Nonyana ea steppe e nang le Turkey - ena ke tlhaloso e fanoeng ke Vladimir Dal ho lentsoe "drakhva" (aka bustard) bukeng e hlalosang mantsoe ea puo e kholo ea Russia.
Tlhaloso ea bustard
Otis tarda (bustard, e tsejoang hape e le dudak) e emela lelapa la Bustard la taelo e kang ea Crane mme e tsejoa e le e 'ngoe ea linonyana tse fofang ka ho fetesisa. E tona e hola ho lekana le turkey mme e imela boima ba eona ka makhetlo a imenneng habeli ho e tšehali... Boima ba motho e motona ke 7-16 kg ka bolelele ba 1.05 m, ha tsehali li le boima ba karolelano ea 4-8 kg ka bolelele ba 0.8 m.
Ho hlalositsoe li-subspecies tse peli tsa bustard:
- Otis tarda tarda - leqhubu la Europe;
- Otis tarda dubowskii - Setsi sa East Siberia.
Ponahalo
Ke nonyana e tonanahali e nang le sefuba se atolositsoeng le molala o motenya. E fapana le li-bustard tse ling tse masiba eseng boholo ba eona bo khahlisang joalo ka 'mala oa eona o fapaneng le maoto le matsoho a matla a se nang masiba (a etselitsoeng motsamao oa lefatše).
Masiba a kopantsoe ka 'mala o mofubelu, o motšo le o moputsoa, hammoho le tšoeu, moo mpa, sefuba, sepaki le mokokotlo oa mapheo li pentiloeng. Hlooho le molala hangata li boputsoa ba molora (ka mebala e bobebe ho baahi ba bochabela). Holimo ho na le masiba a boea bo bofubelu bo nang le methalo e metle e metšo e metenya. Lifofane tse fofang tsa tatellano ea pele li lula li le sootho bo fifetseng, tsa tatellano ea bobeli li sootho, empa li na le metso e tšoeu.
Hoa thahasellisa! Nakong ea selemo, banna bohle ba fumana likhola le li-mustache tsa chestnut. Tse morao ke masiba a thata a masiba a mofuta oa likhoele tse telele tse tsoang botlaaseng ba molomo ho ea mahlakoreng. Ho "litelu" tse tona li ikgantsha ho fihlela mafelong a lehlabula.
Ho sa tsotelehe nako, basali ba pheta mebala ea hoetla / mariha ea ba batona. Bustard e na le molomo o mosoeu o bobebe le mahlo a lefifi, hammoho le maoto a malelele, a matla a 'mala o sootho bo sootho. Leoto ka leng le na le menoana e meraro. Mohatla o molelele, o chitja qetellong. Mapheo a sephara ke 1.9-2.6 m. Bustard e tloha ka boikitlaetso, empa e fofa ka lebelo le lekaneng, e otlolla molala le ho nka maoto a sa feteleng ka nqane ho mohatla... Mapheo a mapheo ha a potlake, ho lumella motho ho bona masimo a maholo a masoeu le masiba a lefifi a ho fofa ho 'ona.
Botho le mokhoa oa bophelo
Bustard e tsoha motšehare. Hoseng le mantsiboea o fumana lijo, 'me motšehare o itlhophisetsa phomolo, a robala fatše tlas'a moriti oa joang bo bolelele. Haeba leholimo le koahetsoe ke maru 'me moea o pholile ka ho lekaneng, bustard ha e phomole har'a motšehare' me e iphepa ntle le tšitiso. Kantle ho nako ea ho ikatisa, li-dudak li ipokella ka bongata, hangata e le mehlape ea bong bo tšoanang, e fihlang ho batho ba lekholo.
Nako le nako, banna ba banyane, ba sa holang moeeng ba bonoa ka lihlopha tsa basali. Bustard, ho fapana le crane, ha e lumelle maoto / molomo oa eona ho kena molemong oa ho notlolla mobu le ho ferekanya mohloa oa mehloa. Nonyana ena e tsamaea butle ’me e thunya joang, e phunya feela tse bonahalang tse jeoang’ me hangata e emisa.
Hoa thahasellisa! E tšoara liphoofolo tse nyane ka kotlo e potlakileng ea molomo oa eona, e lahlela hlooho ea eona kapele. Papali e balehang e ts'oara ka ho tlola ka lebelo, ho e sisinya kapa ho e phethela fatše pele e metsa.
Bustard e tsamaea moeeng motšehare feela. Ka bophirima le boroa ho sebaka seo e lula, ka bochabela le leboea e etsa ho falla ha linako tsa selemo mme e nkuoa e le ho falla / ho falla hanyane. Ka nako e 'ngoe e hlola libaka tse khuts'oane ka maoto,' me e ea mariha ho se ho se hokae (eseng pejana ho Mphalane - Pulungoana), e bokella ka mehlape e mengata ea linonyana tse ka bang makholo a 'maloa. Dudaki molt habeli ka selemo: ka hoetla, ha masiba a fetoha ka botlalo, le nakong ea selemo (pele ho nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo) ha masiba a manyane feela a fetoha.
Ho na le li-bustard tse kae
Ho ea ka litsebi tsa li-ornithologists, bustard e lula maemong a tlhaho lilemo tse ka bang 20.
Habitat, habitats
Libaka tsa bolulo li hasane libakeng tse fapaneng tsa kontinenteng ea Eurasia, mme ke baahi ba fokolang feela ba lulang leboea-bochabela ho Moroko (Afrika). Ho na le tlhaiso-leseling, leha ho le joalo, hore baahi ba Afrika ba se ba felile. Eurasia, ena ke boroa ho Hloahloa ea Iberia, Austria, Slovakia le Bohemia e ka boroa. Great bustard e fumaneha pela Gomel, Chernigov, Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula, Penza le Samara libakeng tse ka boroa ho Bashkiria.
Mefuta ena e lula Siberia Bophirima, e fihla Barnaul le Minusinsk, ka boroa ho Lithaba tsa Sayan tsa Bochabela, libaka tse tlase tsa Angara e kaholimo, mabalane a Khanka le phula ea Zeya e tlase. Ka boroa, sebaka sena se namela Leoatleng la Mediterranean, libaka tsa Asia Minor, libaka tse ka boroa tsa Azerbaijan le leboea la Iran. Linonyana li ile tsa lula bochabela ho Leoatle la Caspian le ho ea fihla libakeng tse tlase tsa Urals, Irgiz, Turgai le libaka tse ka bochabela tsa Kazakhstan.
Bustard e lula Tien Shan, hammoho le boroa, boroa-bophirima ho Tajikistan, le bophirima, phuleng ea Karatau. Ka bochabela ho Tien Shan, sebaka sena se koahela meeli e ka leboea ea Gobi, leoto la Great Khingan ka boroa-bophirima, leboea-bochabela ho profinse ea Heilongjiang le boroa ho Primorye.
Bohlokoa! Lekhalo le lipakeng tsa libaka tsa subspecies tse ka bochabela le bophirima le feta Altai. Li-bustard tsa Turkey le Europe li tloaetse ho lula, bochabela (steppe) bo fofa bakeng sa mariha, ba khetha Crimea, boroa ho Asia Bohareng le sebaka sa Caspian, hammoho le leboea-bochabela ho China.
Li-ornithologists li bua ka maemo a phahameng a tikoloho a mofuta ona, ho ipapisitse le kabo ea ona e pharalletseng ea libaka. Ho thehiloe hore li-bustard li ithutile ho phela le ho ikatisa libakeng tse fetotsoeng ke batho hoo e ka bang tse sa tsejoeng.
Sebaka sa pele sa Dudak se nkuoa e le makhulo a masabasaba a leboea... Li-bustard tsa sejoale-joale li rata lijo-thollo tsa joang bo bolelele (haholo-holo masiba). Hangata li lula libakeng tse bataletseng, tse maralla hanyane (tse nang le limela tse phahameng, empa eseng tse teteaneng), li qoba likhohlo, likhohlo, maralla a phahameng le libaka tse mafika. Lihlaha tsa Bustards hangata e le thota, ka linako tse ling li lula lithabeng.
Lijo tse ntle tsa bustard
Nonyana ena e na le mefuta e mengata ea lijo, e kenyeletsang likarolo tsa liphoofolo le limela, tseo karo-karolelano ea tsona e susumetsoang ke lilemo le bong ba bustard, sebaka seo e lulang ho sona le phumaneho ea lijo tse itseng.
Batho ba baholo ka boithatelo ba ja makhasi, letlobo, inflorescence le lipeo tsa limela tse lenngoeng / tse hlaha joalo ka:
- dandelion, hlabahlabane ea tšimo, makhapetla a pōli, jala setlama, tansy e tloaelehileng, kulaba;
- meadow le lihahabi clover, sainfoin, lierekisi le lesere (jalang);
- ho jala le radish ea masimong, ho betoa, k'habeche ea serapeng, turnips, mosetareta o motšo;
- poli le pholoso;
- dimela tse fapaneng.
Nako le nako e fetohela metsong ea joang - li-umbelliferae, joang ba koro le eiee.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ka lebaka la khaello ea limela tse tloaelehileng, bustard e fetohela lijong tse thata, ka mohlala, letlobo. Empa fiber e mahoashe ea beet hangata e baka lefu la linonyana ka lebaka la ho halefa ha lijo.
Sebopeho sa phepo ea liphoofolo se shebahala tjena:
- batho ba baholo / liboko tsa tsie, lerutle, krikete le bere;
- bo-maleshoane / liboko tsa bo-maleshoane ba fatše, bo-maleshoane ba shoeleng, bo-maleshoane ba Colorado, bo-maleshoane ba lefifi, bo-maleshoane le makoko;
- popane ea lirurubele le likokoanyana (seoelo);
- likhofu, liboko tsa lefats'e le li-earwig;
- mekholutsoane, lihohoana, litsuonyana tsa skylark le linonyana tse ling tse lihelang fatše;
- litoeba tse nyane;
- bohloa / li-pupae tsa mofuta oa Formica (bakeng sa lijo tsa litsuonyana).
Li-bustard tse kholo li ke ke tsa phela ntle le metsi: hlabula li fofa ho ea sekoting sa ho nosetsa, mariha li khotsofalla lehloa.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Li-bustard tse fallang li khutlela linaheng tsa habo tsona ho lehloa le qhibilihang, li qala ho phalla hang feela ha steppe e oma. Ba tsamaea ka lihlopha (ha ho na lintoa) 'me ba le bang, ba khetha libaka tse bulehileng bakeng sa hona joale moo u ka hlahlobang sebaka seo.
E tona e le nngwe ho fihla ho 50 m bophara. Nako ea hona joale e behiloe ka nako e le 'ngoe le ho chaba ha letsatsi, empa ka linako tse ling e etsahala pele letsatsi le likela kapa thapama. Dudak e bapalang e phukalatsa mapheo, e lahlela molala oa eona morao, e kokotletsa 'metso oa eona, e hohohohile litelu tsa eona ebe e lahlela mohatla oa eona mokokotlong oa eona. Monna e motona ea hlasimolohileng ka lerato o shebahala joaloka leru le lesoeu le iponahatsang ka tsela e tloaelehileng "nonyana" kamora metsotsoana e 10-15.
Hoa thahasellisa! Tse tšehali tse fihlang kapa tse tlang hona joale ha li thehe lipara tse sa feleng. Li-bustard, polyandry le polygyny lia bonoa, ha "banyaluoa" le "banyaluoa" ba nyalana le balekane ba fapaneng.
Lihlaha mathoasong a Mots'eanong, ho hlophisa lihlaha mobung o se nang letho, ka linako tse ling ho li koahela ka joang. Ho kopanya mahe (2-4), hammoho le ho holisa malinyane, ho fuoe mme: bo-ntate ba kopana ka mehlape mme ba ea libakeng tsa postnuptial molting.
Litsuonyana li qhotsoa ka Mots'eanong - Phuptjane, kamora libeke tse tharo ho isa ho tse 'ne tsa poloko... Ho hula ka thata hang-hang ho tsoa ka sehlaheng, empa ha ba e tlohele: bona, mme oa bona oa ba fepa. Ba qala ho batla lijo ka bo bona ka matsatsi a mahlano, ntle le ho tlohela ho fepa bakhachane libeke tse ling tse 2-3. Bacha ba tletse ka mapheo ka khoeli e le 'ngoe, ba sa siee bo-mme ho fihlela ka hoetla, mme hangata ho fihlela selemo. Masiba a ho qetela a mariha / ho ikatisa a hlaha ho li-bustard eseng pejana ho lilemo tse 4-6 ka ho ts'oana le tsoalo, e etsahalang ho basali nakong ea lilemo tse 2-4, le ho banna ho lilemo tse 5-6.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Linonyana tse kholo li tsongoa ke libatana tse peli tsa lefats'e le masiba:
- lintsu;
- ntsu ea khauta;
- ntsu e mosweu;
- sebaka sa lepato;
- phokojoe, ho kenyelletsa steppe;
- Pela le phiri;
- steppe ferret;
- likatse / lintja tse lahlehileng.
Libakeng tse ntlafalitsoeng ka matla ke batho, kotsi e sokela malinyane le litlamo tsa dudak. Hangata lihlaha li senngoa ke makhulo le litšiea tsa tšimo, liphokojoe, bo-magdy, buzzards, makhoaba a bohlooho / a batsho le mekotla. Tse qetellang li ikamahantse le lisebelisoa tsa masimong, li tšosa litsuonyana tse tsoang lihlaheng tsa tsona, e leng seo rooks li se sebelisang. Ho feta moo, litsuonyana tsa mahe le mahe e ba liphofu tse bonolo tsa lintja tse lahlehileng.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Ho fihlela lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, bustard e ne e atile, e lula libakeng tse pharalletseng tsa li-steppe tsa Eurasia. Hona joale mofuta ona o tsejoa o le kotsing, 'me nonyana e kenyellelitsoe ho Red Data Books tsa linaha tse' maloa le International Union for Conservation of Nature, hape e sirelelitsoe ke likopano tsa machabeng.
Bohlokoa! Mabaka a ho felisoa ha mefuta ena ke haholo-holo anthropogenic - ho tsoma ho sa laoleheng, ho fetoha ha libaka tsa bolulo, mosebetsi oa mechini ea temo.
Ho latela litlaleho tse ling, bustard e felisitsoe ka botlalo Fora, Scandinavia, Poland, England, Balkan le Morocco. Ho lumeloa hore ka leboea ho Jeremane ho na le linonyana tse ka bang 200, Hungary le libaka tse haufi tsa Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic le Romania - tse ka bang 1300-1400 Dudaks, le Hloahloeng ea Iberia - batho ba ka tlase ho likete tse 15.
Russia, bustard e ne e bitsoa papali ea "khosana", ee tšoasa ka bongata ka thuso ea linonyana le litsomi. Hona joale sebakeng sa post-Soviet ho ngolisitsoe batho ba ka bang likete tse 11, bao e leng linonyana tsa 300-600 feela (tse lulang Buryatia) tse fumanehang ho li-subspecies tse ka bochabela. Ho pholosa mefuta ena, libaka tsa polokelo ea liphoofolo tse hlaha le libaka tsa polokelo li thehiloe Eurasia, 'me tlhahiso ea linonyana ea bustard e se e qalile le ho khutlisetsoa libakeng tseo e neng e fallisitsoe ho tsona pele. Russia, polokelo e ts'oanang e buletsoe sebakeng sa Saratov.
