Starfish (Asteroidea) ke e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tse kholo ka ho fetisisa, tse fapaneng le tse ikhethang. Ho na le mefuta e ka bang 1,600 e abuoeng maoatleng a lefatše. Mefuta eohle e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse supileng: Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida le Velatida. Joalo ka echinoderms tse ling, starfish ke litho tsa bohlokoa metseng e mengata ea benthic ea metsing. E ka ba libatana tse matla, tsa ba le tšusumetso e kholo moahong oa sechaba. Mefuta e mengata ke liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse tenyetsehang.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Starfish
Starfish ea pele-pele e hlahile mehleng ea Ordovician. Bonyane liphetoho tse peli tse kholo tsa liphoofolo li etsahetse Asteroidea ka nako e le 'ngoe le liketsahalo tse kholo tsa ho timela: ho Late Devonia le ho Late Permian. Ho lumeloa hore mofuta ona o hlahile mme oa fapakana ka potlako (ho feta lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 60) nakong ea nako ea Jurassic. Kamano lipakeng tsa starfish ea Paleozoic, le lipakeng tsa mefuta ea Paleozoic le starfish ea hona joale, ho thata ho tseba ka lebaka la palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale.
Video: Starfish
Lintho tsa khale tsa khale tsa khale li fumaneha ka lebaka la:
- marapo a senyeha ka potlako kamora lefu la phoofolo;
- ho na le likoti tse kholo tsa 'mele, tse senyehang ka tšenyo ea litho, e lebisang ho sebopeho sa sebopeho;
- starfish e phela ka li-substrate tse thata tse sa sebetseng ho theoa ha mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale.
Bopaki ba mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale bo thusitse ho utloisisa ho iphetola ha linaleli tsa leoatle lihlopheng tsa Paleozoic le tsa post-Paleozoic. Mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho phela ea linaleli tsa Paleozoic e ne e ts'oana haholo le seo re se bonang kajeno mefuteng ea mefuta ea sejoale-joale. Lipatlisiso mabapi le likamano tsa ho iphetola ha lintho tsa starfish li qalile ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1980. Liphetho li ntse li tsoela pele ho ntlafatsoa kaha liphetho li baka likhang.
Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa bona se lumellanang sa botle, starfish e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho boqapi, lingoliloeng, nalane le setso se tummeng. Ka linako tse ling li bokelloa e le likhopotso, li sebelisoa meralong kapa joalo ka matšoao, 'me lichabeng tse ling, leha e na le chefo, phoofolo e ea jeoa.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Starfish e shebahala joang
Ntle le mefuta e 'maloa e phelang ka metsing a letsoai, starfish ke lintho tse benthic tse fumanehang tikolohong ea leoatle. Bophara ba bophelo bona ba metsing bo ka ba katlase ho cm e 2 ho isa ho metara e le 'ngoe, leha bongata bo le lipakeng tsa lisenthimithara tse 12 ho isa ho 24. Mahlaseli a tsoa' meleng ho tloha diskeng e bohareng mme a fapana ka bolelele. Starfish e tsamaea ka tsela e habeli, ka matsoho a itseng a mahlaseli a sebetsang ka pele ho phoofolo. Masapo a ka hare a entsoe ka masapo a manonyeletso.
'Nete e monate: Mefuta e mengata e na le mahlaseli a 5. Tse ling li na le mahlaseli a tšeletseng kapa a supileng, ha a mang a na le 10-15. Antarctic Labidiaster annulatus e ka ba le tse fetang mashome a mahlano. Boholo ba starfish bo ka nchafatsa likarolo tse senyehileng kapa mahlaseli a lahlehileng.
Sistimi ea methapo ea metsing e bula poleiti ea madrepor (lesoba le pentiloeng karolong e bohareng ea phoofolo) mme e lebisa lejaneng la majoe le nang le marapo. Mocha oa lejoe o hokelletsoe kanaleng ea annular e lebisang ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liteishene tsa radial tse hlano (kapa ho feta). Mekotla e holim'a kanale ea annular e laola sistimi ea metsi le methapo. Kanal e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea radial e fela ka kutu ea methapo e qetellang e etsang ts'ebetso ea kutlo.
Mocha o mong le o mong oa radial o na le letoto la liteishene tse lehlakoreng tse emisang botlaaseng ba tube. Leoto le leng le le leng la li-tubular le na le ampoule, sethala le senoelo se tloaelehileng sa ho hula. Karolo ea molomo e ka tlasa disc e bohareng. Sisteme ea potoloho ea mali e ts'oana le tsamaiso ea methapo ea metsing mme e kanna ea aba limatlafatsi tse tsoang tšilong ea lijo. Likanale tse futhumetseng li namela li-gonads. Li-larvae tsa mofuta ona li na le likarolo tse peli tse lekanang, 'me tse kholo li lekana haholo.
Starfish e lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Starfish ka leoatleng
Linaleli li fumaneha maoatleng ’ohle a lefatše. Tsona, joalo ka li-echinoderms tsohle, li boloka botsitso bo kahare bo bobebe ba elektrolyte, e leng tekong le metsi a leoatle, e leng se ba thatafalletsang ho phela libakeng tsa metsi a hloekileng. Bolulo bo kenyelletsa mafika a likorale tsa tropike, matamo a leoatle, lehlabathe le seretse ho kelp, mabopong a majoe le leoatleng le tebileng bonyane ho fihla ho limithara tse 6 000. Mefuta e fapaneng ea mefuta e fumaneha libakeng tse mabopong.
Linaleli tsa leoatle li hapile ka kholiseho libaka tse tebileng tsa maoatle tse kang:
- Atlantic;
- Moindia;
- Ho khutsa;
- Leboea;
- Southern, e ileng ea abuoa ka 2000 ke International Hydrographic Organisation.
Ho phaella moo, linaleli tsa leoatle li fumanoa Aral, Caspian, Leoatle le Shoeleng. Tsena ke liphoofolo tse tlase tse tsamaeang ka ho khasa ka maoto a ambulense a nang le linoelo tsa ho hula. Ba lula hohle ho fihla botebong ba 8.5 km. Starfish e ka senya mafika a likorale mme ea ba bothata ho li-oyster tsa khoebo. Starfish ke baemeli ba bohlokoa ba sechaba sa leoatle. Boholo bo batlang bo le boholo, mefuta e fapaneng ea lijo le bokhoni ba ho ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng li etsa hore liphoofolo tsena li be bohlokoa tikolohong.
Starfish e ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Starfish lebopong
Tsena bophelo ba metsing haholoholo ke bohlasoa le liphoofolo tse jang nama. Ke libatana tse maemong a holimo libakeng tse ngata. Li fepa ka ho ts'oara phofu, ebe li phethela limpa tsa tsona ka hare le ho ntša li-enzyme tsa mantlha ho eona. Maro a silang lijo a senya lisele tsa phofu, ebe li monngoa ke starfish.
Lijo tsa bona li na le phofu e tsamaeang butle, ho kenyelletsa:
- gastropods;
- microalgae;
- li-molluscs tsa li-bivalve;
- mekotla;
- polychaetes kapa liboko tsa polychaete;
- tse ling tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo.
Starfish e 'ngoe e ja plankton le organic detritus, e khomarelang mamina a holim' a 'mele ebe e ea molomong ka cilia. Mefuta e mengata e sebelisa pedicellaria ea eona ho ts'oasa phofu, mme e kanna ea iphepa ka litlhapi. Moqhaka oa meutloa, mofuta o jang li-polyp polyps le mefuta e meng, o monya lintho tse bolileng tsa tlhaho le mantle. Ho hlokometsoe hore mefuta e fapaneng e khona ho ja limatlafatsi tse tsoang metsing a e potileng mme sena se ka ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea lijo tsa bona.
Taba e khahlisang: Joalo ka li-ophiuras, starfish e khona ho sireletsa ho timeleng ha palo e nyane ea li-mollusk tsa pole-gill, e leng lijo tsa tsona tsa mantlha. Liboko tsa mollusk li nyane haholo ebile ha li na thuso, ka hona starfish e lapa likhoeli tse 1 - 2 ho fihlela li-molluscs li hola.
Nonyana ea pinki e pinki e tsoang Lebopong la Amerika Bophirima e sebelisa maoto a khethehileng ho cheka ka hare ho substrate e bonolo ea shellfish. E tšoara li-molluscs, naleli e bula khetla ea phofu butle-butle, e felise mesifa ea eona ea adductor, ebe e beha mpa ea eona e sothehileng haufi le lekhalo ho sila lisele tse bonolo. Sebaka se pakeng tsa li-valve e ka ba karoloana feela ea bophara ba millimeter ho lumella mpa ho phunyeletsa.
Starfish e na le sistimi e felletseng ea tšilo ea lijo. Molomo o lebisa ka mpeng e bohareng, eo starfish e e sebelisang ho sila phofu ea eona. Litšoelesa tsa ho sila lijo kapa lits'ebetso tsa pyloric li fumaneha mahlaseling ka 'ngoe. Li-enzyme tse khethehileng li tsamaisoa ka methapo ea pyloric. Mala a makhuts'oane a lebisa ho anus.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Starfish
Ha li tsamaea, starfish e sebelisa sistimi ea tsona ea likepe tse metsi. Phoofolo ha e na mesifa. Lithibelo tsa kahare li etsahala ka thuso ea metsi a nang le khatello ea methapo ea mmele. "Maoto" a maqhubu a kahare ho epithelium ea sisteme ea metsing a tsamaisoa ke metsi, a huleloang ka har'a masoba le ho tsoakana leotong ka liteishene tsa kahare. Lipheletsong tsa "maoto" a maqhubu a na le linoelo tse hulang tse khomarelang substrate. Starfish e phelang litsing tse bonolo e supile "maoto" (eseng li-suckers) ho tsamaea.
Sisteme ea methapo e sa arohaneng e lumella li-echinoderms ho utloa tikoloho ea tsona ka mahlakore ohle. Lisele tsa kutlo ho epidermis li utloisisa leseli, ho ikopanya, lik'hemik'hale le maqhubu a metsi. Sekhahla se phahameng sa lisele tsa kutlo se fumanoa maotong a phaephe le ka mathoko a kanale ea phepelo. Matheba a khubelu a mahlo a bofubelu a fumanoa qetellong ea lehlaseli le leng le le leng. Li sebetsa joalo ka li-photoreceptor mme ke lihlopha tsa mahlo a calyx a nang le 'mala.
Taba e khahlisang: Starfish e ntle haholo kantle kantle ha e le kahare ho metsi. Ha li ntšoa ka mokelikeli, li shoa ebe li lahleheloa ke 'mala, li fetoha masapo a masoeu.
Li-pheromone tsa batho ba baholo li ka hohela liboko, tse atisang ho lula haufi le batho ba baholo. Metamorphosis mefuta e meng e bakoa ke li-pheromone tsa batho ba baholo. Starfish e ngata e na le leihlo le talimileng qetellong ea libalaka tse nang le lilense tse ngata. Lilense tsohle li ka etsa phikisele e le 'ngoe ea setšoantšo, e lumellang sebopuoa ho bona.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Little starfish
Starfish e ka ikatisa ka thobalano kapa ka thobalano. Tse tona le tse tsehali ha li khethollehe ho tse ling. Li ikatisa ka thobalano ka ho tlohella peo kapa mahe ka metsing. Kamora ho emolisa, mahe ana a fetoha liboko tse itsamaelang ntle le tefo, tse holang butle butle botlaaseng ba leoatle. Starfish e boetse e ikatisa ka ho nchafatsoa ka botona kapa botšehali. Starfish e ka nchafatsa eseng feela mahlaseli, empa le 'mele oohle.
Starfish ke li-deuterostomes. Mahe a emolisitsoeng a fetoha liboko tse peli tse nang le mahlakore a mabeli tse nang le li-celiomas tse nang le likarolo tse tharo. Meetso ea embryonic e na le pheletso e hlakileng joalo ka liboko tse lumellanang ho fetoha batho ba baholo ba fapaneng haholo. Li-pheromone tsa batho ba baholo li ka hohela liboko, tse atisang ho lula haufi le batho ba baholo. Ka mor'a ho rarolla, li-larvae li feta sethaleng sa sessile 'me butle-butle li fetoha batho ba baholo.
Tlhahisong ea thobalano, starfish hangata e arotsoe ka thobalano, empa tse ling ke hermaphrodite. Hangata li na le li-gonads tse peli letsohong le leng le le leng le gonopore e bulelang molomong oa molomo. Hangata li-gonopores li fumanoa botlaaseng ba lehlaseli le leng le le leng la letsoho. Linaleli tse ngata li lokolohile ho lokolla peo le mahe ka metsing. Mefuta e mmaloa ea li-hermaphrodite e tsoala malinyane a eona. Ho tsoala ho hlaha haholo-holo bosiu. Le ha hangata ho se na kamano ea batsoali kamora ho emolisa, mefuta e meng ea hermaphrodite e qhotsa mahe a eona ka botsona.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa starfish
Setšoantšo: Starfish e shebahala joang
Mokhahlelo oa planktonic larva ho linaleli tsa leoatle o tlokotsing ea liphoofolo tse li jang. Tsela ea bona ea pele ea ts'ireletso ke li-saponin, tse fumanehang maboteng a 'mele' me li latsoeha hampe. Li-starfish tse ling, joalo ka scallop starfish (Astropecten polyacanthus), li kenyelletsa chefo e matla joalo ka tetrodotoxin pokellong ea tsona ea lik'hemik'hale, 'me sistimi ea linaleli e ka ntša mamina a mangata a lelekang.
Litlhapi tsa leoatleng li ka tsongoa ke:
- tse ncha
- li-anemone tsa leoatle;
- mefuta e meng ea starfish;
- makhala;
- Litlhapi tsa leoatle;
- tlhapi;
- li-otter tsa leoatleng.
Libopuoa tsena tsa leoatle le tsona li na le mofuta oa "lihlomo tsa 'mele" ka sebopeho sa lipoleiti tse thata le li-spikes. Starfish e sirelelitsoe litlhaselong tsa liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo ka likhahla tsa eona tse bohale, chefo le ho lemosa mebala e khanyang. Mefuta e meng e sireletsa malebela a eona a tlokotsing ka ho tlamella likoti tsa 'ona tsa liambulense ka mela e koahelang maoto le matsoho a tsona ka thata.
Mefuta e meng ka linako tse ling e na le bothata ba ho senyeha bo bakoang ke boteng ba libaktheria tsa mofuta oa Vibrio, leha ho le joalo, lefu le tloaelehileng haholo la liphoofolo le senyang lefu le bakang lefu la bongata har'a starfish ke densovirus.
'Nete e monate: Lithemparetjha tse phahameng li na le phello e mpe ho starfish. Liteko li bonts'itse ho fokotseha ha sekhahla sa phepo le kholo ha mocheso oa 'mele o phahama kaholimo ho 23 ° C. Lefu le ka hlaha haeba mocheso oa bona o fihla ho 30 ° C.
Likokoana-hloko tsena tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo li na le bokhoni bo ikhethang ba ho monya metsi a leoatle ho a boloka a pholile ha a pepesehetse mahlaseli a letsatsi maqhubu a oelang. Mahlaseli a eona a boetse a monya mocheso ho boloka disk e bohareng le litho tsa bohlokoa tse kang mpa e bolokehile.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Starfish ka leoatleng
Sehlopha sa Asteroidea, se tsejoang ka hore ke starfish, ke se seng sa lihlopha tse fapaneng ka ho fetisisa sehlopheng sa Echinodermata, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e ka bang 1,900 e teng malapeng a 36 le mofuta o teng o ka bang 370 o teng. Baahi ba linaleli tsa leoatle ba fumaneha hohle botebong ho tloha litulong ho isa mohohlong mme ba fumaneha maoatleng ohle a lefats'e, empa li fapane haholo libakeng tsa tropike tsa Atlantic le Indo-Pacific. Ha ho letho le sokelang liphoofolo tsena hajoale.
Taba e khahlisang: Linoko tse ngata tsa Asterinidae li bohlokoa haholo lipatlisisong tsa nts'etsopele le ho ikatisa. Ntle le moo, starfish e sebelisitsoe ho immunology, physiology, biochemistry, cryogenics le parasitology. Mefuta e mengata ea li-asteroid e se e le lintho tsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho futhumala ha lefatše.
Ka linako tse ling starfish e ama tikoloho e ba potileng hampe. Li senya mepopotlo ea likorale Australia le French Polynesia. Mehopolo e bonts'a hore qubu ea likorale e fokotsehile haholo haesale ho fihla ha starfish e fallang ka 2006, e theoha ho tloha ho 50% ho ea tlase ho 5% ka lilemo tse tharo. Sena se bile le phello ho litlhapi tse jang mafika.
Starfish mefuta ea amurensis ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta e hlaselang ea echinoderm. Larvae tsa eona li kanna tsa fihla Tasmania ho tsoa bohareng ba Japane ka metsi a tsoang likepeng lilemong tsa bo-1980. Ho tloha ka nako eo, palo ea mefuta ea liphoofolo e eketsehile hoo e sokelang palo ea bohlokoa ea khoebo ea bivalve molluscs. Kahoo, li nkuoa e le tse senyang lijalo mme li thathamisitsoe har'a mefuta e 100 e hlaselang ka ho fetesisa lefatšeng.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 08/14/2019
Letsatsi la ho nchafatsa: 08/14/2019 ka 23:09
