Ka mor'a ponahalo e qabolang ea nonyana ke lesole la bokahohleng. Qetellong e shoele e matha ka lebelo mme e fofa hantle, e sesa hantle, e teba botebong mme e bile e cheka likhokahanyo tsa ka tlas'a lefatše.
Tlhaloso ea qetello ea bafu
Fratercula arctica (motsoala oa Arctic) ke lebitso la mahlale la Atlantic puffin, le emelang lelapa la auks ho tsoa ho taelo ea Charadriiformes. Ha e le hantle, nonyana ena e tšoana hanyane le moena ea halalelang: ho e-na le hoo, ke moetsi oa boithabiso ea behang mohlala ka seaparong se setšo 'me a khanyetsa lieta tsa "lamunu". Majeremane a ile a mo bitsa parrot e qoelang, Mabrithani a mo bitsa puffin, 'me Marussia a re pheletso ea bafu, a lebisa tlhokomelo molomong o moholo, empa o batla o le lerootho.
Ponahalo, litekanyo
Molomo o moholo le o khanyang, o batlang o le hlooho e halofo ke lintlha tse ikhethang ka ho fetisisa tsa nonyana ena ea leoatle e kholo ho feta leeba. Molomo, o pentiloe ka mebala e meraro (o mosoeu, oa lamunu le o moputsoa), o fetoha ka lilemo: ha o hole ka bolelele, empa oa hola. Mokokotlo o mosehla o mosehla o matha botlaaseng ba molomo, 'me lesaka le khanyang le letlalo le mosehla lea bonahala mateanong a molomo le mandible. Ha motho a se a tsofetse, ho na le mela e ikhethileng ka holim'a molomo o mofubelu.
Bohlokoa. Kamora molt o mong le o mong, molomo o fokotseha nakoana ka lebaka la ho eboloa hoa palo e holang, setsi sa eona se fetola 'mala ho ba bohlooho bo lefifi,' me ntlha ea nyamela.
Puffin ha e na boima ba lik'hilograma tse fetang 0.5 ka bolelele ba bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 26-36. 'Mala oa' mele oa fapana Masiba a hlooho le 'ona ke bicolor - ho tloha botlaaseng ba molomo ho ea ka morao molaleng ho na le masiba a mabe a mabe, a nkeloang sebaka ke a bobebe marameng a nonyana.
Mahlo a puffin a manyane 'me, ka lebaka la kholo ea letlalo e bofubelu le bohlooho, e bonahala e le khutšoane. Ka linako tse ling tsa molting, libopeho tsena tsa letlalo li nyamela ka nakoana 'me libaka tse bohlooho bo bobebe hloohong / molaleng li fifala haholo. Joaloka linonyana tse ngata tse fofang hampe ho feta ho sesa, maoto le matsoho a puffin a hola haufi le mohatla. Ha a le mobung, monna ea qabolang ea motenya o eme ka har'a kholomo, joalo ka penguin, a its'etlehile ka marapo a lamunu a lamunu.
Mokgwa wa bophelo, boitshwaro
Lihlaha tsa li-puffin libakeng tse kholo, ka linako tse ling li na le lipara tse mashome a likete, haeba sebaka se lumela. Linonyana li lula matsoapong a nang le mahaha a mangata a manyane kapa li cheka mekoti ea tsona (e fetang botebo ba mithara), e nang le molomo o matla le manala.
Tse thahasellisang. Puffin ke ea linonyana tse sa tloaelehang tse phunyang, eseng li-depressing, empa ke likotopo tse bolelele ba mithara tse nang le kamore ea sehlaha le ntloana.
Ha o se o hlophisitse lesoba, pheletso e shoeleng e fofela leoatleng ho ea ts'oasa litlhapi, ho hloekisa masiba kapa ho qabana le baahisani. Molomo o kentse letsoho ho qhaqheng, empa ha o fihle maqeba a tebileng. Likarolo tse shoeleng e ntse e le li-alarm - e le 'ngoe, e ts'ohileng ebile e tloha, e ka tsosa kolone eohle. Linonyana li mathela holimo ka thabo, li hlahloba lebopo 'me, ha li hlokomela kotsi, li khutlela lihlaheng tsa tsona.
Ha ba se ba hloekisitse le ho omisa masiba, ntlha e shoeleng e sebelisa lekunutu la tšoelesa ea coccygeal ho bona ho qoba ho kolobisoa kapele. Ho sesa ke lehlakore le matla ka ho fetesisa la motsoala oa Arctic, ea sa fokotseng ka botebo ho letata, a qoela, ha ho hlokahala, ho fihlela ho 170 m mme a lula moo metsotso e 0.5-1. Tlas'a metsi, mapheo a maphuts'oane a puffin a sebetsa joalo ka mapheo, 'me maoto a maoto a marang-rang a fana ka tataiso joalo ka mafahla.
Monna enoa ea motenya ea nang le mapheo a makhuts'oane o fofa ka mokhoa o mamellehang, a potlakisa ho fihla ho 80 km / h, a palama tekesi a fofa ka maoto a nameng a namunu. Empa moeeng, pheletso e shoeleng e lahleheloa ke mokhoa oo e tsamaeang ka ona ka metsing mme ha ho bonahale eka e ka qoba letlooa le bonolo. Mabapi le ho tloha, e bapisoa hantle le mong ka motho ea haufi oa murre: e phahama haholo ho tloha leoatleng ebile e mpe le ho feta - ho tloha mobung. Qetellong ea bafu ho fofa habonolo moeeng ho tloha leoatleng (ho hasana ka mokhoa o sotlang holim'a metsi) le mobu, leha ho le joalo, ha e phatlohe hantle haholo, e thella ka mpeng kapa e thulana le leqhubu la leqhubu.
'Nete. Har'a bongata ba linonyana tsa metsing, puffin ha e khethollehe ka e le 'ngoe, empa ke litšobotsi tse kopaneng - virtuoso swims, deep-sea dives, lifofane tse potlakileng le nimble, leha e le ho tsokotsa, e matha mobung.
Barab'abo rōna ba Arctic ba ipata ka lihlopha tse le 'ngoe kapa ba le bang, ba qeta nako ena ka metsing. E le hore li lule li ntse li fofa, li-puffin li tlameha ho sebetsa ka li-paws tsa tsona, leha li robetse. Bafu ba hoeletsa ba makatsa ka mokhoa o makatsang, kapa ho e-na le hoo, ba otlolla le ho pheta molumo "A", joalo ka ha eka ba lla kapa ba tletleba.
Ho shoa ha motho ho phela halelele hakae
Bashebelli ba linonyana ba ntse ba sa tsebe hore na mefuta e itseng ea mofuta o mong e ka phela nako e kae naheng, hobane ho lla ha puffin ha ho fane ka litholoana tse nepahetseng. Lesale le behiloe holim'a paw, e sebetsang e le sesebelisoa sa ho sebetsa ka marumo le ho cheka sekoti: ha ho makatse hore kamora lilemo tse 'maloa mongolo o tšepe o hlakotsoe (haeba lesale le ntse le le leotong). Ho fihla hajoale, rekoto ea semmuso ke lilemo tse 29, leha bashebelli ba linonyana ba belaela hore li-puffin li ka phela haleletsana.
Dimorphism ea thobalano
Phapang lipakeng tsa banna le basali e bonahala ka boholo - tse tšehali ha li ngata, empa li nyane ho feta tse tona. Nakong ea ho ikatisa, li-puffin lia khanya: sena se ama letlalo le pota-potileng mahlo le molomo o moholo, o fuoeng mosebetsi o moholo oa ho hohela molekane.
Li-subspecies tse shoeleng
Fratercula arctica e arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro e tsebahalang, e fapaneng ka boholo le boholo:
- Fratercula arctica arctica;
- Fratercula arctica grabae;
- Fratercula arctica naumanni.
Li-puffin tsa li-subspecies tsa pele li hola ho fihla ho 15-17.5 cm ka bolelele ba molomo oa 41.7-50.2 mm (ka bophahamo botlaaseng ba lisenthimithara tse 3.45-3.98). Linonyana tsa li-subspecies F. arctica grabae tse ahileng lihlekehlekeng tsa Faroe li boima ba lik'hilograma tse 0,4 ka bolelele ba lepheo le sa feteng lisenthimithara tse 15.8. naumanni e lula leboea ho Iceland 'me e boima ba ligrama tse ka bang 650 tse nang le lepheo le bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 17.2-18.6.
'Nete. Colone e emelang ka ho fetisisa ea li-puffin e Iceland, moo ho ka bang 60% ea baahi ba lefatše ba Fratercula arctica ba lulang teng.
Habitat, habitats
Sehlaha sa li-puffin tsa Atlantic mabopong / lihlekehlekeng tsa North Atlantic le Leoatleng la Arctic. Mefuta ea mefuta e koahela libaka tsa Arctic, libaka tse lebopong la leoatle leboea-bophirima ho Europe le karolo e ka leboea-bochabela ho Amerika Leboea. Kolone e kholo ka ho fetisisa Amerika Leboea (lipara tse fetang likete tse 250) e lutse boroa ho St. John's, sebakeng sa polokelo ea tlhaho sa Witless Bay.
Metse e meng e meholo ea li-puffin e fumanoe libakeng tse latelang:
- bophirimela le leboea ho Norway;
- mabopo a Newfoundland;
- Lihlekehleke tsa Faroe;
- lebopo le ka bophirima la Greenland;
- Lihlekehleke tsa Orkney le Shetland.
Likolone tse nyane li fumanehang Svalbard, British Isles, Labrador le Nova Scotia peninsulas. Naheng ea habo rona, boholo ba li-puffin li lula lihlekehlekeng tsa Ainovsky (lebopo la Murmansk). Hape, likolone tse nyane li bonoa Novaya Zemlya, leboea-bochabela ho Hloahloeng ea Kola le lihlekehleke tse haufi.
'Nete. Ntle le nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, li-puffin li fumanoa Leoatleng la Arctic, ho kenyeletsoa le Leoatle la Leboea, nako le nako li hlaha Arctic Circle.
Barab'abo rōna ba Arctic ba rata ho etsa sehlaha lihlekehlekeng tsena, ba qoba mabopo a naha ha ho khoneha. Lelapa le behang mohlala la puffin ke sehlekehleke se kopaneng kapa selomo se nang le marako a mafika a majoe, a koahetsoeng ka mokato oa mobu o nang le peaty kaholimo, moo o ka chekang masoba. Kamehla li-puffin li lula mokatong oa ho qetela, li siea baahisani ba tlase - likatsana, li-guillemots, auk le linonyana tse ling tsa metsing.
Lijo tse shoeleng
Metsi a leoatle ha a hatsetsoe ke serame se bobebe, se sebelisoang ke li-puffin tse nang le lisebelisoa tsa lijo tsa kahare (ho fapana le likhofu). Hangata linonyana li koenya litlhapi tse tšoasitsoeng, ntle le ho hlaha, li hlaha feela ka mehlala e meholo.
Lijo tsa pheletso ke:
- hake le herring fry;
- gerbil le capelin;
- herring;
- lehlabathe eel;
- shellfish le shrimp.
Tse thahasellisang. Sepheo se shoeleng se tšoere litlhapi ka hanong ka thuso ea leleme la sona le li-hook tse bohale, moo se behang likotlo tsa litlhapi. Esita le pheletso e shoeleng ha e lumelle ho tšoasa ha eona - molomo oa eona o tiisitsoe ka thata.
Li-puffin li tloaetse ho tsoma litlhapi ho feta 7 cm, empa li khona ho sebetsana ka katleho le phofu habeli ho feta (cm 18). Puffin e kholo e ja litlhapi tse ka bang 40 ka letsatsi, tseo boima ba tsona bo leng 0,0-0.3 kg. Ka lekhetlo le le leng, nonyana ena e tšoasa tse ka bang leshome le metso e 'meli, empa ho hlalosoa nyeoe e nang le litlhapi tse 62 tse leketlileng molomong oa motšoasi oa litlhapi ea nang le masiba. Kahoo, ka lihlopha, li-puffin li jara phofu ea litsuonyana tse holang.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Qetellong, motho o nyala mosali a le mong ebile o tlameletsoe sebakeng sa habo: nakong ea selemo o khutlela naheng ea habo, hangata mekoting eo a ka lulang ho eona. Lefereho le na le ho thekesela le "ho aka" (melomo e amang maikutlo). E tona e bonts'a boiphihlelo ba setsomi, e tlisa tlhapi ho e tšehali mme e paka hore e tla khona ho fepa litsuonyana. Banyalani bao ba cheka sekoti hammoho, ba beha sehlaha qetellong, ba sirelelitsoe ka ts'epahalo maemong a leholimo a mabe le libatana tse masiba. Mahe (li-puffin tse fokolang hangata - tse peli) lia kenella, 'me li nkelana sebaka. Kamora ho qhotsoa, litsuonyana li lula ka sehlaheng khoeli, le libeke tse 'maloa monyako oa mokoti, li ipatile ho eona haeba ho ka hlaha kotsi.
Tse thahasellisang. Potoloho e sa feleng e bonoa holima kolone ea puffin, joalo ka ha molekane ea khutlang a tšoere litlhapi ha a lule fatše hanghang, empa o potoloha selomong metsotso e 15-20. Ha ea pele e lula, ea bobeli e tlosoa sehlaheng ebe e fofela leoatleng.
Li-puffin tse nyane li na le maoto le molomo o sootho, marama a bobebe hanyane ho feta a batsoali ba bona, mme masiba a hloohong ha a matsho, empa a botsho bo lefifi. Masiba a bacha butle-butle (ho feta lilemo tse 'maloa) a fetoha a ba moholo. Nakong ea hoetla, li-puffin lia falla kamora hore litlhapi li lebise bophirima ho Atlantic. Bacha ba sa tsebeng hantle metheo ea ho fofa ba e etsa ka ho sesa.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Sepheo sa bafu ha se na lira tsa tlhaho tse ngata haholo, empa linonyana tse kholo tsa leoatleng tse kenang kleptoparasitism (ho khoesa liphofu ka bosholu) li tsejoa e le tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa. Ha li itšoare ka litlhapi tse shoeleng tse hlatsoitsoeng lebopong, empa li nka lihlapi tse sa tsoa tšoasoa tse fokolisitsoeng ke linonyana le ho senya lihlaha tsa tsona.
Lethathamo la lira tsa tlhaho tsa bafu le kenyelletsa:
- skua e mohatla o mokhuts'oane;
- Kou e kholo ea leoatle;
- burgomaster;
- merlin;
- hlakola;
- phokojoe ea arctic.
Li-Skuas li utsoa ka bongata - e 'ngoe e ts'oara e shoele,' me e 'ngoe e khaola tsela, e ba qobella ho tlohela mohope. Ke 'nete hore masholu a masiba ha ho mohla a tlatlapang baena ba Arctic masapo, e le hore a se ba tlise tlala. Sebata se nang le tšollo ea mali haholo khahlanong le semelo sa skuas se shebahala joalo ka monna ea ileng a felisa lipompong tsa batho ba baholo ka sehloho, litsuonyana le mahe a bona nakong ea nts'etsopele ea North Atlantic. Hammoho le batho, likhoto, lintja le likatse li ile tsa tla libakeng tsena, ho phethela timetso ea merero e seng kotsi e shoeleng.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Kaha nama ea li-puffin e tšoana hantle le litlhapi, li chekoa eseng bakeng sa lijo, empa molemong oa thabo. Linaheng tse ngata moo barab'abo rōna ba Arctic ba lulang teng, ho tsoma ho thibetsoe, haholo-holo ha ho fepeloa litsuonyana. Linaheng tse ling, ho tšoasa litlhapi ho lumelloa ka linako tse ling tsa selemo. Hona joale li-puffin li tšoasoa Lihlekehlekeng tsa Faroe, Iceland le likarolo tsa Norway, ho kenyeletsoa le Lihlekehleke tsa Lofoten. Ho ea ka IUCN, palo ea baahi ba Europe e na le batho ba limilione tse 9,55-11.6.6 ba holileng tsebong, athe palo ea batho ba lefatše e hakanyetsoa ho limilione tse 12-14.
Bohlokoa. Melokong e meraro e tlang (ho fihlela 2065), palo ea batho ba Europe ho hakanngoa hore e tla fokotseha ka 50-79%. Ona ke mokhoa o kotsi hobane Europe e ikarabella ho feta 90% ea mehlape ea lefatše.
Mabaka a ho fokotsa palo ea phephetso:
- tšilafalo ea metsi a leoatle, haholo-holo oli;
- tlholeho ya mefuta e hlaselang;
- ho ts'oasa litlhapi tsa hake le cod (li-puffin li ja fry ea tsona);
- lefu la linonyana tse holileng ka matlooa;
- ho pepesetsoa likokonyana tse bolaeang likokonyana tse hoholehileng ke linoka ka leoatleng;
- bohahlauli bo matla.
Atlantic Puffin e thathamisitsoe lenaneng le khubelu la IUCN mme e tsejoa e le mofuta o kotsing. Ho fihlela 2015, Fratercula arctica e ne e le maemong a tlase a kotsi - mofuta o tsoang kotsing.
