Ho tloaelehile ho bitsa li-sturgeon sehlopha sa mefuta ea litlhapi tse tsoang lelapeng la li-sturgeon. Batho ba bangata ba amahanya li-sturgeon le nama ea tsona le li-caviar, tse ananeloang haholo ke batho. Ke khale sturgeon e le sebapali sa moetlo oa Russia le moeti ea amohelehang litafoleng tsa batho ba phahameng le mekotla ea chelete. Matsatsing ana, mefuta e meng ea li-sturgeon ha e fumanehe hangata, litsebi tse tsoang linaheng tse fapaneng li etsa boiteko bo matla ba ho eketsa palo ea baahi.
Tlhaloso ea Sturgeon
Sturgeon - tlhapi e kholo e nang le 'mele o molelele... Ke e 'ngoe ea litlhapi tsa khale ka ho fetisisa lefufuru lefatšeng. Baholo-holo ba li-sturgeon tsa sejoale-joale ba ile ba qhekella ka linokeng morao koana mehleng ea li-dinosaurs: sena se pakoa ke ho sibolloa hangata ha mesaletsa ea masapo a bona a nakong ea Cretaceous (lilemo tse 85 ho isa ho tse 70 tse fetileng).
Ponahalo
Bolelele bo tloaelehileng ba 'mele oa sturgeon e kholo bo fihla ho limithara tse 2, boima bo ka ba li-kilogramme tse 50 - 80. Nonyana e tona e boima ka ho fetisisa e kileng ea tšoaroa, ha e le boima, e ne e bontša boima ba lik'hilograma tse ka bang 816 ka bolelele ba 'mele e ka bang limithara tse 8. 'Mele o moholo oa "fusiform" oa "sturgeon" o koahetsoe ke sekala, masapo a masapo, hammoho le lipoleiti, tse nang le sekala se teteaneng (se bitsoang "bugs"). Li mela ka mela e 5 ea bolelele: tse peli ka mpeng, e 'ngoe ka morao le tse peli ka mahlakoreng. Palo ea "litšitšili" e ipapisitse le ho ba mofuta o itseng.
Hoa thahasellisa! 'Mele, hangata, o pentiloe ka' mala oa mobu o tlase - ka melumo e sootho, e bohlooho le ea lehlabathe, mpa ea tlhapi e tšoeu kapa e putsoa. Mokokotlo o ka ba le botala bo botle bo botala kapa ba mohloaare.
Li-sturgeon li na le manakana a mane a hlokolosi - li a sebelisa ho utloa lefatše ha li batla lijo. Lenakana le pota-potile molomo o monyane, o senang meno o nang le molomo o teteaneng, o linama, o qetellong ea molomo o molelele o motsu, ka tlase. Li-fries li tsoaloa li e-na le meno a manyane a khathetseng ha a ntse a hola. Sturgeon e na le mapheoana a thata, mekhabo e mene le senya se seholo se holileng hantle. Masapong a eona a lefufuru, masapo a masapo ha a eo ka ho felletseng, hammoho le mokokotlo (mesebetsi ea ona nakong eohle ea bophelo ba litlhapi e etsoa ke notchord)
Boitšoaro le mokhoa oa bophelo
Li-sturgeon li lula botebong ho tloha ho 2 ho isa ho 100 metres, li khetha ho lula le ho fepa ka tlase. Ka lebaka la litšobotsi tsa libaka tsa bona tsa bolulo, li ikamahanya hantle le maemo a batang a metsi le tlala e telele. Ka tsela ea bophelo, mefuta ea li-sturgeon e arotsoe ka:
- kotsi: phela metsing a letsoai a leoatle a leoatle le maoatleng, melomong ea linoka. Nakong ea ho beleha kapa mariha, li nyoloha ka linoka, hangata li sesa sebaka se selelele;
- semi-anadromous: Ho fapana le anadromous, li qhotsa melomong ea linoka ntle le ho falla libakeng tse telele;
- metsi a hloekileng: sedentary.
Bolele ba bophelo
Karolelano ea bophelo ba li-sturgeon ke lilemo tse 40-60. Ka beluga e fihla lilemo tse 100, Russia sturgeon - 50, stellate sturgeon le sterlet - ho fihlela ho lilemo tse 20-30. Nako ea bophelo ea li-sturgeon tse hlaha e susumetsoa ke lintlha tse kang boemo ba leholimo le ho fetoha ha mocheso oa metsi selemo ho pota, boemo ba tšilafalo ea 'mele ea metsi.
Kemiso, mefuta ea sturgeon
Bo-rasaense ba tseba mefuta e 17 ea lintho tse phelang. Boholo ba tsona li thathamisitsoe Bukeng e Khubelu.
Mona ke li-sturgeon tse tloaelehileng Russia:
- Russia sturgeon - litlhapi, caviar le nama tseo e leng khale li ananeloa tatso ea tsona e ntle. Hona joale e haufi le ho timela. Li-antenna, ho fapana le li-sturgeon tse ling, ha li hole haufi le molomo, empa qetellong ea molomo. Bophelo le makhasi a Leoatleng la Caspian, le Letšo, la Azov le linoka tse kholo tse phallang ho tsona: Dnieper, Volga, Don, Kuban. Li khona ho feta li bile li lula feela.
Boima ba sturgeon e kholo ea Russia hangata ha e fete li-kilogram tsa 25. E na le 'mele o' mala o sootho le o mosoeu le mpa e tšoeu. E fepa ka litlhapi, li-crustaceans, liboko. E khona ho nyalana le mefuta e meng ea sturgeon (stellate sturgeon, sterlet) maemong a tlhaho.
- Kaluga - eseng feela motse o karolong ea Europe ea Russia, empa hape le mofuta oa sturgeon e lulang Bochabela bo Hōle. Mokokotlo oa kaluga o na le 'mala o motala,' mele o koahetsoe ke mela e mengata ea sekala sa masapo se nang le meutloa e totileng le litelu tse kholo tse amanang le mefuta e meng ea li-sturgeon. Ba sa hlompheheng phepong. E fepa ka ho monya metsi ka ho eona le ho hula phofu hammoho le eona. Lilemong tse ling le tse ling tse hlano, Kaluga e tšehali e tsoala mahe a fetang milione.
- Sterlet - tšobotsi ea mofuta ona ke manakana a nang le likhahla tse telele le palo e kholo ea lipoleiti tsa masapo. Ho sterlet, bohlankana bo kena pejana ho feta mefuta e meng ea li-sturgeon. Mefuta e mengata ea metsi a hloekileng. Litekanyo tsa karolelano li fihla ho halofo ea mithara, boima ba 'mele ha bo fete lik'hilograma tse 50. Ke mofuta o tlokotsing.
Karolo e ka sehloohong ea lijo e na le liboko tsa likokoanyana, likoekoe le likokoana-hloko tse ling tsa benthic, tlhapi e jeoa hanyane. Bester, mofuta o nyalisitsoeng oa sterlet le beluga, ke sejalo se tummeng sa nama le caviar. Sebaka sa bolulo sa tlhaho se etsahala linokeng tsa beisine ea Leoatle la Caspian, le Letšo, la Azov le la Baltic, 'me e fumaneha linokeng tse kang Dnieper, Don, Yenisei, Ob, Volga le melatsoana ea eona, Kuban, Ural, Kama. - Sturgeon ea Amur, ea bongoana ea Shrenk - e theha mefuta ea metsi a hloekileng le ea semi-anadromous, e nkuoa e le setho se haufi sa sturgeon ea Siberia. Li-rakers tsa gill li boreleli ebile li na le tlhoro e le 'ngoe. Ke makhatheng a ho timela. E fihla bolelele ba limithara tse 3 le boima ba 'mele bo ka bang lik'hilograma tse 190, boima bo tloaelehileng ba "sturgeon" hangata ha bo fete lik'hilograma tse 56-80. Sefuba se selelele se ka ba bophahamo ba halofo ea hlooho. Mela e mekokotlong ea li-sturgeon e na le bo-maleshoane ba 11 ho isa ho ba 17, ba lateral ba tloha ho 32 ho isa ho 47, 'me mpa ke ba 7 ho isa ho 14. Ba ja liboko tsa lintsintsi tsa caddis le li-mayflies, li-crustaceans, li-lamprey larvae le litlhapi tse nyane. E lula lebopong la Noka ea Amur, ho tloha pheletsong e tlase le ho ea holimo, ho ea Shilka le Argun, nakong ea ho ikatisa, li-shoals li nyolohela noka ho ea sebakeng sa Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.
- Stellgeon ea linaleli (lat. Acipenser stellatusKe mofuta o makatsang oa sturgeon, e amanang haufi le sterlet le moutloa. Sevruga ke tlhapi e kholo, e bolelele ba limithara tse 2,2 le boima ba lik'hilograma tse ka bang 80. Stellate sturgeon e na le nko e sephara, e patisaneng, e batalletseng hanyane, ho fihlela ho 65% ea bolelele ba hlooho. Mela e mengata ea bo-maleshoane ba dorsal e na le likarolo tse 11 ho isa ho tse 14, meleng e ka morao ho na le tse 30 ho isa ho tse 36 ka mpeng ho tloha ho tse 10 ho isa ho tse 11.
Bokapele ba mokokotlo bo bosootho bo botsho ka 'mala, mahlakore a bobebe haholo, mpa hangata e tšoeu. Lijo tsa stellate sturgeon li na le li-crustaceans le mysids, liboko tse fapaneng le mefuta e nyane ea litlhapi. Sevruga o lula likoting tsa leoatle la Caspian, Azov le Black, ka linako tse ling litlhapi li fumanoa maoatleng a Adriatic le Aegean. Nakong ea nako ea ho ikatisa, sturate sturgeon e ea Volga, Ural, Kura, Kuban, Don, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Inguri le Kodori.
Habitat, habitats
Sebaka sa kabo ea sturgeon se pharalletse haholo. Litlhapi li phela haholo-holo libakeng tse futhumetseng (sturgeon ha e utloe hantle metsing a futhumetseng) feela Karolong e ka Leboea ea Lefatše. Sebakeng sa Russia, li-sturgeon li lula metsing a Leoatle la Caspian, le Letšo le la Azov, Bochabela bo Hare le linokeng tse ka leboea.
Nakong ea nako ea ho ikatisa, mefuta eo ea li-sturgeon eo e seng metsi a hloekileng e phahama haufi le libethe tsa linoka tse kholo. Mefuta e meng ea litlhapi e ruiloe ka mokhoa o iqapetsoeng mapolasing a litlhapi, hangata a fumanehang mefuteng ea tlhaho ea mefuta ena.
Lijo tsa Sturgeon
Sturgeon e omnivorous. Lijo tsa hae tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa bolele, liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo (molluscs, crustaceans) le mefuta ea litlhapi tse boholo bo mahareng. Nonyana e bitsoang sturgeon e chencha lijo ebe e lema lijo ha liphoofolo li haella.
Litlhapi tse kholo li ka hlasela linonyana tsa metsing ka katleho. Nakoana pele e hlahisa, li-sturgeon li qala ho ja ka matla ntho e ngoe le e ngoe eo li e bonang: liboko, liboko, leeches. Ba tloaetse ho fumana mafura a mangata, hobane nakong ea ho tsoala, takatso ea li-sturgeon e fokotsehile haholo.
Khoeli feela kamora ho qeta ho hlahisa, litlhapi li qala ho fepa... Lijo tsa mantlha tsa li-sturgeon Fry ke liphoofolo tse nyane: li-copepods (cyclops) le cladocerans (daphnia le moina) li-crustaceans, liboko tse nyane le li-crustaceans. Ha li ntse li hola, li-sturgeon tse nyane li kenyelletsa lijong tsa tsona li-crustaceans tse kholo, hammoho le li-molluscs le liboko tsa likokoanyana.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Li-sturgeon li fihlela kholo ea thobalano lipakeng tsa lilemo tse 5 le 21 (boemo ba leholimo bo bata, hamorao). Basali ba tsoala hang ka mor'a lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse tharo, makhetlo a 'maloa nakong ea bophelo ba bona, banna - hangata.
Hoa thahasellisa! Mefuta e fapaneng ea ho tsoala e ka etsahala ho tloha ka Hlakubele ho isa Pulungoana. Tlhōrō ea ho tsoala e bohareng ba lehlabula.
Ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahisa peo ka katleho le kholo e latelang ea peo ke ho nchafala ha metsi le phallo e matla. Ho hlahisa sturgeon ha ho khonehe metsing a emeng kapa a letsoai. Mocheso oa metsi o bohlokoa: ha koloi e futhumala, caviar e butsoa haholo. Ha mahe a emolisitsoeng a futhumetse ho fihlela likhatong tse 22 ho ea holimo, ha a phele.
Ho tla boela ho be monate:
- Salemone
- Carp ea silevera
- Salmone e pinki
- Tuna
Nakong ea ho tsoala, li-sturgeon tse tšehali li khona ho behela mahe a limilione tse 'maloa ka bophara bo bolelele ba limilimithara tse 2-3,' me e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e boima ba limiligrama tse 10. Ba etsa sena mapatsong a noka, lipakeng tsa majoe le mafarung a majoe a maholo. Mahe a khomarelang a khomarela substrate ka thata, ka hona ha a nkeloe ke noka. Khōlo ea mahe a emolisitsoeng e nka matsatsi a 2 ho isa ho a 10.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Li-sturgeon tsa metsi a hloekileng ha li na lira har'a mefuta e meng ea liphoofolo tse hlaha. Ho fokotseha ha palo ea bona ho amahanngoa feela le mesebetsi ea batho.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Sturgeon e kotsing ea ho timela lekholong la bo21 la lilemo ho feta neng kapa neng... Sena se bakoa ke mesebetsi ea batho: ho senyeha ha maemo a tikoloho le tikoloho, ho tšoasa litlhapi ka mafolofolo, ho tsoelang pele ho fihlela lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, le ho tsongoa hampe ho atileng ho fihlela kajeno.
Tloaelo ea ho fokotseha ha palo ea li-sturgeon e ile ea totobala morao koana lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, empa mehato e sebetsang ea ho boloka mofuta ona - ntoa khahlanong le ho tsongoa hampe, ho phahamisa Fry mapolasing a litlhapi ka tokollo e tsoelang pele naheng - e qalile ho etsoa feela lilemong tse mashome a morao tjena. Hajoale, ho tšoasa litlhapi bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea li-sturgeon ho thibetsoe ka thata Russia.
Boleng ba khoebo
Mefuta e meng ea nama ea "sturgeon" le "caviar" e bohlokoa haholo: lihlahisoa tsena li na le liprotheine tse silang habonolo, tse nang le nama e fihlang ho 15%, livithamini, sodium le mafura. Lijana tsa Sturgeon e ne e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea tafole ea li-tsars le li-boyars tsa Russia, bahlomphehi ba Roma ea Khale le Chaena. Lebotho la molaoli Alexander the Great le ne le sebelisa lijo tsa sturgeon caviar.
Nako e telele, sturgeon e sebelisitsoe ho pheha sopho ea litlhapi, sopho, hodgepodge, e halikiloeng ebile e kentsoe. Nama e bosoeu bo bobebe ka tloaelo e kenyelelitsoe litsamaisong tse fapaneng tsa boima ba 'mele. Hoo e batlang e le likarolo tsohle tsa 'mele oa sturgeon, ho fihlela lefufuru le notochord, li loketse ho jeoa ke batho.
Hoa thahasellisa! Mafura a sturgeon le caviar a ne a sebelisoa nakong e fetileng tlhahiso ea litlolo, mme sekhomaretsi sa bongaka se entsoe ka senya sa ho sesa.
Hoa khoneha ho hlalosa nako e telele liphello tse ntle tseo tšebeliso ea sturgeon e nang le eona 'meleng oa motho... Mafura a litlhapi tsena a thusa ho loants'a khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, a na le phello e ntle ts'ebetsong ea boko le sistimi ea methapo ea pelo. Ntho ea bohlokoahali ke caviar ea mefuta e meraro ea sturgeon (ka tatellano e theohelang):
- beluga ('mala o moputsoa kapa o motšo, mahe a maholo)
- Russia sturgeon (e sootho, e tala, e ntšo kapa e mosehla)
- stellate sturgeon (mahe a boholo bo mahareng)
