Li-flounders, kapa li-flounders tse lehlakoreng le letona (Pleuronectidae) ke baemeli ba lelapa ba tsoang sehlopheng sa litlhapi tse entsoeng ka mahlaseli a marang-rang tsa taelo ea li-flounders. Sebopeho sa lelapa lena se kenyelletsa mefuta e ts'eletseng ea litlhapi tse nang le ponahalo e ikhethang.
Tlhaloso e hlakileng
Karolo ea baemeli ba lelapa Flounder ke sebaka sa mahlo ka lehlakoreng le letona la hlooho, ka lebaka la hore litlhapi tse joalo li bitsoa li-flounders tse lehlakoreng le letona. Leha ho le joalo, ka linako tse ling ho na le mefuta eo ho thoeng e ka khutlisoa kapa ea leqele.... Maphegwana a pelvic a a lekana mme a na le motheo o tshesane.
Litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa mefuta eohle ea lelapa:
- 'mele o bataletseng;
- mapheoana a mokokotlo le mokhoeng o molelele o nang le mahlaseli a mangata;
- hlooho e sa lekanyetsoang;
- mahlo a phatlohileng le a arohaneng haholo a sebetsang a ikemetseng ka bonngwe;
- boteng ba mola lateral pakeng tsa mahlo;
- molomo o thellang le meno a bohale;
- khutsufatsa caudal peduncle;
- lehlakore le foufetseng, le bobebe le koahetsoeng ke letlalo le thata le thata.
Mahe a phophomang a khetholloa ka ho ba sieo ha lerotholi la mafura, a phaphametseng, mme ts'ebetso eohle ea ntlafatso e etsahala karolong ea metsi kapa likarolo tsa eona tse kaholimo. Mefuta eohle e mehlano ea maqhubu e hlahisa mahe a mofuta o tlase.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ka lebaka la ho etsisa, baemeli ba lelapa la Kambalov ba khona ho ikhakanya ka bokhabane khahlano le mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa semelo se rarahaneng, eseng tlase ho tsebo ena esita le ho lempetje.
Ponahalo
Ho sa tsotelehe taxon, bohle ba fofang ba khetha mokhoa oa bophelo oa benthic, ba phela botebong, 'me ba khetholloa ka' mele o motopo o motopo o motopo kapa o kang daemane.
Nōka e phallang (Platichthys flesuse kenyelletsa Stellate flounder, Black Sea kalkan le Arctic flounder:
- Naleli ea linaleli (Platichthys stellatus) - mofuta o nang le tlhophiso ea mahlo a letsohong le letšehali le ka khutlisoang, 'mala o motala o motala kapa o sootho, metopa e meholo e meholo mapheong le lipoleiti tsa stellate lehlakoreng la leihlo. Bolelele ba 'mele ke 50-60 cm e nang le boima ba' mele ea 3-4 kg;
- Leoatle le Letšo Kalkan (Scophthalmidae) Ke mofuta o khetholloang ka boemo ba mahlo a leqele, sebopeho sa 'mele o chitja, le methapo e mengata e meholo e hasaneng holim'a lehlakore la mohloaare o sootho. Bolelele ba tlhapi e seng e le kholo bo feta mitha ka boima ba boima ba lik'hilograma tse 20;
- Sebaka sa polar (Liopsetta glacialisKe mofuta o hananang le serame o nang le mmele o molelele o motopo oa 'mala o tiileng o sootho o mapheoana a mapheoana.
Leqhubu la leoatle le ikutloa le phutholohile metsing a letsoai. Mefuta e joalo e khetholloa ka phapang e pharalletseng haholo ka boholo, sebopeho sa 'mele,' mala oa pheletsong, sebaka sa sefofu le lehlakoreng le bonang:
- Leqhubu la leoatle (Pleuronectes lipoleitiKe taxon ea mantlha e nang le botala bo botala bo bosootho le matheba a mafubelu kapa a lamunu. Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba hola ho fihlela ho 6-7 kg ka boholo bo boholo kahare ho mithara. Mofuta ona ke mong'a papiso e tsoetseng pele;
- Linaha tse tšoeu tse ka boroa le flounder e ka leboea ke tsa tlhapi e botlaaseng ba leoatle, hangata e hola ho fihlela ho cm 50. Tšobotsi ea ponahalo ke boteng ba mola o hlapolotsoeng oa arcuate, 'mala oa lebese oa lehlakore le foufetseng, karolo ea leihlo e sootho kapa e sootho ka koro;
- Yellowfin e phophoma (Limanda aspera) ke mofuta o ratang serame, o khetholloang ka boteng ba sekala se nang le mokokotlo le 'mele o mosootho o mosootho, o entsoeng ka mapheoana a khauta e mosehla. Boholo bo boholo ba tlhapi e kholo e ka ba 45-50 cm ka boima ba 0.9-1.0 kg;
- Halibuts li emeloa ke mefuta e mehlano, e kholo ka ho fetisisa e hola ho fihla ho limithara tsa 4.5 ka boima ba 'mele ea 330-350 kg, mme moemeli e monyane ka ho fetesisa ke halibut e nang le meno a motsu, eo hangata e fumanang lik'hilograma tse fetang 8 ka bolelele ba mmele ba 70-80 cm.
Flounder ea Bochabela bo Hare ke lebitso le kopaneng le kopanyang li-taxa tse 12, tse bitsoang tlhapi e bataletseng. Mefuta ena e kenyelletsa mefuta ea yellowfin, stellate le white-belied, hammoho le mela e 'meli, proboscis, nko e telele, halibut, yellow-bellied, warty le tse ling tse fofang.
Botho le mokhoa oa bophelo
Flounder e lula e le mong ebile e benthic. Litho tsa lelapa li ipata ka boqhetseke joaloka sebopeho sa tikoloho (ho etsisa). Litlhapi tse joalo li qeta karolo e kholo ea nako ea tsona li paqame holim'a bethe ea metsi kapa li ipata ho fihlela mahlong a tsona litsing tse fapaneng tse tlase. Ka lebaka la ho ipata hona hoa tlhaho, 'mankhonthe ha a khone ho ts'oasa phofu ea mofuta o itseng feela, empa hape o khona ho ipatela libatana tse kholo tsa metsing.
Le ha ho na le ho lieha le ho bonahala e le bohlasoa, ho thellisoa ho sebelisoa feela ho tsamaea butle mobu, o bakoang ke ho sisinyeha ho sa sisinyeheng. Leha ho le joalo, flounder e ba sesesi se hloahloa ha ho hlokahala. Litlhapi tse joalo li qala hanghang, 'me libakeng tse batlang li le khuts'oane li khona ho nts'etsapele lebelo le phahameng haholo.
Maemong a qobelloang, "flounder" ka ho otloloha "e thunya" ka 'mele oohle oa eona o bataletseng limithara tse' maloa ka nako e le 'ngoe ka lehlakoreng le hlokahalang, e ntša jete ea metsi e matla haholo ka tlase ka thuso ea sekoaelo sa gill se lehlakoreng le sa boneng la hlooho. Ha ho ntse ho emisoa ka botebo ba lehlabathe le lehloa, tlhapi e mahlahahlaha e na le nako e lekaneng ea ho ts'oasa phofu ea eona kapa ho ipata kapele ho sebatana.
Flounder e phela halelele hakae
Ka karolelano ea bophelo ba motho ea fokolang tlas'a maemo a matle ka ho fetisisa kantle ke lilemo tse mashome a mararo. Empa bophelong ba nnete, litho tse sa tloaelehang tsa lelapa li ka phela ho fihlela lilemong tse hlomphehang joalo mme hangata li shoa ka bongata ka matlooeng a ho tšoasa litlhapi.
Dimorphism ea thobalano
Tse tona tsa flounder li fapana le tse tšehali ka boholo ba tsona tse nyane, sebaka se seholo lipakeng tsa mahlo, le mahlaseling a malelele a mapheoana a letlalo.
Mefuta e fokolang
Mefuta e mashome a tšeletseng a tsejoang hajoale e kopantsoe hore e be karolo ea mantlha ea mashome a mabeli a metso e meraro:
- Lejoe la prickly (Acanthopsetta), ho kenyeletsoa Prickly flounder (Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi) kapa Coarse flounder;
- Arrowtooth halibuts (Atheresthes), ho kenyelletsa Asia arrowtooth halibut (Atheresthes evermanni) le American arrowtooth halibut (Atheresthes stomias);
- Li-flounders tse nang le lihlooho tse bohale (Cleisthenes), ho kenyeletsoa le Herzenstein's flounder (Cleisthenes herzensteini) le tse hlabang (Cleisthenes pinetorum);
- Warty flounder (Clidoderma), ho kenyeletsoa Warty flounder (Clidoderma asperrimum);
- Eopsetta, ho kenyeletswa le Eopsetta grigorjewi kapa Founder flounder, le Eopsetta jordani kapa eopsetta ya California;
- Long flounder (Glyptocephalus), ho kenyeletsoa Red flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), Far Eastern long flounder (Glyptocephalus stelleri), kapa e nyane ea Steller;
- Halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides), ho kenyelletsa Japanese halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides dubius) kapa Japanese ruff flounder, Northern halibut flounder (Hippoglossoides elassodon) le European flounder (Hippoglossoides e boetse e na le li-platesoides)
- Halibuts (Hippoglossus), kapa li-halibuts tse tšoeu, ho kenyeletsoa Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) le Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis);
- Bicolor flounder (Kareius) le Biline flounder (Lepidopsetta), e kenyeletsang White-bellied flounder (Lepidopsetta mochigarei) le Northern flounder (Lepidopsetta polyxystra);
- Limanda, ho kenyeletsoa le Yellowfin flounder (Limanda aspera), Yellowtail limanda (Limanda ferruginea) le Ershovatka (Limanda limanda), limanda tse telele tse telele (Limanda punctatissima) le Sakhalin flounder (Limanda sakhalinensis);
- Li-flounders tsa Arctic (Liopsetta), ho kenyeletsoa le Blackhead flounder (Liopsetta putnami);
- Phallo ea Oregon (Lyopsetta);
- Maqhubu a molomo o monyane (Microstomus), ho kenyeletsoa Microstomus achne, Small-headed flounder (Microstomus kitt), Pacific flounder le Microstomus shuntovi;
- Nōka ea Noka (Platichthys), ho kenyeletsoa le Stellate flounder (Platichthys stellatus);
- Flounder (Pleuronectes), ho kenyelletsa le Yellow flounder (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus);
- Li-flounders tse nang le lihlooho tse thata (Pleuronichthys), ho kenyeletsoa le Pleuronichthys coenosus, Horned flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus);
- Li-flounders tse senyehileng (Psettichthys);
- Nako ea mariha (Pseudopleuronectes), ho kenyeletsoa le 'mala o mosehla (Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini), Schrenk flounder (Pseudopleuronectes schrenki), le Japane flounder (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae).
Hape ho khetholloa ke mofuta oa Dexistes le mofuta oa Embassichthys, o emeloang ke Embassichthys bathybius, mofuta oa Hypsopsetta le Isopsetta, Verasper le Tanakius, Psammodiscus, Psamriella ) le li-halibuts tse ntšo (Reinhardtius).
Hoa thahasellisa! Halibut ke moemeli oa leqhubu le leholo ka ho fetesisa mme o lula botebong ba maoatle a Pacific le Atlantic, 'me nako ea bophelo ba tlhapi e jang joalo e ka ba halofo ea lekholo la lilemo.
Habitat, habitats
Platichthys stellatus ke moahi ea tloaelehileng oa metsi a ka leboea ho Leoatle la Pacific, ho kenyeletsoa le maoatle a Japane le Bering, Okhotsk le Chukchi. Mefuta ea metsi a hloekileng e lula matamong, libakeng tse tlase tsa noka le likoung. Baemeli ba mofuta oa Scophthalmidae ba fumanoa North Atlantic, hammoho le metsing a Leoatle le Letšo, Baltic le Mediterranean. Ntle le tikoloho ea leoatleng, ho thellisoa ha mofuta ona ho utloahala haholo libakeng tse tlase tsa Bug ea Boroa, Dnieper le Dniester.
Keketseho ea letsoai la metsi a Leoatle la Azov le ho tebisoa ha linoka tse phallelang ho eona ho lumelletse Leoatle le Letšo flounder-kalkan ho hasana molomong oa Noka ea Don. Baemeli ba mofuta o sa keneleng serame haholo oa Arctic ba lula metsing a Leoatle la Kara, Barents, White, Bering le Okhotsk, hape ba fumaneha hohle Yenisei, Ob, Kara le Tugur, moo litlhapi tse joalo li ratang mobu o bonolo o lehlabathe.
Tekesi ea mantlha ea metsing e lula metsing a fokolang le a letsoai haholo, e fana ka khetho ho botebo bo ka hare ho limithara tse 30-200. Sebaka se boroa se nang le mabala a masoeu se lula lebopong la Primorye 'me se fumaneha Leoatleng la Japane,' me batho ba baholo ba li-subspecies tse ka leboea ba khetha metsi a Okhotsk, Kamchatka le Bering Seas.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ka lebaka la mefuta-futa ea mefuta-futa ea eona le phetoho e makatsang ea likokoana-hloko, litlhapi tsohle tse bataletseng li atlehile ho tloaela libaka tse lebopong la leoatle la Eurasia le metsing a maoatle a ka hare ho naha.
Yellowfin flounder hajoale e atile maoatleng a Japane, Okhotsk le Bering. Litlhapi tse joalo li ngata haholo ka har'a Sakhalin le lebopong le ka bophirima la Kamchatka, moo li ratang ho lula botebong ba limithara tse 15-80 ebe li khomarela mobu o lehlabathe. Li-halibuts li lula Atlantic, li lula metsing a feteletseng a Leoatle la Arctic le Pacific, ho kenyeletsoa le Barents, Bering, Okhotsk le maoatle a Japane.
Lijo tse fokolang
Ho ipapisitse le litšobotsi tsa mofuta oa taxon, tlhoro ea ts'ebetso ea ho iphelisa e ka hlaha ka shoalane, lihora tsa bosiu kapa lihora tsa motšehare.... Lijo tsa lesela li emeloa ke lijo tsa liphoofolo. Li-flounders tse nyane li ja li-benthos, liboko, li-amphipods, hammoho le liboko, li-crustaceans le mahe. Li-flounders tsa khale li khetha ho fepa ophiura le liboko, li-echinoderm tse ling tse ngata, hammoho le litlhapi tse nyane, tse ling tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo le li-crustaceans. Baemeli ba lelapa ba khetha haholo-holo li-shrimp eseng capelin e kholo haholo.
Ka lebaka la boemo ba hlooho ea hlooho, 'mankhonthe o bobebe haholo o tsoa mobung oa li-mollusk tse mahareng tse lulang botebong ba leoatle kapa botlaaseng ba noka. Matla a mehlahare ea motho ea qhibilihisang a maholo hoo tlhapi e joalo e otlollang habonolo le ka potlako likhetla tse teteaneng tsa marokho, hammoho le likhetla tsa makhala. Boleng bo phahameng ba baemeli ba lelapa bo thehiloe haholo ke tekano ea phepo e nepahetseng le lijo tse nang le protheine e phahameng.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Nako ea ho qhekella bakeng sa tekesi ka 'ngoe e ikemetse ka kotloloho,' me ka kotloloho ho latela sebaka sa bolulo, nako ea ho qala ha nako ea selemo, sekhahla sa ho futhumala ha metsi ho fihlela lits'oants'o tse ntle ka ho fetesisa. Nako e tloaelehileng ea ho ikatisa bakeng sa mefuta e mengata e tsoa lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa Hlakola ho isa Mots'eanong. Ho na le mekhelo, e kenyeletsang, mohlala, turbot kapa Big Diamond.
Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba ea hlaha ka metsing a Leoatle la Baltic le la Leboea ho tloha ka Mmesa ho fihlela Phato, ha polar flounder e khetha ho qhotsa metsing a koahetsoeng ke leqhoa a Leoatle la Kara le la Barents ho tloha ka Tshitwe ho isa Pherekhong.
Baemeli ba lelapa, joalo ka molao, ba fihla bohlankaneng ka selemo sa boraro kapa sa bosupa sa bophelo. Bakeng sa basali ba mefuta e mengata, sekhahla se phahameng sa tsoalo se tsebahala, ka hona, clutch e le 'ngoe e kanna ea ba le mahe a pelagic a ka bang 0.5-2 milione. Hangata, nako ea ho kopanya ha e nke nako e fetang libeke tse peli. Joaloka libaka tsa ho qhotsoa ha metsi, ho khethoa libaka tse tebileng tse mabopong a leoatle tse nang le lehlabathe.
Hoa thahasellisa! Fry flounder fry e na le sebopeho sa 'mele se emeng ka mahlakore a mabeli,' me li-benthos tse nyane le palo e kholo ea zooplankton li sebelisoa e le setsi sa lijo tsa Fry.
Mefuta e meng e khona ho tsoala ka katleho esita le botebong ba limithara tse mashome a mahlano, e leng ka lebaka la matla a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a clutch le ho ba sieo ha tlhoko ea ho hokela mahe karolong efe kapa efe e tiileng.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Flounder e ka fetola mmala oa sefofane se kaholimo sa mmele oa eona kapele le ha bobebe, e thusang hlapi e joalo ho ikhakanya ka tlasa mofuta ofe kapa ofe o ka tlase le ho itšireletsa ho kenngoeng ke libatana tse ngata tsa metsing. Leha ho le joalo, e kotsi ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa baemeli ba lelapa lena maemong a tlhaho ho nkoa eel le halibut, hammoho le batho. Ka lebaka la nama e tšoeu e hlabosang le e hlabosang haholo, e phetseng hantle e tšoasoa ke batšoasi ba litlhapi hoo e ka bang likhutlong tsohle tsa lefats'e.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Litaba tsa ho ts'oasa litlhapi tse fumanehang habonolo le mefuta e fokolang haholo maemong a ho ts'oasa litlhapi ke lintlha tse ikhethang tsa bothata bo akaretsang bo bileng teng maemong a ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa mefuta-futa, 'me hajoale ha bo na tharollo e sebetsang. Ha ba khetholla lintlha tsa mantlha tsa tlhaho tse bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa ho thehoeng hoa palo e felletseng, hangata bafuputsi ba supa ho fokotseha ho ka bang teng le keketseho ea baahi.
Ho tla boela ho be monate:
- Litlhapi tsa litlhapi
- Litlhapi tsa Mackerel
- Litlhapi tsa Sterlet
- Litlhapi tsa Pollock
Har'a tse ling, baahi ba bang ba fokolang ba lula ba angoa hampe ke mesebetsi ea batho kapa ba lula ba le tlas'a khatello e phahameng ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi. Mohlala, mofuta oa Arnoglos Mediterranean, kapa Kessler flounder, hajoale o kotsing ea ho timela ka ho felletseng, mme palo yohle ea batho ba litlhapi tse jang joalo e nyane haholo.
Boleng ba khoebo
Flounder ke tlhapi ea bohlokoa ea khoebo, e ts'oasoang haholo-holo metsing a Leoatle le Letšo le la Baltic. Flounder-kalkan le turbot li tšoasoa Leoatleng la Mediterranean ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho tšoasa litlhapi. Litlhapi tse ncha li na le 'mala o motala hanyane le nama e tšoeu. Hoo e ka bang lijana tsohle tse halikiloeng hantle li anngoe ke 'mele oa motho, li thusa ho potlakisa lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea metaboli mme hangata li sebelisoa phepong ea phepo.
