Stellgeon ea linaleli (Acipenser stellatus) ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea mantlha ea sturgeon, e tsebahalang ka ho hlahisa caviar hammoho le beluga le sturgeon. Sevruga e tsejoa hape e le star sturgeon ka lebaka la lipoleiti tsa masapo a stellar 'meleng oa eona. Litlhapi tsena li thathamisitsoe e le kotsing e kholo. Sevruga e ke ke ea mamella maemo a tlase a oksijene, ka hona ho hlokahala oksijene e eketsehileng likhoeling tsa lehlabula.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Sevryuga
Lebitso le tloaelehileng la mofuta ona "star sturgeon". Lebitso la mahlale "stellatus" ke lentsoe la Selatine le bolelang "le koahetsoeng ke linaleli." Lebitso lena le bolela lipoleiti tsa masapo tse bōpehileng joaloka linaleli tse koahelang 'mele oa phoofolo ena.
Video: Sveruga
Sturgeon, eo sturgeon ea stellate e leng ea eona, ke le leng la malapa a khale ka ho fetisisa a litlhapi tse nang le masapo, a tsoang libakeng tsa tropike, tse futhumetseng le tse ka tlasa lefatše, matša le mabopo a leoatle a Eurasia le Amerika Leboea. Li khetholloa ka 'mele ea tsona e melelele, ho hloka sekala le boholo bo sa tloaelehang ba boholo: li-sturgeon tsa 2 ho isa ho 3 m bolelele li tloaelehile,' me mefuta e meng e hola ho fihla ho 5.5 m. Boholo ba li-sturgeon ke li-feedromous bottom feeders, li hlahisa noka 'me li fepa linokeng tsa deltas le melomo ea linoka. Le ha tse ling e le metsi a hloekileng feela, ke ba fokolang haholo ba kenang ka leoatleng le bulehileng kantle ho libaka tse lebopong.
Sevruga o sesa metsing a futhumetseng, a letsoai le a leoatle. E fepa ka ditlhapi, molluscs, crustaceans le diboko. Haholo-holo e lula mabeneng a Leoatle le Letšo le la Caspian le Leoatle la Azov. Baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa ba sebakeng sa Volga-Caspian. Ho na le mekhahlelo e 'meli e fapaneng ea ho hlahisa mofuta ona. Litlhapi tse ling li qhotsisa nakong ea mariha 'me tse ling nakong ea selemo.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Photo: Sevruga e shebahala joang
Lintlha tse akaretsang tsa sturgeon ke tse latelang:
- Setsi sa masapo ha se mokokotlo, empa leseli la lefufuru;
- Lepheo la mokokotlo le hole le hlooho;
- liboko li nts'etsapele nako e telele, li fepa lintho tse ka mokotleng oa yolk;
- lehlaseli le ka pele la pectoral fin ke moutloa;
- haufi le 'mele (ka morao, mpeng, ka mahlakoreng) ho na le mela ea mehlape e meholo e supiloeng. Pakeng tsa bona, phoofolo e koahetsoe ke li-tubercles tse nyane tsa masapo, li-granules.
Sevruga ke tlhapi ea bohlokoa ea khoebo. E na le mefuta e 'meli - mariha le selemo. E fapana le litlhapi tse ling tsohle tsa lelapa la sturgeon ka chebahalo. Karolo e ikhethang ea sevruga ke nko e bolelele bo sa tloaelehang ba sebali. Phatla ea tlhapi ena e tsebahala haholo, manakana a masesaane le a boreleli ha a fihle molomong, molomo o tlase ha o hlahisoe hantle.
'Mele oa stellate sturgeon, joalo ka nko, o molelele, ka lehlakoreng le leng le ka morao e koahetsoe ke li-scute, e katamelane ka thata. 'Mele oa tlhapi ena o sootho bo bofubelu ka' mala o bosoeu bo bosootho bo botšo ka mokokotlong le ka mahlakoreng ka mola o mosoeu mpeng.
Sevruga ke tlhapi e bobebe haholo, e khetholloang habonolo ke thiba molomo oa eona, e telele, e tšesaane ebile e otlolohile. Lithebe tsa morao li nyane. Likarolo tsena li khetholla sturgeon ea stellate le sturgeon, e fumanoeng metsing a Finland lilemong tsa morao tjena. Mokokotlo oa stellate sturgeon o botšo bo bosootho kapa bo sootho, mpa e phatsima. Lits'oants'o tsa morao-rao li patehile. Sevruga e batla e le tlase ka boholo ho boholo ba li-sturgeon. Boima ba eona bo ka bang 7-10 kg, empa batho ba bang ba fihla bolelele bo fetang 2 m le boima ba 80 kg.
Sturgeon e nang le linaleli e lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Sevruga naheng ea Russia
Sevruga o lula Leoatleng la Caspian, Azov, Black le Aegean, moo a kenang melapong, ho kenyeletsoa le Danube. Mofuta ona ha o fumanehe hangata ho Middle and Upper Danube, ke feela ka linako tse ling litlhapi li fallelang noka ho ea Komarno, Bratislava, Austria kapa le Jeremane. Mofuta ona o fumaneha ka bongata maoatleng a Aegean le Adriatic, hape le Leoatleng la Aral, moo o ileng oa tlisoa ho tloha Leoatleng la Caspian ka 1933.
Nakong ea ho tsoala, sturate sturgeon e boetse e kena melapong ea Lower Danube, joalo ka linoka tsa Prut, Siret, Olt le Zhiul. Middle Danube, e ile ea fallela Nokeng ea Tisu (ho fihla Tokaj) le libakeng tse tlase tsa melatsoana ea eona, linoka tsa Maros le Körös, hammoho le molomo oa Noka ea Zagyva, libaka tse tlase tsa linoka tsa Drava le Sava le molomo oa Noka ea Morava.
Ka lebaka la taolo le thibelo ea linoka, sebaka sa stellate sturgeon libakeng tsa Caspian, Azov le Black sea se fokotsehile haholo. Sebaka sa libaka tsa ho tsoala se fokotsehile haholo, 'me litsela le nako ea ho falla li fetohile. Hajoale, batho ba bangata Nokeng ea Danube ba fallela feela matamong a Iron Gate.
Sevruga hangata e fumanoa metsing a sa tebang a lebopo la leoatle le libakeng tse bataletseng tsa linoka. Liphoofolo tse nyane tsa benthic ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa lijo ho batho ba baholo, 'me plankton e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fepeng methating ea pele ea liboko.
Hona joale ua tseba moo stellate sturgeon lulang. Ha re fumane hore na tlhapi ena e ja eng.
Sturgeon e nang le linaleli e ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Sevruga ka leoatleng
Mefuta e supileng e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ea li-sturgeon, ho kenyeletsoa stellate sturgeon, e lutla lerōle matšeng le linokeng, e jang haholo crayfish, shrimp, likhofu, limela, likokoanyana tsa metsing, liboko, liboko tsa silt le li-molluscs.
Taba e khahlisang: Sevruga e emisa ho ja hang ha e qala ho falla. Ka mor'a ho tsoala, e khutlela leoatleng ka potlako, moo e qalang ho fepa hape.
Sevruga ke li-feeder tse ntle haholo tse tlase ka tlase hobane li na le manakana a sa utloisiseheng haholo ka tlas'a karolo ea tsona ea menoana ho fumana liphoofolo tse ka tlase le molomo oa tsona o molelele o phoroselang ho anya phofu ea tsona. Matšoafo a stellate sturgeons le 'ona a ikhethile haholo, hobane marako a mpa ea' mele a haelloa ke karolo e ka mpeng, mala a batho ba baholo a na le li-epithelium tse sebetsanang le 'mele,' me mala a ka morao a fetoha li-valve tse nyolohang.
Li-sturgeon tse iketselitsoeng tse fumanehang matamong a poraefete, li hloka livithamini, oli, liminerale le bonyane liprotheine tse 40% (boholo ba tsona li tsoa tlhaping ea tlhapi). Har'a livithamini tse qhibilihang mafura, li hloka livithamini A, D, E le K. Li-vithamine tsa tsona tse qhibilihang metsing li kenyelletsa B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6, B5, B3 (niacin), B12, H, C (ascorbic acid), le folic acid.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Litlhapi tsa stellate sturgeon
Le ha sturate sturgeon e shebane le temo ea metsing e le mohloli oa bohlokoahali oa mahe, ho na le khaello e kholo ea tsebo ka biology le boits'oaro ba mofuta ona naheng (mohlala, lehae, pokello, bohale), hammoho le likarolo tse ngata tsa temo (bohale, nontšetso ea tikoloho tikoloho, khatello ea maikutlo le polao). Ho hloka tsebo ha ho rarahanye feela ka ho teba ho lekola boemo ba boiketlo ba hae, empa hape ho thatafatsa tebello efe kapa efe ea ntlafatso ea ona.
Mefuta e fapaneng ea li-sturgeon ke polasetiki e phahameng mabapi le boits'oaro ba ho tsoala. Ho tsoala hangata ho etsahala ha mofuta o le mong o na le lihlopha tse khethollang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang oa noka, oo re o bitsang "ho tsoala habeli". Lihlopha tsa ho hlahisa lihlahisoa li hlalosoa e le merabe ea ho hlahisa selemo le selemo.
Lihlopha tse arohaneng tsa ho tsoala li hlalositsoe bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea li-sturgeon ho pota lefatše. Ho hlahisa habeli ho hlaha mefuteng e mengata ea li-sturgeon tsa Eurasia. Leoatleng le Letšo le la Caspian, ho na le mefuta e 'maloa e nang le merabe ea selemo le lipalesa: beluga, sturgeon ea Russia, moutloa, stellate sturgeon, sterlet. Sehlopha sa selemo se kena ka nokeng nakong ea selemo ka li-gonads tse holileng tsebong le ho hlahisa nakoana nakoana kamora ho kena ka nokeng. Sehlopha sa heme se kena ka nokeng ka nako e le 'ngoe kapa hang kamora sehlopha sa selemo, empa se na le li-oocyte tse sa tsoaloang.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Sevryugi oa Buka e khubelu
Mofuta ona o hlaha mabopong a linoka a koahetsoeng ke likhohola tsa selemo le kaholimo ho mafika a kanale ka maqhubu a potlakileng. Mahe a beheloa libetheng tsa majoe a hasaneng, majoana le lehlohlojane tse kopantsoeng le likhechana tsa khetla le lehlabathe le mahoashe. Maemo a matle a ho hlahisa a kenyelletsa sekhahla se phahameng sa phallo le libotlolo tse hloekileng tsa lehlohlojane. Phokotso ea sekhahla sa phallo kamora ho hlahisa le nts'etsopele ea mahe e ka lebisa ho keketseho ea tahlehelo ea lesea le sa tsoa emoloa. Nokeng ea Danube, ho qhotsa ho hlaha ka Mots'eanong ho isa Phuptjane maemong a mocheso ho tloha ho la 17 ho isa ho la 23 ° C. Ha ho tsejoe haholo ka litloaelo tsa mofuta ona.
Ka mor'a ho qhotsa, li-stellate sturgeon larvae ha li lule feela likarolong tse tlase le tse bohareng tsa metsi a noka, empa hape le holim'a metsi. Ba thella ka noka, mme bokhoni ba bona ba ho sisinyeha boa eketseha nakong ea kholo e latelang. Kabo ea bana ba haufi le Danube e susumetsoa ke phepelo ea lijo, ea hajoale le ea moferefere. Di fofela tlase ho noka ka botebo ba limithara tse 4 ho isa ho tse 6. Nako ea bophelo ka nokeng e nka ho tloha ka Mots'eanong ho isa Mphalane, 'me phepo e mafolofolo e qala ha liboko li fihla ho 18-20 mm.
Taba e khahlisang: Sevruga e ka fihla ho bolelele ba limithara tse 2 le lilemo tse fetang 35. Hore banna le basali ba hole hantle, ho nka lilemo tse 6 le 10 ka tatellano. Tse tshehadi di ka behela mahe a pakeng tsa 70,000 le 430,000, ho latela boholo ba tsona.
Joalo ka li-sturgeon tse ling, sturgeon stellate e kena Nokeng ea Danube ho ea tsoala boholo ba selemo, empa ho na le linako tse peli tsa tlhoro. Ts'ebetso ena e qala ka Hlakubele ka mocheso oa metsi oa 8 ho isa ho 11 ° C, e fihlella boemong ba eona bo phahameng ka Mmesa mme e tsoelepele ho fihlela ka Mots'eanong. Phallo ea bobeli, e matla le ho feta e qala ka Phato mme e tsoela pele ho fihlela ka Mphalane. Mofuta ona o khetha libaka tse futhumetseng ho feta li-sturgeon tse ling tsa Danube, 'me ho phalla ha eona ho hlaha maemong a batang haholo a metsi ho feta a teng nakong ea ho falla ha mefuta e meng.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa stellate sturgeon
Setšoantšo: Sevryuga
Lira tsa sevruga ke batho. Ho kena bonneng kapa bosaling kamora nako (lilemo tse 6 ho isa ho tse 10) ho etsa hore ba be tlokotsing ea ho ts'oasa litlhapi ho feta tekano. Ho hakanngoa hore palo ea bona libeseng tse kholo e fokotsehile ka 70% lilemong tse lekholo tse fetileng. Lilemong tsa bo-1990, palo eohle ea litlhapi e ile ea eketseha haholo ka lebaka la ho tšoasa litlhapi tse seng molaong. Ho tsongoa hampe ho Volga-Caspian Basin feela ho hakanngoa hore e ka ba makhetlo a 10 ho isa ho a 12 moeli oa molao.
Melao ea phallo ea noka le ho ts'oasa litlhapi ke mabaka a mantlha a ho fokotseha ha lipalo tsa sturate tsa sturgeon lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. Feela ka Volga-Caspian beisine poaching hakanyetsoa ho makhetlo a 10-12 ho feta tšoasa ka molao. Boemo bo ts'oanang bo etsahala Nokeng ea Amur. Ho ts'oasa litlhapi le ho tsoma ka bongata ho lebisitse phokotsong e kholo ea palo ea litlhapi tse fumanehang ka molao lefats'eng haholo-holo moeling o ka sehloohong oa ststate sturgeon - Leoatle la Caspian.
Caviar ke mahe a sturgeon a sa emisoang. Bakeng sa li-gourmets tse ngata, caviar, e bitsoang "liperela tse ntšo", ke monate oa lijo. Mefuta e meraro e meholo ea khoebo ea sturgeon e hlahisa caviar e khethehileng: beluga, sturgeon (Russian sturgeon) le stellate sturgeon (star sturgeon). 'Mala le boholo ba mahe bo ipapisitse le mofuta le boemo ba kholo ea mahe.
Kajeno Iran le Russia ke barekisi ba ka sehloohong ba caviar, e ka bang 80% ea eona e hlahisoa ke mefuta e meraro ea li-sturgeon ka Leoatleng la Caspian: Russia sturgeon (20% ea mmaraka), stellate sturgeon (28%) le sturgeon ea Persia (29%). Hape, mathata a stellate sturgeon a bakoa ke ts'ilafalo ea metsi, matamo, tšenyo le ho arohana ha libaka tsa tlhaho tsa metsi le libaka tsa bolulo, tse amang litselana tsa phallo le libaka tsa phepelo le tlhahiso.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Litlhapi tsa stellate sturgeon
Sevruga esale e le moahi ea sa tloaelehang oa Middleube le Upper Danube mme joale o felisitsoe ho tloha Danube e kaholimo le karolo ea Hungary-Slovak ea Middle Danube, hobane ke batho ba fokolang feela ba atlehang ho feta matamong a matangoaneng a Iron Gate. Mehlala ea ho qetela e tsebahalang e tsoang karolong ea Seslovak e nkuoe Komarno ka la 20 Hlakola 1926, mme ea ho qetela ho tsoa karolong ea Hungary e ngolisitsoe Mojács ka 1965.
Ho ea ka Buka e khubelu, sturateon e ts'osetsoa ho timela ka lebaka la ho ts'oasa litlhapi ho feta tekano, bosholu ba likokoana-hloko, tšilafalo ea metsi, ho thibela le ho senya melapo ea tlhaho le libaka tsa bolulo. Le ha ho le joalo, ho latela liphuputso tsa sejoale-joale ho Danube, e haufi le ho timela. Boemo ba hajoale ba baahi, bo anngoeng hampe ke ho ts'oasa litlhapi ho feta nakong e fetileng, le sebaka se hantle sa libaka tsa ho tsoalloa ha se tsejoe. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho tsamaisa mehato ea paballo bakeng sa mofuta ona.
Taba e khahlisang: Li-sturgeon tse 55 000 tsa linaleli li ile tsa fumanoa li shoele Leoatleng la Azov ka 1990 ka lebaka la tšilafalo. Ho theoha ha 87% ea litlhaselo tsa khoebo ea lefats'e ho bonts'a ho fokotseha ha mefuta ea liphoofolo.
Wild sturgeon (common sturgeon, Atlantic sturgeon, Baltic sturgeon, European sea sturgeon) ha e so ka e ts'oaroa lebopong la Finland ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1930. Mefuta eo ho ka etsahalang hore e kene ka leoatleng naheng ea Finland ke sturate sturgeon. Li ka nyamela hape ha mehlala e bolokiloeng e shoa. Li-sturgeon li phela nako e telele, kahoo ts'ebetso ena e kanna ea nka nako.
Tšireletso ea Sevruga
Setšoantšo: Sevruga ho tsoa ho Red Book
Hoo e ka bang mefuta eohle ea li-sturgeon e khetholloa e le kotsing. Nama le mahe a tsona a bohlokoa haholo (a tsejoang haholo ka hore ke caviar) a lebisitse ho ho ts'oasa litlhapi tse ngata le ho fokotseha ha baahi ba sturgeon. Nts'etsopele ea linoka le tšilafalo le tsona li kentse letsoho ho fokotseheng ha baahi. Sturgeon ea leoatle ea Europe, e neng e kile ea ba teng haholo Jeremane, e ile ea nyamela lilemong tse ka bang 100 tse fetileng. Mofuta ona o lebelletsoe ho khutlela linokeng tsa Jeremane ka merero ea ho nchafatsa.
Morero oa Lefatše Lohle oa ho Loants'a Ho Fela ha li-Sturgeons o supa lits'oants'o tsa mantlha tsa mosebetsi bakeng sa paballo ea li-sturgeon lilemong tse 5 tse tlang.
Leano lena le shebane le:
- ho loantša tšebeliso e mpe ea chelete;
- tsosoloso ea tikoloho ea bophelo;
- ho boloka sturgeon stock;
- ho fana ka puisano.
WWF e ikakhetse ka setotsoana mesebetsing ea paballo libakeng tse fapaneng le linaheng tse fapaneng. Liketso tse ikhethileng naheng li kenyelletsa liketso ho la Austria (tlhahisoleseling ka Sejeremane), Bulgaria (Bulgaria), Netherlands (Dutch), Romania (Romania), Russia le Noka ea Amur (Russia) le Ukraine (Ukraine).
Ntle le moo, WWF e sebetsa ka:
- Sebaka sa Noka ea Danube se nang le projeke e khethehileng ea ho loants'a tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea li-sturgeon ho Danube;
- tsosoloso ea linokana tsa tlhaho tsa Noka ea St. John naheng ea Canada.
Stellgeon ea linaleli Ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea bohlokoahali ea li-sturgeon lefatšeng. Linatla tsena tsa metsi tsa khale li tobana le litšokelo tse ngata pholohong ea tsona. Leha e phela lefatšeng ka lilemo tse limillione, li-sturgeon hona joale li tlokotsing ea ho ts'oasa litlhapi le ho kena-kenana le tikoloho ea tsona ea tlhaho. Sevruga e kotsing.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 08/16/2019
Letsatsi le ntlafalitsoeng: 16.08.2019 ka 21:38
