Bustard - nonyana e kholo, ea borena ea lithota tse se nang lifate le masabasaba a tlhaho, a lulang libakeng tse ling tsa temo tse tlase haholo. O tsamaea ka bokhabane, empa a ka matha ho fapana le ho fofa haeba a khathatsehile. Ho fofa ha bustard ho boima ebile ho tšoana le likhantsi. Bustard e thabela botsoalle haholo-holo nakong ea mariha.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Bustard
Bustard ke setho sa lelapa la bustard ebile ke setho se le seng sa mofuta oa Otis. Ke e 'ngoe ea linonyana tse fofang ka ho fetisisa tse fumanehang Europe. Tse tona tse tonanahali, tse tiileng empa li shebahala ka bokhabane li na le molala o phoroselang le sefuba se boima se nang le mohatla o khelohileng.
Masiba a ho ikatisa a batona a kenyelletsa litelu tse bolelele ba 20 cm, 'me mokokotlo le mohatla oa tsona li ba mebala-bala. Ka sefubeng le karolong e ka tlase ea molala, ba hlahisa letoto la masiba a mebala e khubelu 'me a khanya le ho pharalla ka lilemo. Linonyana tsena li tsamaea li otlolohile 'me li fofa ka mapheo a matla le a tloaelehileng a mapheo.
Video: Bustard
Ho na le mefuta e 11 le mefuta e 25 lelapeng la bustard. Lefu la mmasele ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta e mene ea mofuta oa Ardeotis, eo hape e nang le bustard ea Arabia, A. arabs, kholo e kholo ea India A. nigriceps, le Australia bustard A. australis. Letotong la li-Gruiformes, ho na le beng ka motho ba bangata ba bustard, ho kenyeletsoa literompeta le likere.
Ho na le mefuta e ka bang 23 ea li-bustard e amanang le Afrika, boroa ho Yuropa, Asia, Australia le likarolo tsa New Guinea. Bustard e na le maoto a malelele, a ikamahanya le maemo bakeng sa ho matha. Li na le menoana e meraro feela 'me ha li na monoana o ka morao. 'Mele o kopane, o behiloe ka mokhoa o batlang o lekana, mme molala o eme o otlolohile ka pela maoto, joalo ka linonyana tse ling tse telele tse mathang.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Na bustard e shebahala joang
Phoofolo e tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa ke bustard e kholo (Otis tarda), nonyana e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea naha ea Europe, e tona e boima ba lik'hilograma tse 14 le bolelele ba cm cm 120 le mapheo a bolelele ba cm 240. E fumanoa masimong le masimong a bulehileng ho tloha bohareng le boroa ho Europe ho ea Asia Bohareng le Manchuria.
Mabato a eona a tšoana ka 'mala, o boputsoa kaholimo, ka metopa e metšo le e sootho, e masoeu ka tlase. E tona e motenya 'me e na le masiba a masoeu a bosoeu botlaaseng ba molomo. Ho thata ho atamela nonyana e hlokolosi, bustard e khōlō; e matha ka potlako ha e le kotsing. Ha a le naheng o bonts'a mokhoa o motle. Mahe a mabeli kapa a mararo, a nang le matheba a sootho a mohloaare, a beheloa ka mekoting e sa tebang e sirelelitsoeng ke limela tse tlase.
Taba e khahlisang: The bustard e bontša ho fofa butle, empa ho le matla ebile ho tsitsitse. Nakong ea selemo, mekete ea ho nyalanya ke litšobotsi tsa tsona: hlooho ea e tona e sekama morao, e batla e ama mohatla o phahamisitsoeng, mme 'metso oa teng oa ruruha.
Bustard (Otis tetrax) e tloha Europe Bophirima le Morocco ho ea Afghanistan. Bustards Afrika Borwa di tsejwa e le pau, e kgolo ka ho fetisisa e le pau e kgolo kapa mmaselese (Ardeotis kori). Arabia bustard (A. arabs) e fumaneha Morocco le leboea la tropiki le ka boroa ho Sahara Afrika, joalo ka mefuta ea mefuta e meng e mengata. Australia, Choriotis australis e bitsoang bustard e bitsoa Turkey.
Hona joale ua tseba hore na bustard e shebahala joang. A re boneng moo nonyana ena e sa tloaelehang e fumanoang teng.
Bustard e lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Nonyana ea Bustard
Li-Bustard li atile haholo bohareng le ka boroa ho Yuropa, moo e leng mefuta e meholo ka ho fetisisa ea linonyana, le Asia eohle e futhumetseng. Europe, baahi ba lula mariha haholo, ha linonyana tsa Asia li ea boroa haholo mariha. Mofuta ona o phela makhulong, masimong le masimong a temo a bulehileng. Ba khetha libaka tsa ho ikatisa tse nang le batho ba fokolang kapa ba se nang eona.
Litho tse 'ne tsa lelapa la bustard li fumaneha India:
- Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps e tsoang lithoteng tse mahoatateng le mahoatateng;
- bustard MacQueen Chlamydotis macqueeni, mojaki oa mariha ea kenang libakeng tsa lehoatata tsa Rajasthan le Gujarat;
- Lesp Florican Sypheotides indica, e fumanoang lithoteng tsa joang bo bokhutšoaane bophirima le bohareng ba India;
- Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis ba tsoang makhulong a phahameng, a mongobo a Terai le phula ea Brahmaputra.
Li-bustard tsohle tsa matsoalloa li khethiloe li le kotsing, empa leqhubu la India le ntse le atamela hampe. Le ha boholo ba eona ba hajoale bo tlola haholo ka nalane ea eona ea nalane, ho bile le phokotso e kholo ea boholo ba baahi. Bustard e nyametse ka hoo e ka bang 90% ea sebaka sa eona sa pele mme, ka ho makatsang, e nyametse libakeng tse peli tse bolokiloeng ka kotloloho ho sireletsa mefuta.
Libakeng tse ling tsa polokelo, mofuta ona o fokotseha ka potlako. Nakong e fetileng, e ne e le ts'enyo e mpe le ts'enyeho ea libaka tsa bolulo tse lebisitseng boemong bo bohloko joalo, empa joale taolo e mpe ea tikoloho, ts'ireletso ea maikutlo a liphoofolo tse ling tse mahlomoleng ke mathata ho li-bustard.
Bustard e ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Bustard ea fofang
Bustard e ja lijo tse jang limela tse kang joang, limela tsa linaoa, lifapano, lithollo, lipalesa le morara. E boetse e fepa ka litoeba, litsuonyana tsa mefuta e meng, liboko tsa lefatše, lirurubele, likokoanyana tse kholo le liboko. Mekholutsoane le li-amphibia le tsona li jeoa ke li-bustard, ho latela sehla.
Kahoo, ba tsoma:
- li-arthropod tse fapaneng;
- liboko;
- liphoofolo tse anyesang tse nyane;
- di-amphibian tse nyane.
Likokoanyana tse kang litsie, crickets le bo-maleshoane ke tsona tse jang haholo nakong ea lipula tsa lehlabula, ha litlhoro tsa India tse nang ka pula le nako ea ho tsoala linonyana li etsahala haholo. Peo (ho kenyeletsoa koro le makotomane), ka lehlakoreng le leng, e etsa likarolo tse kholo tsa phepo nakong ea likhoeli tse batang le tse ommeng ka ho fetisisa selemong.
Li-bustard tsa Australia li kile tsa tsongoa hohle 'me tsa fepeloa,' me ka liphetoho tsa tikoloho tse hlahisitsoeng ke liphoofolo tse anyesang tse kang mebutlanyana, likhomo le linku, joale li se li koaletsoe hinterland. Mofuta ona o thathamisitsoe e le mofuta o kotsing ea ho timela New South Wales. Ke bo-hloma-u-hlomole, ha ba batla lijo ka linako tse ling ba ka sitisoa (ho ipokellela kapele), ebe ba qhalana hape. Libakeng tse ling, joalo ka Queensland, ho na le motsamao oa kamehla oa li-bustard.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: bustard ea basali
Linonyana tsena lia fetoha 'me har'a libopuoa tse nang le lesapo la mokokotlo li na le phapang e kholo ho fetisisa lipakeng tsa bong. Ka lebaka lena, tse tona le tse tšehali li lula ka lihlopha tse arohaneng hoo e ka bang selemo kaofela, ntle le nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo. Phapang ena ea boholo e boetse e ama litlhoko tsa lijo hammoho le boits'oaro, ho hasana le boits'oaro ba ho fallisa.
Tsehali li tloaetse ho khobokana le beng ka tsona. Li na le philopatric le botsoalle ho feta tse tona mme hangata li lula sebakeng sa tsona sa tlhaho bophelo bohle. Mariha, ba batona ba theha lihlopha tsa sehlopha ka ho kenella lintoeng tse mabifi, tse telele, ho otla hloohong le molaleng oa banna ba bang, ka linako tse ling ho baka likotsi tse mpe, boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng ba li-bustards. Tse ling tsa li-bustard lia falla.
Taba e khahlisang: Li-bustard tse kholo li etsa motsamao oa lehae kahare ho sebaka sa 50 ho 100 km. Linonyana tse tona li tsejoa li le bang nakong ea ho ikatisa, empa li theha mehlape e menyenyane mariha.
Monna o lumeloa hore o nyala sethepu ka mokhoa oa ho nyalanya o bitsoang "o phatlohile" kapa "o hasane." Nonyana ena e ja lintho tse ngata ka mefuta eohle 'me e ja likokoanyana, bo-maleshoane, litoeba, mekholutsoane esita le ka linako tse ling esita le linoha tse nyenyane. Di tsebahala hape ka ho fula jwang, peo, monokotshwai, jj. Ha di sokeloa, dinonyana tse tshehadi di jara ditsuonyana tse nyane ka tlasa mapheo a tsona.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Pair ea Bustards
Le ha ho tsebahala tse ling tsa boits'oaro ba bo-bustard ba ho ikatisa, lintlha tse ntle tsa ho haha le ho nyallana, hammoho le liketso tsa ho falla tse amanang le sehlaha le ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, ho lumeloa hore li fapana haholo bathong le batho ka bomong. Mohlala, li khona ho ikatisa selemo ho pota, empa ho batho ba bangata, nako ea ho ikatisa e tloha ka Hlakubele ho isa Loetse, mme e akaretsa nako ea lipula tsa lehlabula.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, leha li sa khutlele sehlaheng se le seng selemo le selemo mme li tloaetse ho theha tse ncha ho fapana, ka linako tse ling li sebelisa lihlaha tse entsoeng lilemong tse fetileng ke li-bustard tse ling. Lihlaha ka botsona li bonolo ebile hangata li lula lipakeng tse entsoeng mobung libakeng tse mabalane tsa mobu le masimong, kapa mobung o majoe o bulehileng.
Ha ho tsejoe hore na mofuta ona o sebelisa leano le itseng la ho nyalana, empa likarolo tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng (moo banna le basali ba nyalanang le balekane ba bangata) le polygynous (moo banna ba kopanang le basali ba bangata) ho hlokometsoe. Mofuta ona ha o bonahale o kopane. Ho haella, moo banna ba bokanang libakeng tsa sechaba ho etsa le ho hlokomela tse tšehali, ho etsahala lihlopheng tse ling tsa baahi.
Leha ho le joalo, maemong a mang, banna ba jeoang ke bolutu ba ka hohela tse tšehali libakeng tsa bona ka mehoo e phahameng e ka utluoang hole le bonyane 0.5 km. Pontšo e tona ea monna ke ho ema mobung o bulehileng a phahamisitse hlooho le mohatla, masiba a masoeu a bosoeu le mokotla oa seipone o tletseng moea (mokotla molaleng oa hae).
Kamora ho ikatisa, e tona e ea tsamaea, 'me e tšehali e ba eona feela e hlokomelang malinyane a eona. Boholo ba tse tšehali li behela lehe le le leng, empa ha ho tsejoe hore na mahe a mabeli ke afe. E behela lehe nako e ka etsang khoeli pele e qhotsoa.
Litsuonyana li khona ho iphepa ka botsona kamora beke, 'me lia khora ha li le matsatsi a 30-35. Malinyane a mangata a lokollotsoe ka botlalo ho bo-'m'a 'ona qalong ea sehla se tlang sa ho ikatisa. Tse tshehadi di ka ikatisa ho tloha dilemong tse pedi kapa tse tharo, ha tse tona di hola ka dilemo tse hlano kapa tse tsheletseng.
Taba e khahlisang: Ho 'nile ha bonoa mekhoa e' maloa e fapaneng ea bojaki har'a li-bustard kantle ho nako ea ho ikatisa. Tse ling tsa tsona li ka etsa phallo e khuts'oane ea lehae kahara sebaka, ha tse ling li fofa sebaka se selelele ho parola kontinenteng.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa bustard
Setšoantšo: Nonyana ea steppe bustard
Ho jella li kotsi haholo mahe, bacha le li-bustard tse sa holang. Diphoofolo tse ka sehloohong ke diphokojwe tse kgubedu, dinyantshi tse ding tse jang tse kang dipibi, martens le dikolobe, mmoho le makgwaba le dinonyana tse jang nama.
Di-bustard tsa batho ba baholo di na le dira tse mmalwa tsa tlhaho, empa di bontsha thabo e kgolo ho potoloha dinonyana tse itseng tse jang tse kang dintsu le manong (Neophron percnopterus). Liphoofolo feela tse li boneng ke liphiri tse putsoa (Canis lupus). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litsuonyana li ka tsongoa ke likatse, liphokojoe le lintja tse hlaha. Mahe ka linako tse ling a utsoetsoa lihlaha ke liphokojoe, mongoose, mekholutsoane, hammoho le manong le linonyana tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, tšoso e kholo ho mahe e tsoa likhomong tse fulang, hobane hangata li a hatakela.
Mofuta ona o na le bothata ba ho aroha le ho lahleha ha sebaka sa ona sa bolulo. Keketseho ea thekiso ea thepa mobu le merusu ea batho ho lebelletsoe ho baka tahlehelo e kholo ea bolulo ka ho lema, ho rema meru, temo e matla, ts'ebeliso e eketsehileng ea merero ea nosetso, le kaho ea likhoele tsa motlakase, litsela, terata le liforo. Menontšha ya dikhemikhale le dibolayaditshenekegi, metšhine, molelo le pherekano ke matshosetsi a magolo mo ditsuong le mo bananeng, fa go tsoma dinonyane tse di godileng go baka dintsho tse di kwa godimo kwa dinageng dingwe tse ba nnang mo go tsona.
Hobane hangata li-bustard lia fofa 'me matla a tsona a ho tsamaisoa a lekantsoe ke boima ba tsona bo boima le mapheo a maholo, ho thulana le likhoele tsa motlakase ho etsahala moo ho nang le lithapo tse ngata tse fetang tsa motlakase ka har'a maporogo, libakeng tse haufi, kapa litselaneng tsa lifofane lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo e fapaneng.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Na bustard e shebahala joang
Palo ea baahi ba bustard e ka bang batho ba 44,000-57,000. Mofuta ona o se o le tlokotsing mme lipalo tsa ona lia fokotseha kajeno. Ka 1994, li-bustard li ile tsa thathamisoa e le kotsing ea Lethathamo le Lefubelu la International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Ka 2011, leha ho le joalo, ho fokotseha ha baahi ho ne ho le hobe hoo IUCN e ileng ea hlophisa mofuta ona hape hore o kotsing.
Ho lahleha ha tikoloho le ho senyeha hoa lintho ho bonahala e le tsona mabaka a mantlha a ho fokotseha ha baahi ba bustard. Litsebi tsa tikoloho li hakanya hore hoo e ka bang 90% ea mefuta ea tlhaho ea mofuta ona, e kileng ea akaretsa boholo ba leboea-bophirima le bophirima bohareng ba India, e lahlehile, e arotsoe ke kaho ea litsela le mesebetsi ea merafo, mme e fetotsoe ke nosetso le temo ea mechini.
Mobu o mongata o lengoang o neng o kile oa hlahisa lipeo tsa mabele le nyalothe, tseo bustard e ileng ea atleha ho tsona, ea fetoha masimo a 'moba le k'hothone kapa masimo a merara. Ho tsoma le ho tsoma ka likhoka ho tlatselitse le ho fokotseheng ha baahi. Liketso tsena, li kopantsoe le monono o tlase oa mofuta ona le khatello ea liphoofolo tse li jang, li beha bustard sebakeng se kotsi.
Ts'ireletso ea Bustard
Setšoantšo: Bustard oa Red Book
Mananeo a li-bustard tse tlokotsing le tse kotsing ea ho beoa a se a thehiloe Europe le Soviet Union ea mehleng, le bakeng sa leqhubu le leholo la Afrika United States of America. Merero e nang le mefuta ea liphoofolo tse kotsing ea ho fela e ikemiselitse ho hlahisa linonyana tse setseng bakeng sa ho lokolloa libakeng tse sirelelitsoeng, ka tsela eo e tlatselletsa ho fokotseha ha baahi ba naha, ha merero ea Hubar bustard e Middle East le Leboea la Afrika e ikemiselitse ho fana ka linonyana tse setseng hore li lokolloe libakeng tse sirelelitsoeng. ho tsoma ka nako e telele ho sebelisa liphakoe.
Mananeo a ho ikatisa a hapiloeng United States bakeng sa li-bustard le sinamone bustard (Eupodotis ruficrista) a ikemiselitse ho boloka batho ba ikemiselitseng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso le palo ea batho mme ba sa itšetlehe ka kantle ho naha ho tsoa naheng.
Ka 2012, Mmuso oa India o ile oa tsebisa Project Bustard, e leng lenaneo la naha la paballo ho sireletsa kholo e kholo ea India, mmoho le Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), florican e sa tloaelehang (Sypheotides indicus) le libaka tsa bona tsa bolulo ho tloha ho putlama ho ea pele. Lenaneo le ile la etsisoa kamora Project Tiger, boiteko bo boholo ba naha bo entsoeng lilemong tsa bo-1970 ho sireletsa nkoe tsa India le libaka tsa tsona tsa bolulo.
Bustard Ke e 'ngoe ea linonyana tse fofang ka ho fetesisa tse teng kajeno. E ka fumaneha ho pholletsa le Yuropa, e leba boroa le Spain, le leboea, ka mohlala, masabasabeng a Russia. Great bustard e thathamisitsoe e le tlokotsing, baahi ba eona ba fokotseha linaheng tse ngata. Ke nonyana ya fatshe e tsebahalang ka molala le maoto a malelele le molomo o motsho hodima hlooho ya yona.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 09/08/2019
Letsatsi le ntlafalitsoeng: 07.09.2019 ka 19:33
