Katleho e kholo lithutong tsa mahlale a tlhaho e entsoe ke V.I. Vernadsky. O na le mesebetsi e mengata, mme e bile mothehi oa biogeochemistry - tataiso e ncha ea mahlale. E ipapisitse le thuto ea biosphere, e ipapisitseng le karolo ea lintho tse phelang ts'ebetsong ea jioloji.
Motheo oa biosphere
Kajeno ho na le likhopolo tse 'maloa tsa biosphere, tse ka sehloohong har'a tsona ke tse latelang: biosphere ke tikoloho ea boteng ba lintho tsohle tse phelang. Sebaka sena se koahela boholo ba sepakapaka mme se fela qalong ea lera la ozone. Hape, hydrosphere eohle le karolo e 'ngoe ea lithosphere li kenyelelitsoe ho biosphere. E fetoletsoe ho tsoa Segerikeng, lentsoe lena le bolela "bolo" mme ke kahara sebaka sena moo ho phelang lintho tsohle tse phelang.
Rasaense Vernadsky o ne a lumela hore biosphere ke karolo e hlophisehileng ea polanete e hokahanang le bophelo. Ke eena oa pele oa ho theha thuto e akaretsang le ho senola mohopolo oa "biosphere". Mosebetsi oa rasaense oa Russia o qalile ka 1919, mme e se e le ka 1926 bohlale bo hlahisitse lefatše buka ea hae "Biosphere".
Ho ea ka Vernadsky, biosphere ke sebaka, sebaka, sebaka se nang le lintho tse phelang le sebaka sa bona sa bolulo. Ho phaella moo, rasaense o ile a nka hore biosphere e nkiloe. O ile a pheha khang ea hore ke ketsahalo ea lipolanete e nang le sebapali sa cosmic. Karolo e ikhethang ea sebaka sena ke "taba e phelang" e ahileng sebakeng mme e fana ka ponahalo e ikhethang ho polanete ea rona. Ka lintho tse phelang, rasaense o utloisisa lintho tsohle tse phelang tsa lefatše. Vernadsky o ne a lumela hore mabaka a fapaneng a susumetsa meeli le nts'etsopele ea tikoloho:
- ntho e phelang;
- oksijene;
- carbon dioxide;
- metsi a metsi.
Tikoloho ena, eo bophelo bo kenelletseng ho eona, e ka fokotsoa ke mocheso o phahameng le o tlase oa moea, liminerale le metsi a letsoai le feteletseng.
Sebopeho sa biosphere ho ea ka Vernadsky
Qalong, Vernadsky o ne a lumela hore biosphere e na le lintho tse supileng tse fapaneng, tse amanang le jioloji. Tsena li kenyelletsa:
- lintho tse phelang - karolo ena e na le matla a mangata a lik'hemik'hale, a bōpiloeng ka lebaka la tsoalo e tsoelang pele le lefu la lintho tse phelang;
- bio-inert ntho - e entsoe le ho sebetsoa ke lintho tse phelang. Lintho tsena li kenyelletsa mobu, mafura, jj.
- ntho e kenang kahare - e bolela tlhaho e sa pheleng;
- biogenic ntho - sete ya lintho tse phelang, ho etsa mohlala, moru, tšimo, plankton. Ka lebaka la lefu la bona, majoe a biogenic a thehoa;
- ntho e ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi;
- bokahohle - likarolo tsa lerōle le li-meteorite;
- liathomo tse hasaneng.
Nakoana hamorao, rasaense o ile a fihlela qeto ea hore biosphere e ipapisitse le lintho tse phelang, tse utloisisoang e le sehlopha sa lintho tse phelang tse sebelisanang le taba ea masapo a sa pheleng. Hape ho biosphere ho na le ntho e biogenic e bōpiloeng ka thuso ea lintho tse phelang, 'me tsena ke haholo-holo majoe le liminerale. Ntle le moo, biosphere e kenyelletsa taba ea bio-inert, e etsahetseng ka lebaka la khokahano ea libopuoa le lits'ebetso tsa inert.
Thepa ea tikoloho
Vernadsky o ile a ithuta ka hloko litšobotsi tsa tikoloho mme a fihlela qeto ea hore motheo oa ts'ebetso ea sistimi ke ho potoloha ho sa feleng ha lintho le matla. Ts'ebetso tsena li khonahala feela ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea sebopuoa se phelang. Lintho tse phelang (li-autotroph le li-heterotrophs) li theha likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse hlokahalang nakong ea bophelo ba tsona. Kahoo, ka thuso ea li-autotrophs, matla a khanya ea letsatsi a fetoloa metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale. Heterotrophs le eona e sebelisa matla 'me e lebisa tšenyo ea lintho tse phelang ho metsoako ea liminerale. Lintho tsa morao-rao ke motheo oa ho theha lintho tse ncha tsa tlhaho ka li-autotrophs. Ka hona, ho potoloha ha lintho ka har'a cyclical.
Ke ka lebaka la potoloho ea bioloji eo biosphere e leng mokhoa oa ho iphelisa. Tsamaiso ea likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale e bohlokoa bakeng sa lintho tse phelang le boteng ba tsona sepakapakeng, hydrosphere le mobu.
Lisebelisoa tsa mantlha tsa thuto ea biosphere
Litokisetso tsa mantlha tsa thuto Vernadsky e hlalositsoe mesebetsing ea "Biosphere", "Sebaka sa bophelo", "Biosphere le sebaka". Rasaense o hlalositse meeli ea biosphere, ho kenyeletsoa le hydrosphere kaofela hammoho le botebo ba leoatle, bokaholimo ba lefatše (karolo e kaholimo ea lithosphere) le karolo ea sepakapaka ho isa boemong ba troposphere. Biosphere ke sistimi ea bohlokoa. Haeba e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa eona e shoa, enfelopo ea biosphere e tla putlama.
Vernadsky e bile rasaense oa pele ea ileng a qala ho sebelisa mohopolo oa "ntho e phelang". O hlalositse bophelo e le karolo ea kholo ea litaba. Ke lintho tse phelang tse busang lits'ebetso tse ling tse etsahalang lefatšeng.
Sebopeho sa tikoloho, Vernadsky o ile a pheha khang ka lipehelo tse latelang:
- biosphere ke sistimi e hlophisitsoeng;
- lintho tse phelang ke tsona lintho tse hlahelletseng polaneteng, 'me li thehile boemo ba hajoale ba polanete ea rona;
- bophelo lefatšeng le susumetsoa ke bokahohle matla
Kahoo, Vernadsky o ralile metheo ea biiogeochemistry le thuto ea biosphere. Boholo ba lipolelo tsa hae li bohlokoa kajeno. Bo-rasaense ba sejoale-joale ba ntse ba ithuta ka biosphere, empa hape ba ts'epa kholiseho lithutong tsa Vernadsky. Bophelo tikolohong ea tikoloho bo atile hohle mme hohle ho na le lintho tse phelang tse ke keng tsa ba teng kantle ho biosphere.
Khumo
Mesebetsi ea rasaense ea tummeng oa Russia e hasane lefats'eng lohle mme e sebelisoa mehleng ea rona. Ts'ebeliso e pharalletseng ea lithuto tsa Vernadsky e ka bonoa eseng feela ho tikoloho le tikoloho ea tsona. Ka lebaka la mosebetsi oa rasaense, tšireletso le tlhokomelo ea botho e bile e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi e potlakileng ka ho fetisisa kajeno. Ka bomalimabe, selemo se seng le se seng ho na le mathata a tikoloho a ntseng a eketseha, a behang bophelo bo felletseng ba "biosphere" nakong e tlang. Ntlheng ena, ho a hlokahala ho netefatsa nts'etsopele e tsitsitseng ea sistimi le ho fokotsa nts'etsopele ea litlamorao tse mpe tikolohong.
