Motho e mong le e mong oa tseba hore palo e itseng ea likokoana-hloko, limela le liphoofolo li phela sebakeng se itseng sa mobu kapa metsing. Motsoako oa bona, hammoho le kamano le tšebelisano 'moho le lintho tse ling tsa abiotic, hangata li bitsoa biocenosis. Lentsoe lena le theoa ka ho kopanya mantsoe a mabeli a Selatine "bios" - bophelo le "coenosis" - a tloaelehileng. Sechaba sefe kapa sefe sa tlhaho se na le likarolo tse joalo tsa bioceosis joalo ka:
- lefatše la liphoofolo - zoocenosis;
- limela - phytocenosis;
- likokoana-hloko - microbiocenosis.
Re lokela ho hlokomela hore phytocoenosis ke karolo e ka sehloohong e khethollang zoocoenosis le microbiocenosis.
Tšimoloho ea khopolo ea "biocenosis"
Qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, rasaense oa Lejeremane Karl Möbius o ile a ithuta bolulo ba li-oyster Leoatleng le ka Leboea. Nakong ea boithuto, o fumane hore likokoana-hloko tsena li ka ba teng feela tlasa maemo a ikhethileng, a kenyeletsang botebo, sekhahla sa phallo, letsoai le mocheso oa metsi. Ntle le moo, o hlokometse hore mefuta e hlakileng ea bophelo ba metsing e phela le li-oyster. Kahoo ka 1877, ka phatlalatso ea buka ea hae "Oysters le Moruo oa Oyster", polelo le mohopolo oa biocenosis li hlahile ho sechaba sa mahlale.
Classification tsa biocenoses
Kajeno ho na le lipontšo tse 'maloa tseo biocenosis e khetholloang ka tsona. Haeba re bua ka systematization ho latela boholo, e tla ba:
- macrobiocenosis, e ithutang ka mekoloko ea lithaba, maoatle le maoatle;
- mesobiocenosis - meru, mekhoabo, makhulo;
- microbiocenosis - palesa e le 'ngoe, lekhasi kapa kutu.
Biocenoses ka boela classified ho itšetlehile ka libaka tsa bolulo. Joale mefuta e latelang e tla totobatsoa:
- metsing;
- metsi a hloekileng;
- tsa lefatše.
Sesebelisoa se bonolo ka ho fetesisa sa libaka tsa tlhaho ke karohano ea tsona ho biocenoses ea tlhaho le ea maiketsetso. Tsa pele li kenyelletsa tsa mantlha, tse thehiloeng ntle le tšusumetso ea motho, hammoho le tsa bobeli, tse ileng tsa susumetsoa ke likarolo tsa tlhaho. Sehlopha sa bobeli se kenyelletsa ba bileng le liphetoho ka lebaka la li-anthropogenic. Ha re shebeng likarolo tsa bona ka hloko.
Biocenoses ea tlhaho
Li-biocenoses tsa tlhaho ke mekhatlo ea libopuoa tse entsoeng ke tlhaho ka boyona. Metseng e joalo ke litsamaiso tse thehiloeng nalaneng tse thehoang, tse ntlafatsoang le tse sebetsang ho latela melao ea bona e ikhethang. Rasaense oa Lejeremane V. Tischler o hlalositse litšobotsi tse latelang tsa libopeho tse joalo:
- Li-biocenoses li hlaha linthong tse itokiselitseng, e ka bang baemeli ba mefuta ka bomong le meaho eohle;
- likarolo tsa sechaba li ka nkeloa sebaka ke tse ling. Kahoo mofuta o mong o ka nkeloa sebaka ke o mong, ntle le litlamorao tse mpe ho sistimi eohle;
- Ha ho nahanoa ka taba ea hore ho biocenosis lithahasello tsa mefuta e fapaneng lia fapana, joale sistimi eohle ea supraorganic e thehiloe mme e ts'ehetsa ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea matla a loantšanang;
- sechaba se seng le se seng sa tlhaho se hahiloe ka taolo ea bongata ba mofuta o mong ke o mong;
- Boholo ba litsamaiso life kapa life tse sa tloaelehang bo ipapisitse le lintlha tse kantle.
Lits'ebetso tsa maiketsetso
Li-biocenoses tsa maiketsetso li thehoa, li bolokiloe ebile li laoloa ke batho. Moprofesa B.G. Johannsen o hlahisitse ho ecology tlhaloso ea anthropocenosis, ke hore, sistimi ea tlhaho e entsoeng ka boomo ke motho. E ka ba serapa sa boikhathollo, sekwere, aquarium, terrarium, jj.
Har'a biocenoses e entsoeng ke batho, ho na le agrobiocenoses - tsena ke li-biosystem tse etselitsoeng ho fumana lijo. Tsena li kenyelletsa:
- matamo;
- dikanale;
- matangoana;
- makhulo;
- masimo;
- masimo a meru.
Karolo e tloaelehileng ea agrocenosis ke taba ea hore e ke ke ea khona ho ba teng nako e telele ntle le ho kenella ha motho.
