Sebaka se hokahanyang Yuropa le Asia se kentse litšobotsi tsa sona ka bobeli le ho makatsa ka botle ba sona ba tlhaho. Linonyana tsa Urals le tsona li fapane ebile lia hlolla.
Likarolo tsa liphoofolo le boemo ba leholimo ba Urals
Ural, e bohareng ba lithota tsa Europe Bochabela le Bophirimela ba Siberia, e fetohile, ka lebaka la mekoloko ea lithaba, sebaka se ikhethileng sa tlhaho le maemo a leholimo.
Lithaba tsa Ural li namela Kazakhstan (ka boroa) le Leoatle la Arctic (ka leboea), ka lebaka leo phomolo ea Urals e shebahalang joalo ka mekoloko ea lithaba e emeng e bapile. Ha li phahame haholo (ho fihla ho 1,6 km) mme li roesitsoe moqhaka oa litlhoro tse sephara / tse chitja, moo lithaba tsa majoe li hasaneng teng.
Linoka tse phallang ka potlako li phalla lipakeng tsa melatsoana le liphula, 'me boemo ba leholimo ba Ural ka kakaretso bo tloaelehile libakeng tse lithaba. Karolong e ka leboea ea sebaka seo ho na le subarctic, ka tlasa eona e futhumetse, ka bochabela e tšoana le kontinenteng, empa ka bophirima (ka lebaka la pula e ngata) k'honthinente e ea fokotseha.
'Nete. Hoo e ka bang tsohle (ntle le mahoatata) libaka tse tsebahalang tsa tlhaho li tsepamisitsoe Urals.
Sebaka hangata se arotsoe likarolo tse 4, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e na le libaka tse le 'ngoe kapa tse peli:
- Polar - tundra le moru-tundra;
- leboea - moru-tundra le taiga;
- bohareng - taiga le meru-steppe;
- boroa - steppe e haufi le moru-steppe.
Linoka tsa Ural li potlakile, 'me mabopong a tsona hangata a majoe. Likhohlo le metsi a tebileng a phelisa mefuta e mengata ea mefuta e fapaneng ea tikoloho. Liphoofolo tsa sebaka ka seng li ikhethile: ka mohlala, linonyana tsa sebaka sa Sverdlovsk li fapane le linonyana tse lulang sebakeng sa Chelyabinsk. Ba pele ba ne ba emela liphoofolo tsa taiga le tundra, ha tsa morao li emela lehoatata le meru.
Linonyana tsa meru
Linonyana tse ngata tsa Ural li lula merung. Ponahalo ea linonyana tsena e ipapisitse haholo le lijo. Grouse le grouse ea mapolanka li hloka maoto a matla a nang le manala a matla ho ts'oara fatše. Mohetle o na le molomo o matla ho phunya kutu le ho ntša likokoanyana. Linonyana tsa meru ha li khone ho phela ntle le mapheo a chitja a thusang ho tsamaea pakeng tsa lifate.
Bosiu ba bosiu
Nonyana e sootho e bosootho bo boholo ba jackdaw, e nang le mabala a ocher ka morao 'me e na le' mala o ts'oanang le metopa e parolang sefubeng. Nightjar e na le sekoto se tebileng ka molomong ka molomo o monyane, mohatla o molelele le mapheo a bohale. Nightjar e tloaelehile libakeng tsa South / Middle Urals (ho fihlela 60 ° N) 'me e rata ho lula haufi le likhaba tsa meru, libakeng tse chesitsoeng le ho hleka.
O khutlela libakeng tsa habo ha a le bohareng ba Mots'eanong ho ea hohela likharebe ka bosiu bo bokhutšoaane ba Phuptjane ka pina e shebahalang eka e rorisa - "uerrrrrr ..."
Li-nightjar li fofa ka shoalane, li phamola likokoanyana tsa bosiu ka ho fofa 'me li ja li-maleshoane tse ngata tsa Mots'eanong, bo-maleshoane ba June le li-scoop. E tshehadi e etsa kantle ho sehlaha, e behela mahe a mmaloa hona moo morung. Li-nightjars li fofa libakeng tse futhumetseng qetellong ea Phato (Middle Urals) kapa halofo ea pele ea Loetse (Boroa).
Monyenyane Whitethroat
Tse nyane ka ho fetisisa tsa li-warblers, tse lulang morung oohle oa Urals, ntle le lithaba tsa eona tse ka leboea. Mokokotlo o sootho bo sootho, moqhaka le marama a lefifi le ho feta, karolo e tlase ea mmele e bobebe. Accentor e fumanoa libakeng tse fapaneng, ntho ea mantlha ke hore lijalo li le coniferous mme ho fapana le moo, ka boteng ba mathoko.
Nonyana e ja lihlahla le lifate. Lijo tsa Lesser Whitethroat ke:
- likokoanyana;
- diboko;
- popane;
- mahe a likokoanyana.
Whitethroat hangata e fihla ho Urals Boroa halofo ea pele ea Mots'eanong, ho Urals e Bohareng ka litsela tse fapaneng (letsatsi la pele-pele le bitsoa Mots'eanong oa 2, morao ho la 22 Mots'eanong). Kamora ho fihla, linonyana li arohana ka bobeli, li haha lihlaha ho junipere, li holisa lifate tsa phaene / phaene tse ka bang 2 m ho tloha mobung.
Nako ea ho tlolelana ha li-Warblers e atolositsoe, ka hona banna ba bang ba bina ka Phupu hape, empa molumo o akaretsang oa khwaere o ntse o fokola ho tloha mafelong a Phuptjane. Mme e se e le qalong ea Loetse, linonyana li qala ho bokana ka boroa.
Pere ea morung
Nonyana ena e nyane hanyane ho feta serobele, e mapheo a bosootho bo boputsoa, e hlapolotsoeng mela ea bolelele bo bolelele, e nang le mabala a bobebe ka tlase le matheba a lefifi sefubeng le sejalong.
E ajoa merung ea Middle / Southern Urals, hape e fihla lithoteng tsa Urals Leboea. E khetha lithaba tsa meru, ho rengoa le ho chesoa. Haufi le Yekaterinburg, e ile ea bonoa hang ka la 18 Mmesa, hape le hoo e ka bang khoeli hamorao (la 12 Mots'eanong), e fihla ka South Urals ka nako e le ngoe kapa pejana.
Ho fihlela likokoanyana li tsoha, lipeipi tsa meru li fepa peo ea limela. Ha ho fihla mofuthu, menyu e ba ea ruileng:
- likokoanyana le liboko;
- popane;
- Lintsintsi le lirurubele.
Banna ba qala ho bina hang hang kamora ho fihla, empa ho bina ka bongata ha ho utluoe pejana ho bohareng ba Mots'eanong. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho nyalana ho etsahala, 'me e se e le ka Phuptjane - Phupu, litsuonyana li phahama ka lepheo. Bohareng ba Phupu, pina ea banna e khutsitse, 'me bofelong ba Phato, lipeipi tsa meru li tloha ho Urals e Hare. Ka Urals Boroa ho tloha etsahala pele ho September.
Linonyana tsa steppe
Tlhaloso e nepahetseng ke linonyana tsa libaka tse bulehileng, hobane ha li phele feela masabasabeng, empa hape le makhulong le mahoatateng. Bona, joalo ka molao, ba na le mapheo a matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho falla ha maeto a malelele, le masapo a bobebe, hammoho le maoto a matla a netefatsang ho lula fatše nako e telele.
Sekepe sa steppe
E ts'oana haholo le mehloa le litšitiso tsa masimong: mefuta eohle e meraro e batla e sa khethollehe le matsohong a setsebi sa lipalesa. Sehokelo se nyane ho feta lekgwaba, empa se shebahala se le seholo ka lebaka la mohatla wa sona o molelele le mapheo a maholo. Steppe harrier e lula ho li-biotopes tse ikhethang. Tšimo e fumaneha hohle, esita le morung-tundra, empa litšitiso tsohle li lula libakeng tse bulehileng. Lihlaha li hahiloe fatše - ka makukuno kapa joang.
Likhoeli ke linonyana tse jang nama tse felisang liphoofolo tse nyane ho tse ngata (ka ho hatisa litoeba):
- li-gopher;
- litoeba;
- voles;
- mekholutsoane le linoha;
- lihohoana;
- litsuonyana.
Pejana ho tse ling (ka halofo ea pele ea Loetse), steppe harrier e fallela kantle ho Urals Boroa, seqhomane sa makhulo se tloha qetellong ea Loetse, 'me sekontiri se tšimong ke qalong ea Mphalane feela.
Lark ea masimong
O molelele joalo ka serobele 'me o lula masimong a Middle / South Urals. E fihla mona ka Hlakubele - Mmesa mme e lula pele ho lits'oants'o tse qhibilihisitsoeng. Lark ha e je peo ea mofoka feela, empa e ja le likokoanyana tsa masimong, hamorao e fetohela lithollo tse setseng kamora ho kotula lijo-thollo.
Nesting e qala mathoasong / bohareng ba Mots'eanong, ha mariha a phahama le ho matlafala: ka nako ena, ho bina ka lark ho hohela haholo. Linonyana li bina moeeng, li nyolohela holimo mme li potoloha holim'a lihlaha tsa tsona tse moeling oa moeli kapa moeling oa tšimo. Litsuonyana lia fofa qetellong ea Phuptjane, 'me li fofa bakeng sa mariha (South Ural) qetellong ea Loetse.
Sephooko se litsebe tse khutšoane
E shebahala joalo ka sephooko se litsebe tse telele, empa e se na litsebe tsa morao. Ntle le moo, mefuta eo ka bobeli e ipapisitse le palo ea litoeba tsa morine. Bohareng ba Urals, sephooko se nang le litsebe tse khutšoane se hlaha hoo e ka bang bohareng ba Mmesa, se lula libakeng tse bulehileng ka makhulo, mekhoabo, masabasaba kapa ho hlaka.
Nako ea ho ikatisa e atolosoa haholo, 'me ka linako tse "behang" litoeba, tse ling tse tšehali li etsa lintho tse peli.
Lihlaha li hahiloe fatše har'a mofero / li-hummock, 'me qetellong ea Mots'eanong, lihlaha tse nang le litsuonyana tse molomo o mosehla li fumanoa pela mahe a sa koaeloang, a nyolohang ka lepheo qetellong ea Phuptjane. Boholo ba liphooko tse litsebe tse khuts'oane li fallela boroa ka Loetse, empa tse ling tsa linonyana li lieha (ka bongata ba litoeba) ho fihlela mariha.
Linonyana tsa mabopo
Ba na le lijo tse tšoanang 'me ba bangata ba na le sebopeho sa' mele se tšoanang. Tsena ke maoto le matsoho a malelele a masesaane e le hore a se ke a qaoa mokhoabong, le molomo o feteletsang ho ntša liphoofolo ka metsing.
Great egret
Nonyana e kholo haholo ho fihla ho 1,05 ka bolelele le mapheo a bolelele ba limithara tse 1.3-1.45. Tse tona li lula li le kholo hanyane ho tse tšehali. Masiba a masoeu, molomo o otlolohile, o molelele ebile o mosehla. Moholo o moholo o tsamaea ka bohlokoa le butle, o otlolla molala oa hae mme o batla phofu e loketseng, eo hangata e bang:
- litlhapi le crayfish;
- litoeba tse nyane;
- linoha le lihoho;
- crickets le marutle;
- likokoanyana tse ling.
E tsoma e le nosi kapa e kopane motšehare / pele letsatsi le likela, 'me kamora lefifi, e batla setšabelo hammoho le beng ka eona ba bang. Moferefere o moholo oa tlhaho oa loantšana (le ha ho e-na le lijo tse ngata), mme hangata o loana le batho ba morabe o mong, hape o tlosa lijo ho likokolofitoe tse nyane.
Curlew e kholo
E nkuoa e le moemeli ea kholo ka ho fetesisa oa lelapa la snipe ka kholo e fetang halofo ea mithara, boima ba 0.6-1 kg le mapheo a mapheo a ho fihla ho mithara e le 'ngoe. Karolo ea tšobotsi ke molomo o molelele o kobehileng.
E lula mekhoabong, moss / herbaceous bogs le masabasabeng a mongobo. Ho tloha maemong a mariha e khutlela ho qhibiliha ho hoholo ha lehloa, ho haha liholong tse fokolang kapa ka bobeli. Sehlaha se hlophisitsoe ka tlasa sehlahla kapa joang, se behela mahe a maholo (ho fapana le likhoho) moo. Curlews ea li kenya ka tatellano, 'me e etella bana pele ho banyalani.
Linonyana tse fallang hangata li fofa ka sebopeho se nepahetseng (oblique line or wedge), e leng ntho e sa tloaelehang ho linonyana tsa metsing.
Tsebisa
Motho ea fetang feela ea kenang ka metsing a batla lijo - likokoana-hloko, mayfly / caddis larvae le baahi ba bang ba tlase. Nonyana e haufi le metsi e nang le ponahalo e hlokomelehang, e teteaneng ebile e mohatla o mokhutšoane, boholo ba `mele oa karolelano. Masiba a bosootho bo lefifi, a phelisoa ke apron e tšoeu.
Likhama li lula selemo ho pota lebopong la noka, li aba lipara tse ikemetseng bakeng sa sehlaha. Li qala ho bina ho fihlela mofuthu, ho qala mathoasong a selemo ho aha lihlaha.
Linonyana tsa metsing
Bongata ba bona ha se ba sesang hantle feela, empa hape le batsi ba hloahloa. Linonyana tsa metsing li khetholloa ka 'mele o bataletseng o kang sekepe' me li phatlalalitse marang-rang ka maoto le maoto le matsoho, li sutumelletse haufi le mohatla. Ka metsing, lia fetoha bohlasoa 'me li itsamaela joaloka matata.
E bobebe
Nonyana ea metsing e boima (ho isa ho 3 kg) e nang le ponahalo e makatsang, e nang le molao-motheo o mosesane o nang le mohatla / molala o molelele. Molomo o fela ka hakisi mme o khabisitsoe ka lebala le bosehla bo khanyang botlaaseng. Cormorant e mmala o motsho ka sheen ya tshepe, ho fapana le mmetso le sefuba.
Nonyana e sesa hantle haholo, e qoela ka botebo ba limithara tse 4, empa ha e le mobung e tsamaea ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang, e otlolla mmele oa eona ka matla.
Li-cormorants li hloella lifate, haholo litsuonyana, ebe li lula mabopong a tlase, li etsa polokelo ea matamo a hlakileng. Mona li-cormorants li tsoma litlhapi, li-molluscs le li-amphibian, ntle le ho tela likokoanyana le limela.
Linku, kapa atayka
Nonyana e ntle (e nang le litloaelo / bokantle ba matata le likhantši tse tloaelehileng) e nang le molomo o sekareleta le masiba a hohelang, moo bofubelu, bohlooho le botšo bo kopaneng khahlanong le semelo sa bosoeu bo boholo. Ka Urals ho tloaelehile haholo, libakeng tse ling letata tse ngata, ho tšepa motho le ho mo lumella ho koala ka ho lekaneng.
E dihlaha lebopong kapa hole hole le mmele ea metsi eo atika e fumanang lijo tsa eona ho eona: li-molluscs, li-crustaceans tse nyane le likokoanyana tsa metsing. E qala ho ikatisa ka Mmesa-Phupu, e hlomella lihlaha ka mekoting e lahliloeng, likoting kapa likutu tse sekoti.
Limumu swan
E ile ea rehelloa joalo ka lebaka la mololi o khethollang banna ba e ntšang nakong ea ho nyalanya, ba leleka bahlolisani sebakeng sa bona sa marang-rang. Letata la semumu le phela lilemo tse ka bang 30, 'me le iketsetsa mofuta o le mong. E atile likoung tsa leoatle, matšeng esita le mekhoabong, eo mabopo a eona a nang le limela tsa metsing.
Lefatšeng, semumu se sa khoneng ho bua se khotsofetse ka joang le lijo-thollo: nakong ea molt, nonyana e kholo e ja ho fihlela ho 4 kg ea lijo tsa limela.
Ha li ja limela tsa metsing, semumu se khutsitseng se tšoara lintho tse nyane tse lulang moo (crustaceans le molluscs), 'me se khona ho qoela hoo e ka bang mithara e le' ngoe. Ho tsoma ha Swan ho ne ho thibetsoe lilemo tse fetang halofo ea lekholo le fetileng.
Linonyana tsa Li-Urals tse tsoang Bukeng e Khubelu
Ha ho na Red Book ea Urals, empa ho phatlalalitsoe libuka tse 'maloa tsa tikoloho tse nang le mefuta e sirelelitsoeng. Red Book of the Middle Urals (eo, leha ho le joalo, e neng e se na boemo bo ikemetseng ba molao) e phatlalalitsoe ka mefuta e kotsing ea limela / liphoofolo tsa libaka tsa Kurgan, Perm, Sverdlovsk le Chelyabinsk.
Ho theoa ha Red Lists tsa setereke ho qalile ho USSR, empa ba ile ba fumana sebopeho sa buka hamorao. Pula-maliboho mona e ne e le Bashkiria, ea phatlalalitseng Red Book ka 1984 mme a hatisoa bocha ka 1987 le 2001. Eaba Rephabliki ea Komi e fumana buka e joalo - 1996 (e hatisoa bocha ka 2009)
Li ile tsa lateloa ke libaka tse ling tsa Ural:
- Orenburg - 1998;
- Kurgan - 2002/2012;
- Tyumenskaya - 2004;
- Chelyabinsk - 2005/2017;
- Sebaka sa Perm - 2008;
- Setereke sa Sverdlovsk - 2008.
Buka ka 'ngoe e na le lenane la eona la mefuta e sirelelitsoeng, tse ling tsa tsona li tsamaellana le tlhahlobo ea Lenane le Lefubelu la Russian Federation le / kapa IUCN. Mohlala, mefuta e 48 e kenyelelitsoe bukeng e khubelu ea sebaka sa Chelyabinsk, tse 29 tsa tsona li bukeng e khubelu ea Russian Federation. Ka 2017, toadstool e mehlooho e mehlooho, sheathing, avdotka, stilt, mokotatsie o motšo le warbler ea metsing li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko bukeng ea tikoloho, empa tse ncha tsa eketsoa - ptarmigan, leeba le tloaelehileng la leeba, meadow harrier le Dubrovnik.
