E 'ngoe ea tse jang limela tse kholo tse' maloa e ikamahanya le maemo libakeng tsa arctic. Ntle le khomo ea musk (musk ox), ke likhama tse tona feela tse lulang moo kamehla.
Tlhaloso ea musk ox
Ovibos moschatus, kapa musk ox, ke setho sa taelo ea artiodactyl mme ke eena feela, ntle le mefuta e 2 ea mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale, moemeli oa mofuta oa Ovibos (musk ox) oa lelapa la bovid. Mofuta oa Ovibos ke oa lelapa le lenyenyane la Caprinae (lipoli), le kenyeletsang linku le lipoli tsa thabeng..
Hoa thahasellisa!Takin e tsejoa e le mong ka uena ea haufi ka ho fetisisa oa musk ox.
Leha ho le joalo, khomo ea musk e tšoana le poho ho feta poli ka 'mele oa eona: qeto ena e entsoe kamora ho ithuta ka' mele le litho tsa ka hare tsa khomo ea musk. Ho ba haufi le linku ho ka saloa morao ho sebetso sa mmele le serolo, le lipoho - ka sebopeho sa meno le lehata.
Ponahalo
Ka lebaka la ho iphetola ha lintho, musk ox e ile ea fumana bokantle bo ikhethang bo entsoeng ke maemo a mabe a bophelo. Kahoo, ha e na likarolo tsa 'mele tse hlahelletseng ho fokotsa ho lahleheloa ke mocheso serameng, empa e na le boea bo bolelele haholo bo bolelele, boo thepa ea eona ea mocheso e fanoang ke giviot (undercoat e teteaneng e futhumatsang makhetlo a 8 ho feta boea ba linku). Khomo ea musk ke phoofolo e tenya e nang le hlooho e kholo le molala o mokhutšoane, e koahetsoeng ke boea bo bongata, e etsang hore e bonahale e le kholo ho feta kamoo e leng ka teng.
Hoa thahasellisa! Khōlo ea khomo ea motho e moholo e omeletseng e pona ke ka karolelano ea 1.3-1.4 m e nang le boima ba lik'hilograma tse 260 ho isa ho 650. Khomo ea musk e hlahisitse mesifa, moo palo e felletseng ea mesifa e fihlelang ho 20% ea boima ba eona ba 'mele.
Bokapele ba molomo ke ntho e sa hlobolang, joalo ka ea lipoho, empa e koahetsoe ke moriri o mokhuts'oane. Litsebe tse likhutlo li tharo ha li khethollehe khafetsa le moriri o kobehileng. Maoto a matla a koahetsoe ke boea ho fihlela litlhako, 'me likhama tse ka morao li nyane ho feta tse ka pele. Mohatla o kgutsufaditsweng o lahlehile ka hara baki mme hangata ha o bonahale.
Tlhaho e file khomo ea musk manaka a bōpehileng joaloka sekele, a pharalletse ebile a sosobane botlaaseng (phatleng), moo a arotsoeng ke sekoti se moqotetsane. Ho feta moo, butle-butle lenaka le leng le le leng lea fokotseha, le theohe, le kobehe haufi le sebaka se haufi le mahlo mme le se le le marameng le potlakelang kantle le likoti tse kobehileng. Manaka a boreledi le a sedikwadikwe karolong ya sefapano (ho sa kenyeletswe karolo ya tsona e ka pele) a ka ba boputswa, beige kapa bosootho, a fifala ka botsho ka malebela a bona.
'Mala oa khomo ea musk o laoloa ke bosootho bo lefifi (kaholimo) le bosootho bo botsho (tlase) ka sebaka se bobebe bohareng ba phula. Seaparo se bobebe se bonoa maotong 'me ka linako tse ling phatleng. Bolelele ba seaparo bo fapana ho tloha ho 15 cm ka morao ho ea ho 0.6-0.9 m ka mpeng le mahlakoreng. Ha u sheba khomo ea musk, ho bonahala eka poncho e majabajaba ea boea e lahletsoe ka holim'a eona, e leketlile fatše.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ha ho etsoa seaparo, ho na le mefuta ea moriri oa 8 (!), Ka lebaka leo boea ba likhomo ba musk bo nang le litšobotsi tse ke keng tsa lekanngoa tsa ho futhumatsa mocheso ho feta phoofolo efe kapa efe lefatšeng.
Mariha, boea bo tenya haholo ebile bo bolelele; ho qhibiliha ho etsahala nakong e futhumetseng mme e nka ho tloha ka Mots'eanong ho isa Phupu (ho kenyeletsoa).
Mokgwa wa bophelo, boitshwaro
Khomo ea musk e tloaetse serame 'me e ikutloa e le monate hara mahwatata a polar le li-tundras tsa arctic. E khetha libaka tsa bolulo tse ipapisitseng le nako le phumaneho ea lijo tse itseng: mariha hangata e ea lithabeng, moo moea o fehlang lehloa le tsoang matsoapong, 'me hlabula e theohela likhohlong tse ngata tsa noka le mabalane a tundra.
Mokhoa oa eona oa bophelo o ts'oana le linku, o kakatletse mehlapeng e menyenyane ea batho ba bong bo fapaneng, lehlabuleng la 4-10, mariha bakeng sa lihlooho tse 12-50. Tse tona nakong ea hoetla / lehlabula li theha lihlopha tsa bong bo le bong kapa li lula li le bang (mehlape e joalo e etsa karolo ea 9 lekholong ea baahi ba lehae).
Sebaka sa lekhulo la mariha sa mohlape ha se fete 50 km² ka karolelano, empa hammoho le libaka tsa lehlabula li fihla 200 km²... Ha ho batloa lijo, mohlape o etelloa pele ke moetapele kapa khomo e kholo, empa maemong a thata, ke poho ea mohlape feela e nkang boikarabello ho mak'homreiti. Likhomo tsa Musk li tsamaea butle, li potlakisa ho fihla ho 40 km / h ha ho hlokahala 'me li koahela libaka tse telele. Likhomo tsa musk li bohlale haholo ho hloeng mafika. Ho fapana le likhama tse tšehali, ha li tsamaee nako e telele ka linako tse itseng tsa selemo, empa li tloha ka Loetse ho isa Mots'eanong, li lula sebakeng sa lehae. Nakong e futhumetseng, ho fepa le ho phomola li kenella makhetlo a 6-9 ka letsatsi.
Bohlokoa! Mariha, liphoofolo li phomola haholo kapa lia robala, li sila limela tse fumanoeng ho tloha boholeng, ho fihla ho halofo ea mithara, lehloa. Ha sefefo sa Arctic se qala, likhomo tsa musk li ne li rapaletse li furaletse moea. Ha li tšabe serame, empa lehloa le phahameng le kotsi, haholoholo le tlamiloeng ke leqhoa.
Khomo ea musk e na le mahlo a batlang a le maholo a thusang ho lemoha lintho bosiung ba polar, 'me likutlo tse ling kaofela li ntlafalitsoe hantle. Ke 'nete hore musk ox ha e na monko o monate joalo ka oa moahisani oa eona tundra (likhama), empa ka lebaka la eona liphoofolo li utloa ho atamela ha liphoofolo tse li jang' me li fumana limela tlasa lehloa. Ho saena ka lentsoe ho bonolo: batho ba baholo ba a honotha / ho koenya ha ba tšohile, tse tona li puruma ha li loana, manamane a lla, a letsetsa bo-mme.
Khomo ea musk e phela halelele hakae
Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba phela ka karolelano ea lilemo tse 11-14, tlasa maemo a matle, ba batla ba menahanya nako ena habeli mme ba phela ho fihlela lilemo tse 23-24.
Dimorphism ea thobalano
Liphapang, ho kenyelletsa le tsa anatomical, lipakeng tsa banna le basali ba musk ox li bohlokoa haholo. Ha e le naheng, tse tona li fumana lik'hilograma tse 350-400 ka bolelele ho pona ho fihla ho 1.5 m le bolelele ba 'mele ea 2.1-2.6 m, ha tse tšehali li le tlase ho pona (ho fihlela 1.2 m) le bolelele bo khuts'oane (1 , 9-2.4 m) ka boima bo lekanang le 60% ea boima ba 'mele ba monna. Ha ba le botlamuoeng, bongata ba liphoofolo bo eketseha haholo: ho e tona ho fihlela ho 650-700 kg, ho basali ho fihlela ho 300 kg le ho feta.
Hoa thahasellisa! Baemeli ba bong ka bobeli ba khabisitsoe ka linaka, leha ho le joalo, linaka tsa banna li lula li le kholo hape li le telele, ho fihla ho 73 cm, ha manaka a basali a le khutšoane habeli (ho fihlela ho 40 cm).
Ho feta moo, manaka a tse tšehali ha a na ho sosobana ho itseng haufi le setsi, empa a na le sebaka sa letlalo lipakeng tsa manaka moo ho hola bosoeu bo bosoeu. Hape, tse tšehali li na le lisele tse nyane tse nang le li-nipples (tse bolelele ba 3.5-4.5 cm), tse koahetsoeng ke moriri o bobebe.
Phapang lipakeng tsa bong le eona ea bonahala ka nako ea kholo ea ho tsoala. Khomo ea basali ea musk e fumana kemiso ka lilemo tse 2, empa ka phepo e matlafatsang e se e loketse manyolo le pejana ho likhoeli tse 15-17. Banna ba hola ka thobalano pele ho lilemo tse 2-3.
Habitat, habitats
Mefuta ea mantlha ea khomo ea musk e ne e koahetse libaka tse se nang moeli tsa Arctic tsa Eurasia, ho tloha moo, haufi le Bering Isthmus (e kileng ea hokahanya Chukotka le Alaska), liphoofolo li ile tsa fallela Amerika Leboea mme hamorao ho Greenland. Masalla a likhomo tsa musk a fumanoa ho tloha Siberia ho ea karolong e ka boroa ea Kiev (boroa), hape le Fora, Jeremane le Great Britain.
Bohlokoa! Sesosa sa mantlha sa ho fokotseha ha palo le palo ea likhomo tsa musk e ne e le ho futhumala ha lefatše, ho bakileng ho qhibiliha ha Polar Basin, keketseho ea bophahamo / botenya ba sekoahelo sa lehloa le ho sesa ha lehlaka la tundra.
Matsatsing ana, likhomo tsa musk li lula Amerika Leboea (leboea ho 60 ° N), naheng ea Greenel Land le Parry Land, ka bophirima / bochabela ho Greenland le lebopong le ka leboea la Greenland (83 ° N). Ho fihlela ka 1865, liphoofolo li ne li lula Alaska leboea, moo li neng li felisitsoe ka botlalo. Ka 1930, ba ile ba tlisoa Alaska, ka 1936 - hoo e ka bang. Nunivak, ka 1969 - ho ea pele. Nelson Leoatleng la Bering le se seng sa libaka tsa polokelo ho la Alaska.
Khomo ea musk e mela hantle libakeng tsena, tse ke keng tsa boleloa ka Iceland, Norway le Sweden, moo tlhahiso ea mofuta ona e ileng ea hloleha.... Reaclimatization ea lipoho tsa musk le tsona li qalile Russia: lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, liphoofolo tse ka bang likete tse 8 li ne li lula setulong sa Taimyr, lihlooho tse 850 li ne li baloa hoo e ka bang. Wrangel, ba fetang sekete - ho Yakutia, ba fetang 30 - sebakeng sa Magadan le ba ka bang leshome le metso e robeli - Yamal.
Lijo tsa likhomo tsa musk
Sena ke setlamatlama se tloaelehileng se atlehileng ho ikamahanya le likhoka tse fokolang tsa Arctic e batang. Lehlabula la Arctic le nka libeke tse 'maloa feela, ke ka lebaka leo likhomo tsa musk li tlamehang ho khotsofalla limela tse ommeng tlasa lehloa boholo ba selemo.
Lijo tsa khomo ea musk li entsoe ka limela tse kang:
- shrubby birch / moluoane;
- boriba (ho kenyeletsoa boriba) le boriba;
- sedge, ho kenyeletsoa le joang ba k'hothone;
- astragalus le mytnik;
- arctagrostis le arctophila;
- joang ba khoale (dryad);
- bluegrass (joang ba lehlaka, joang le mehloa le foxtail).
Lehlabuleng, ho fihlela ha lehloa le oela 'me leqhubu le sebetsang le qala, likhomo tsa' musk li tla litsing tsa letsoai tsa tlhaho ho koahela khaello ea lisebelisoa tse kholo le tse nyane.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Tloaelo e lula ho tloha bofelong ba Phupu ho isa bohareng ba Mphalane, empa ka linako tse ling e fetoha ka lebaka la boemo ba leholimo ho isa Loetse-Tšitoe... Basali bohle ba mohlape, ba ikemiselitseng ho nyalana, ba koaheloa ke e tona e ka sehloohong.
Mme ke mehlapeng e mengata feela, karolo ea bahlahlami ba mofuta ona e nkuoa hape ke e le 'ngoe / tse' maloa tsa lipoho tse nyane. Ntoeng ea basali, bahloekisi hangata ba ipehela feela ho bonts'a litšokelo, ho kenyeletsoa ho koba hlooho, ho besesa, ho puruma le tlhako e otlang fatshe.
Haeba mohanyetsi a sa tele, ho qala ntoa ea 'nete - lipoho, tse hasang 30-50 m, li mathela ho tse ling, li kokota lihlooho hammoho (ka linako tse ling ho fihlela makhetlo a 40). Ea hlotsoeng o tlohela mosebetsi, empa maemong a mang o bile o shoa lebaleng la ntoa. Bokhachane bo nka likhoeli tse 8-8.5, bo fihla sehlohlolong ka ho hlaha ha lesea le le leng (hangata mafahla) le le boima ba lik'hilograma tse 7-8. Namane e ka latela 'm'a eona lihora tse' maloa ka mor'a hore e hlahe. Matsatsing a mabeli a pele, e tšehali e fepa lesea la eona makhetlo a 8-18, e fa ts'ebetso ena kakaretso ea metsotso e 35-50. Namane ea libeke tse peli e sebelisoa matswele ka makhetlo a 4-8 ka letsatsi, namane ea khoeli le khoeli makhetlo a 1-6.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ka lebaka la mafura a mangata a (11%) a lebese, manamane a hola ka potlako, a fumana lik'hilograma tse 40 ho isa ho 45 ka likhoeli tse peli. Ha ba le likhoeli tse 'nè, ba boima ba lik'hilograma tse 70-75, ka likhoeli tse tšeletseng ho isa ho selemo ba boima ba lik'hilograma tse 80-95, mme ka lilemo tse 2 bonyane 140-180 kg.
Ho fepa lebese ho nka likhoeli tse 4, empa ka linako tse ling ho nka selemo se le seng kapa ho feta, mohlala, ho basali ba tsoetseng morao haholo. Ha namane e se e le bekeng e le 'ngoe e leka boriba le likobo tsa joang,' me kamora khoeli e fetohela mobung, e eketsoa ke lebese la mme.
Khomo e hlokomela namane ho fihlela likhoeli tse 12. Manamane a mohlape a kopane bakeng sa papali, e itlhophisang e tšehali 'me e isa ho thehoeng ha sehlopha sa likhomo tse nang le liphoofolo tse nyane. Libakeng tse ruileng tsa phepo, bana ba hlaha selemo le selemo, libakeng tse fepeloang tlase - halofo hangata, kamora selemo. Leha ho na le palo e lekanang ea banna / basali har'a masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa, ho lula ho na le lipoho tse ngata ho feta likhomo bathong ba baholo.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Likhomo tsa musk li matla ka ho lekana ebile li matla ka ho lekana ho loants'a lira tsa tsona tsa tlhaho, tse kenyeletsang:
- liphiri;
- libere (tse sootho le tse tšoeu);
- liphiri
- motho.
Ha li lemoha kotsi, likhomo tse liehang butle li kena ka lebelo ebe lia baleha, empa haeba sena se sa atlehe, batho ba baholo ba etsa selikalikoe, ba pata manamane ka morao. Ha sebata se atamela, e 'ngoe ea lipoho eo ea mo hana ebe e khutlela mohlapeng hape. Ts'ireletso e pota-potileng e sebetsa hantle khahlanong le liphoofolo, empa ha e na thuso ebile e kotsi ha mohlape o kopana le litsomi, tse phutholohileng le ho feta ho otla sepheo se seholo se emeng.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Khomo ea musk e thathamisitsoe ho IUCN Red Data Book tlasa boemo ba "ho se tšoenyehe hanyane", empa leha ho le joalo, e phatlalatsoa e le mofuta o sirelelitsoeng Arctic.... Ho ea ka IUCN, palo ea lefats'e ea musk ox e atametse liphoofolo tse kholo tse 134-137 tse likete. Alaska (2001-2005) e ne e le lehae la likhomo tse 3,714 tse bonngoeng liteisheneng tsa moea le tsa lefatše. Ho ea ka likhakanyo tsa IUCN, palo ea liphoofolo tse ruiloeng Greenland (ho tloha ka 1991) e ne e le liphoofolo tse likete tse 9.5-12.5. Nunavut, ho ne ho na le likhomo tse likete tse 45,3 tsa musk, tseo likete tse 35 li neng li lula lihlekehlekeng tsa Arctic feela.
Libakeng tse ka leboea-bophirima ho Canada ho tloha ka 1991 ho isa ho 2005, ho ne ho na le likhomo tse likete tse 75,4 tsa musk, tseo bongata ba tsona (93%) li neng li lula lihlekehlekeng tse kholo tsa Arctic.
Litšokelo tse kholo ho mofuta ona lia ananeloa:
- ho tsoma ka bohwirihwiri;
- lehloa la lehloa;
- pele ho libere tsa grizzly le liphiri (Amerika Leboea);
- mocheso oa leholimo.
Hoa thahasellisa! Batsomi ba tsoma likhomo tsa musk bakeng sa nama e tšoanang le nama ea khomo le mafura (ho fihlela ho 30% ea boima ba 'mele), e leng liphoofolo tse nontšang mariha. Ho phaella moo, hoo e ka bang lik'hilograma tse 3 tsa mofuthu o futhumetseng o kuta ho tsoa ho e 'ngoe ea musk ox.
Li-zoologists li fumane hore ka lebaka la lehloa la lehloa, le sa le lumelle hore le phunyeletse lehlabeng, ho fihla ho 40% ea mehlape lihlekehlekeng tse ling tsa Arctic e shoa nakong ea mariha. Greenland, liphoofolo tse ngata li bolokiloe ka har'a meeli ea serapa sa sechaba, moo li sirelelitsoeng ho tsongoeng. Likhomo tsa musk tse lulang boroa ho serapa li thunngoa feela ka palo.
