoting ebe le thatafala butle ha le kopana le metsi a leoatle. Sena se etsa likhoele tse thata ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang, tse matla, tse rekeretsoeng tseo mussel e ikopantseng le tsona mochophorong, li lula li sa sisinyehe libakeng tse nang le phallo e eketsehileng.
Li-mussel li lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Li-mussels tse Russia
Li-mussels li fumaneha libakeng tse mabopong a Leoatle la Atlantic Leboea, ho kenyeletsoa Amerika Leboea, Europe le leboea la Palaearctic. Li fumanoa ho tloha Leoatleng le Lefubelu Russia ho ea boroa ho Fora, lihlekehlekeng tsohle tsa Borithane, ka leboea ho Wales le bophirima ba Scotland. Ka bophirima ho Atlantic, M. edulis o lula liprofinseng tse ka boroa tsa likepe tsa Canada ho ea North Carolina.
Li-mussels tsa leoatleng li fumaneha sebakeng se mahareng le se tlase sa leoatle maoatleng a futhumetseng a lefatše. Li-mussels tse ling li fumanoa libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo, empa eseng ka bongata bo boholo joalo.
Mefuta e meng ea li-mussels e rata mekhoabo ea letsoai kapa li-cove tse khutsitseng, ha tse ling li natefeloa ke maqhubu a lerata, a koahelang majoe a lebopong a hlatsoitsoeng ke metsi. Li-mussels tse ling li tseba botebo bo haufi le maqhubu a hydrothermal. Mussel ea Afrika Boroa ha e khomarele majoeng, empa e ipata mabopong a lehlabathe, e lutse kaholimo ho lehlabathe ho ja lijo, metsi le litšila.
Taba e khahlisang: Li-mussels tsa metsi a hloekileng li lula matšeng, likanaleng, linokeng le melatsoaneng lefats'eng lohle, ntle le libaka tsa polar. Kamehla ba hloka mohloli oa metsi a pholileng, a hloekileng. Li-mussels li khetha metsi a nang le liminerale. Ba hloka calcium carbonate ho aha likhetla tsa bona.
Mussel e khona ho hana ho hatsela ka likhoeli tse 'maloa. Li-mussels tse putsoa li tloaetse hantle ho tloha ho 5 ho isa ho 20 ° C, ka moeli o kaholimo o tsitsitseng oa mocheso o ka bang 29 ° C bakeng sa batho ba baholo.
Li-mussels tse putsoa ha li atlehe ka letsoai le ka tlase ho 15% ea metsi, empa li ka mamella ho fetoha hoa tikoloho. Botebo ba bona bo tloha ho 5 ho isa ho 10 metres. Hangata M. edulis e hlaha ka har'a likarolo tse ka tlasa lefatše le lipakeng tsa maqhubu mabopong a majoe 'me e lula e hoketsoe ka ho sa feleng moo.
Hona joale ua tseba hore na mussel e fumanoa kae. Ha re boneng seo mollusk e jang.
Li-mussel li ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Li-mussels tsa Leoatle le Letšo
Li-mussels tsa leoatleng le tsa metsi a hloekileng ke li-feeder tsa filtara Li na le masoba a mabeli. Metsi a phalla ka lesoba moo meriri e tlamang e etsang molatsoana oa metsi khafetsa. Kahoo, likaroloana tse nyane tsa lijo (limela tsa limela le tsa liphoofolo) li khomarela lera la mamina. Joale li-eyelashes li tsamaisa li-gill mucus tse nang le likaroloana tsa lijo molomong oa mussel le ho tloha moo ho ea ka mpeng le mala, moo lijo li qetellang li siloa. Masala a sa koaeloang a boetse a tsoa ka ntle le metsi a phefumolohang.
Lijo tse ka sehloohong tsa li-mussels li na le li-phytoplankton, dinoflagellates, diatoms tse nyane, li-zoospores, li-flagellate le li-protozoa tse ling, mefuta e fapaneng ea algae ea unicellular le detritus, e tlhotliloeng metsing a haufi. Li-mussels ke li-filter feeders bakeng sa li-filters tse emisitsoeng 'me li nkoa e le li-scavenger, li bokella ntho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e karolong ea metsi e nyenyane hoo e ka kenang.
Lijo tse tloaelehileng tsa li-mussels li kenyelletsa:
- plankton;
- senya;
- caviar;
- zooplankton;
- lehola la lewatle;
- phytoplankton;
- likokoana-hloko.
Li-mussels tsa leoatleng hangata li fumanoa li kopane hammoho mafikeng a hlatsoitsoeng ke leqhubu. Li khomaretse lilomong tsa mafika ka lesela la tsona la ka holimo. Tloaelo e bokellaneng e thusa ho ts'oara li-mussels ha li pepesetsoa ke maqhubu a matla. Ha leqhubu le le tlase, batho ba bohareng ba lesihla ba na le tahlehelo e nyane ea mokelikeli ka lebaka la ho ts'oaroa ha metsi ke li-mussels tse ling.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Li-mussels tsa leoatleng
Li-mussels ke mofuta oa sessile o lulang o lula holim'a li-substrates. Li-mussels tse holileng tsebong li khetha ho lula fatše, kahoo leoto la tsona le lahleheloa ke ts'ebetso ea lona ea makoloi. Li-substrate tse hlephileng, batho ba banyane ba khama li-mussels tsa khale, tseo ba lulang ho tsona.
Taba e khahlisang: Li-mussels li sebelisoa e le li-bioindicator bakeng sa ho lekola tikoloho metsing a hloekileng le a leoatle. Li-shellfish tsena li bohlokoa haholo hobane li ajoa lefatšeng ka bophara. Litšobotsi tsa bona li netefatsa hore li bonts'a tikoloho eo ba leng ho eona kapa ba behiloeng ho eona. Liphetoho sebopehong sa bona, fisioloji, boitšoaro, kapa linomoro li bonts'a boemo ba tikoloho.
Litšoelesa tse khethehileng li ntša likhoele tse matla tsa protheine tseo li khomarelang majoeng le linthong tse ling. Li-mussels tsa noka ha li na setho se joalo. Ka mussel, molomo o botlaaseng ba leoto mme o pota-potiloe ke li-lobes. Molomo o hokahane le 'metso.
Mussel e hanyetsana haholo le maemo a phahameng a seretse ebile e thusa ho tlosa seretse kholomong ea metsi. Li-mussels tse holileng li fana ka bolulo le phofu bakeng sa liphoofolo tse ling hape li sebetsa e le substrate bakeng sa bolele ho latela, ho eketsa mefuta-futa ea lehae. Li-larvae tsa mussel le tsona ke mohloli oa bohlokoa oa lijo bakeng sa liphoofolo tse lengoang.
Li-mussels li na le lisebelisoa tse khethehileng ho thusa ho geolocation le ho leba. Li-mussels li na le li-chemoreceptor tse khonang ho bona ho lokolloa ha li-gametes. Li-chemoreceptor tsena li boetse li thusa li-mussels tsa bocha ho qoba ho lula ka nakoana ho li-substrate tse haufi le li-mussels tse holileng, ho bonahala e le ho fokotsa tlholisano ea lijo.
Nako ea bophelo ea li-molluscs tsena e ka fapana haholo ho latela hore na e hokahane kae. Ho lula libakeng tse bulehileng tse lebopong ho etsa hore batho ba be tlokotsing ea liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo, haholo linonyana. Li-mussels tse lulang libakeng tse bulehileng li ka ba le sekhahla sa lefu ho fihlela ho 98% ka selemo. Mekhahlelo ea ho shoa ha makhopho le bana e ba le sekhahla se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa lefu.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Li-mussels
Selemo le selemo le selemo, tse tšehali li behela mahe a limilione tse hlano ho isa ho tse leshome, a ntan'o emisoa ke tse tona. Mahe a emolisitsoeng a fetoha liboko, tse sebelisoang ke liphoofolo tse li jang ka 99.9% nakong ea libeke tse 'ne tsa kholo ho ba mamina a manyane.
Leha ho le joalo, kamora "khetho" ena ho sa na le li-mussels tse nyane tse ka bang 10 000 tse setseng. Li bolelele ba limilimithara tse tharo 'me hangata li hoholeha leoatleng lik'hilomithara tse makholo a' maloa pele li lula ka lisenthimithara tse ka bang hlano libakeng tse lebopong.
Taba e khahlisangLebaka le etsang hore li-mussels li lule likoloneng tse kholo joalo ke hobane tse tona li na le menyetla e mengata ea ho nontšha mahe a tsona. Ka mor'a hore liboko li sese ka bolokolohi hoo e ka bang libeke tse 'nè e le plankton, li ikamahanya le mafika, liqubu, li-barnacle, lehlabathe le thata le likhetla tse ling.
Li-mussels li na le banna le basali ba fapaneng. Li-mussels tsa leoatleng li nontšoa ka ntle ho mmele. Ho qala mothating oa ho ba le makhopho, li hoholeha ho fihlela likhoeli tse tšeletseng pele li lula libakeng tse thata. Ba khona ho tsamaea butle, ho khomarela le ho koala likhoele tsa byssus ho fihlela boemo bo betere.
Mefuta ea metsi a hloekileng e ikatisa ka thobalano. E tona e ntša peo ea botona ka metsing, e kenang e tšehali ka lesoba la hajoale. Kamora ho emolisa, mahe a fihla boemong ba seboko 'me a senya litlhapi ka nakoana, a itšoarelletse mapheong kapa mokhoeng. Pele li hlaha, li hola malapeng a basali, moo metsi a nang le oksijene a potolohang khafetsa.
Li-larvae li phela feela ha li fumana moamoheli ea nepahetseng - litlhapi. Hang ha liboko li hokella, 'mele oa litlhapi o itšoara ka ho o koahela ka lisele tse etsang cyst, ka hona li lula libeke tse peli ho isa ho tse hlano. Ha li ntse li hola, li lokolloa ho mong'a tsona, li tebela tlase ho qala bophelo bo ikemetseng.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa li-mussels
Setšoantšo: Mosele o shebahala joang
Li-mussels hangata li fumanoa ka bongata bo boholo, moo li sirellelitsoeng hanyane ka hanyane ho tse jeoang ka lebaka la palo ea tsona. Khetla ea tsona e sebetsa joaloka lera le sireletsang, leha mefuta e meng ea libatana e khona ho e senya.
Har'a liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tsa tlhaho tsa mussel, ho na le starfish e emetseng ho bula khofu ebe e e metsa. Likokoana-hloko tse ngata li ja li-mussels tse kang li-walrus, litlhapi, li-herring gull le matata.
Li ka ts'oaroa ke batho feela, eseng feela hore li ka sebelisoa, hape ke tsa ho etsa manyolo, li sebeletsa e le leraba la ho tšoasa litlhapi, lijo tsa litlhapi tsa aquarium le nako le nako ho hokela libanka tsa majoe, joalo ka seterekeng sa Lancashire sa Lenyesemane. Mariha a futhumetseng a thatafatsa boemo, hobane ka nako eo ho na le liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse ling tse ngata tse sa hlokeng letho.
Libata tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa tsa li-mussels li kenyelletsa:
- bohlasoa (Pleuronectiformes);
- snipe (Scolopacidae);
- Litlhapi tsa leoatle (Larus);
- Makhoaba (Corvus);
- dae e pherese (N. lapillus);
- linaleli tsa leoatle (A. rubens);
- metswako e metala ya lewatle (S. droebachiensis).
Libatana tse ling li emela hore mussel e bule li-valve tsa eona e le hore li tsebe ho hema. Eaba sebata se sutumetsa mofutso oa khoele ebe sea o bulela e le hore se ka jeoa. Li-mussels tsa metsi a hloekileng li jeoa ke li-raccoon, li-otter, matata, litšoene le likhantši.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Li-mussels tse Russia
Li-mussels li atile haholo libakeng tse ngata tse lebopong, ka hona ha li kenyellelitsoe ho Red Data Book bakeng sa paballo mme ha ba so fumane maemo a khethehileng. Ka 2005, China e ile ea ts'oara li-mussels tse 40% lefatšeng. Europe, Spain esale e le moetapele oa indasteri.
United States, mesebetsi ea temo ea mussel e ntse e etsahala mme li-mussels tse putsoa li holisoa haholo. Li-mussels tse ling ke likhetla tse jeoang haholo. Tsena li kenyelletsa, haholo-holo, mefuta e fumanoang Atlantic, Leoatle la Leboea, Baltic le Mediterranean.
Ho tloha lekholong la leshome le metso e meraro la lilemo li ntse li holisoa Fora ka mapolanka a lehong. Li-mussels li tsebahala ho tloha nakong ea bokoloni ba maCelt. Kajeno li boetse li lenngoe mabopong a Dutch, Jeremane le Italy. Selemo se seng le se seng Europe ho rekisoa li-mussels tse ka bang 550,000, mefuta e ka bang 250,000 ea mefuta ea Mytilus galloprovincesis. Li-clams tsa mofuta oa Rhine ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho pheha. Naheng ea Belgium le leboea la Fora, li-mussels li sebelisoa hangata le li-fries tsa Fora.
Mussel ha ho se na licheke tsa bohloeki, maemong a sa tloaelehang li ka lebisa ho chefo haeba liphoofolo li ja plankton e chefo ho batho. Batho ba bang le bona ba hanana le liprotheine tsa bona, kahoo 'mele ea bona e itšoara ka matšoao a tahi ho ts'ebeliso ea mehlala e joalo. Li-mussels li tlameha ho bolokoa li phela pele li pheha, ka hona li lula li koetsoe. Haeba pulo e siiloe e butsoe, sehlahisoa se lokela ho lahloa.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 08/26/2019
Letsatsi le ntlafalitsoeng: 22.08.2019 ka 0:06
