Yak - phoofolo e kholo e nang le khōla e nang le ponahalo e makatsang le e hlakileng. Naha ea habo bona ke Tibet, empa ha nako e ntse e ea, sebaka sa bolulo se ile sa hola ho ea Himalaya, Pamir, Tan Shan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Siberia sa Bochabela le Altai Territory. Phoofolo ea lapeng e ile ea tlisoa North Caucasus le Yakutia.
Tlhaloso le likarolo
Phoofolo e nang le khōla e arohaneng, e ts'oanang le poho e kholo, e nang le likhechana tsa sebopeho le moriri o molelele oa 'mala o motšo, ke yak. Setšoantšong likarolo tsa eona tse kantle tse kantle lia bonahala:
- molao oa motheo o matla;
- mokokotlo o entsoeng ka mefuta e meholo ea li-spinous tsa vertebrae ea thoracic (bolelele ba 4 cm);
- mokokotlo o bohloko;
- maoto le matsoho a holileng hantle, maoto a matla, a makhuts'oane ebile a le matenya;
- sefuba se tebileng;
- molala o mokgutshwane;
- letswele le lenyane le manaka a 2 ... bolelele ba 4 cm;
- mohatla o molelele;
- manaka a masesane.
Sebopeho sa letlalo se fapane le sebopeho sa letlalo la liphoofolo tse ling tse tšoanang. Ho li-yaks, lisele tse ka tlasa letlalo li hlahisoa hantle, 'me litšoelesa tsa mofufutso li batla li le sieo. Li na le letlalo le teteaneng le moriri o motenya. Seaparo se boreleli ebile se boreleli se leketlile 'meleng ka sebopeho sa mophetho' me se koahetse maoto ka botlalo.
Maotong le mpeng, moriri o mokhutšoane, o mokhutšoane, o na le moriri o motle o tlase le o mosesane. Jase ena e na le seaparo sa ka hare se oelang ka har'a likhohlo nakong ea mofuthu. Mohatla o molelele, joalo ka pere. Ha ho na borashe mohatleng, e tloaelehileng bakeng sa likhomo.
Ka lebaka la matšoafo a maholo le pelo, ho tlala mali ka "hemoglobin" ea "fetal", mali a yak a na le oksijene e ngata. Sena se ile sa lumella li-yak hore li ikamahanye le lithaba.
Yak ke phoofolo e tloaelane hantle le bophelo maemong a thata haholo. Li-Yak li na le kutlo e tsoetseng pele ea monko. Ho utloa le pono ha li sebetse hantle. Li-yak tsa malapeng ha li na manaka.
Boima ba yaks ea lapeng ke 400 ... 500 kg, yachs - 230 ... 330 kg. Yak e hlaha e ka ba boima ba lik'hilograma tse 1000. Boima bo phelang ba li-yachts tse sa tsoa tsoaloa ke 9 ... 16 kg. Mabapi le mekhahlelo e fapaneng, manamane a manyane ho feta manamane. Tafole e bonts'a mekhahlelo ea 'mele ea yaks le yaks.
| Boholo bo mahareng | Banna | Basali |
| Hlooho, cm, | 52 | 43,5 |
| Bophahamo, cm: | ||
| - ho pona | 123 | 110 |
| - ka sacrum ena | 121 | 109 |
| Sefuba, cm: | ||
| - bophara | 37 | 36 |
| - botebo | 70 | 67 |
| - girth | 179 | 165 |
| Bolelele ba 'mele, cm | 139 | 125 |
| Metacarpus ka girth | 20 | 17 |
| Manaka, cm: | ||
| - bolelele | ba ka bang 95 | |
| - sebaka se pakeng tsa lipheletsong tsa manaka | 90 | |
| Mohatla, cm, | 75 | |
Mefuta ea mefuta e thathamisitsoeng e khethiloe phoofolo e shebahala joang.
Mefuta
Ho latela tlhophiso ea mahlale, yaks ke ea:
- sehlopha sa liphoofolo tse anyesang;
- lebotho la artiodactyls;
- li-ruminants tse tlase
- lelapa la li-bovids;
- likhomo tsa lelapa;
- mofuta oa lipoho tsa 'nete;
- pono ya di-yaks.
Ka tlhophiso e neng e le teng pele, ka har'a mofuta o le mong, li-subspecies tse peli li ile tsa khetholloa: tse hlaha le tse ruuoang lapeng. Hajoale li nkuoa e le mefuta e 'meli e fapaneng.
- Yak e hlaha.
Bos mutus ("semumu") ke mofuta oa li-yaks tse hlaha. Liphoofolo tsena li ile tsa phela libakeng tse sa anngoeng ke batho. Ka tlhaho, li fumaneha libakeng tse phahameng tsa Tibet. Litlaleho tsa khale tsa Tibet li mo hlalosa e le sebopuoa se kotsi ka ho fetisisa bathong. Ka lekhetlo la pele, yak e hlaha e ile ea hlalosoa ka mahlale ke N. Przhevalsky lekholong la bo19 la lilemo.
- Yak ea maiketsetso.
Bos grunniens ("ho honotha") - phoofolo ea lapeng... E shebahala e le kholo haholo ha e bapisoa le phoofolo e hlaha. Jacob o ile a ruuoa malapeng mathoasong a lekholo la pele la lilemo. BC. Li sebelisoa e le liphoofolo tsa mojaro.
Bafuputsi ba e nka e le eona feela phoofolo e loketseng ho tsamaisa thepa le ho khanna libakeng tse phahameng tsa lithaba. Libakeng tse ling, li ruiloe e le liphoofolo tsa nama le tsa lebese. Lisebelisoa tsa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho (manaka, moriri, boea) li sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea likhopotso, mesebetsi ea matsoho, lihlahisoa tsa boea.
Yak le poone e nyalisitsoeng ea khomo - hainak le orthon. Li nyane ho feta li-yak ka boholo, li bonolo, 'me li khetholloa ka mamello e nyane. Hainaki e tsoetsoe e le liphoofolo tse ngolisitsoeng ka boroa Siberia le Mongolia.
Mokhoa oa bophelo le tikoloho
Naha ea habo li-yaks tse hlaha ke Tibet. Li-yak yak e hlaha joale li lula moo feela, lihlabeng. Nako le nako li ka fumanoa libakeng tse haufi tsa lithaba - Ladakh le Karakorum.
Hlabula, sebaka sa bona sa bolulo se bophahamong ba limithara tse 6100 ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle, 'me mariha ba theohela ho 4300 ... limithara tse 4600. Li ikamahanya le maemo a phahameng a lithaba (moea o batang le o sa tloaelehang), ka hona, ha li mamelle bophahamo le lithemparetjha tse kaholimo ho 15 C.
Likhoeling tse chesang, li leka ho hloella kaholimo, li fefoloa ke moea, moo ho se nang likokoanyana tse momang mali. Ba khetha ho fula haufi le ho robala holim'a leqhoa. Li-Yak li tsamaea hantle libakeng tse lithaba. Liphoofolo li hloekile haholo.
Li-Yak li lula mehlapeng e menyenyane ea lihlooho tse 10-12. Mehlape e entsoe haholo ka tse tšehali le li-yacht. Mohlapeng, liphoofolo hang-hang li itšoara ka tsela e 'ngoe, li lula li falimehile.
Tse tona tse hodileng makgulong di bokellana ka dihloho tse 5 ... dihlooho tse 6. Liphoofolo tse nyane li lula ka lihlopha tse kholo. Ha lilemo li ntse li feta, mehlape e ea fokotseha butle-butle. Li-yak tsa banna ba baholo li lula ka thoko.
Nakong ea serame se matla setsokotsaneng sa sefefo kapa sefefo, li-yak li bokana ka sehlopha, li lika-liketsa tse nyane, ka tsela eo li li sireletsa serameng.
Loetse-Mphalane ke nako ea ho roka. Boitšoaro ba bo-yak ka nako ena bo fapane haholo le boits'oaro ba li-bovids tse ling. Tse tona li ikopanya le mehlape ea yachts. Lintoa tse bohale li etsahala lipakeng tsa yaks: li leka ho otlana ka lehlakore ka manaka.
Likhetho li qetella ka likotsi tse mpe, maemong a sa tloaelehang, lefu le ka khonahala. Hangata li-yaks tse khutsitseng ka har'a leqhubu li ntša molumo o moholo o hohelang. Kamora ho fela ha nako ya ho tlolelana ha tse tona, tse tona di tloha mohlapeng.
Motho e moholo hlaha e hlaha - phoofolo e bohale bo tšosang. Liphiri li hlasela li-yak feela ka mehlape lehloeng, e leng ho sitisang motsamao oa phoofolo ena e nonneng haholo. Li-yaks tse hlaha li mabifi ho batho. Ha e thulana le motho, yak, haholo-holo e lemetseng, hang-hang e ea tlhaselong eo.
Bofokoli bo le bong feela ba yak, bo khahlisang setsomi, ke kutlo e fokolang le pono. Yak e hlaselang e shebahala e le bohale haholo: hlooho e ts'oaretsoeng holimo le mohatla o nang le moriri o fofang ke sultan.
Ho fapana le li-bovids tse ling, li-yak ha li khone ho bina kapa ho hlaba. Maemong a sa tloaelehang, li etsa melumo e ts'oanang le ho honotha. Ka hona ba bitsoa "lipoho tse korotlang".
Phepo e nepahetseng
Likarolo tsa phoofolo yak moo ho dulanghore na 'mele oa hae o ikamahanya joang le maemo a tikoloho o ama lijo. Sebopeho sa thiba molomo le molomo lumella u ho fumana lijo tse tsoang tlas'a lehloa (ho fihlela ho 14 cm, lera) le mobung leqhoa. Tlas'a maemo a tlhaho, yaks e iphepa ka:
- boriba;
- Boriba;
- joang;
- letlobo le lenyenyane la lihlahla le lifate;
- dimela tse omisitsoeng le tse omisitsoeng seka seka makhulong a mariha.
Mahe a sa tsoa tsoaloa a fepa lebese la mme ho fihlela selemo sa khoeli, ebe o fetohela lijong tsa limela. Meroho, oats, matlapi a korong, bohobe bo botšo le lijo-thollo li kenyelletsoa lijong tsa li-yak tsa malapeng le tse hlaha tse bolokiloeng lirapeng tsa liphoofolo. Lijo tsa masapo, letsoai le tjhoko li sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tsa diminerale.
Libakeng tsa mapolasi a yak, li fula makhulong a lithaba ka tlasa taolo ea molisa yakovlev. Ha e fula, yaks, leha e batla e khobile matšoafo, leka ho suthisa hole le motho, ka lebaka la litšobotsi tsa sistimi ea bona ea methapo e khahlisang.
Ho hlahisa le nako ea bophelo
Lokisa, phoofolo efe, o ka ithuta likarolo tsa ho ikatisa ha eona. Ho tloaela bophelo maemong a thata ho ile ha nolofalletsa li-yak hore li tsoale maemong a batang haholo. Tswadiso e lekanyeditswe ka ho dula dibakeng tse dithaba tse tlase tse nang le tlelaemete e chesang le e bonolo.
Hape ho lokela ho hopoloa kelellong hore boteng ba motho, yaks ha e bontše maikutlo a thobalano. Khōlo ea thobalano ea batho ba hlaha e hlaha ba le lilemo li 6 ... lilemo tse 8, karolelano ea tebello ea bophelo ke lilemo tse 25.
Likarolo tsa ho tsoala:
- Yak ke liphoofolo tsa polyester. Nako ea ho ikatisa e qala qetellong ea Phuptjane - mahareng a Phupu mme e fela ka Mphalane-Tshitwe, ho itshetlehile ka sebaka sa bodulo.
- Tsehali li khona ho nontša li le lilemo li 18 ... likhoeli tse 24.
- Ho basali ba nyopa, ho tsoma ho nka ho tloha ka Phuptjane ho isa Phupu, ho tse tšehali tse tsoalang - ho tloha ka Phupu ho isa Loetse, e khethiloeng ke nako ea ho tsoala.
- Ho boloka li-yachts matsoapong a ka boroa a lithaba ho lebisa ho tsomeng nako e telele ntle le ho ruruha.
- Matšoao a ho tsoma: Li-yacht lia ferekana, li hana ho fula, li fofonela le ho qhomela liphoofolong tse ling. Ho otla, ho hema ho potlakisa, mocheso oa 'mele o phahama ka 0.5-1.2 ° C. Ho tsoa mamina a makatsang le a koahetsoeng ke molomo. Ovulation e etsahala nakong ea 3 ... lihora tse 6 kamora ho tsoma.
- Nako e pholileng ea letsatsi, ha feela e bolokiloe matsoapong a leboea a lithaba, ke nako e ntle ea ho nyalana.
- Ts'ebetso ea thobalano ea yachts e thibeloa mochesong le libakeng tse mabalane tse nang le oksijene e eketsehileng ea puso.
- Nako ea kholo ea "intrauterine" e khutsufalitsoe ha e bapisoa le likhomo tse ling mme e lekana le 224 ... matsatsi a 284 (likhoeli tse ka bang robong).
- Li-Yachikhs li lula makhulong nakong ea selemo ntle le ho kenella ha motho.
- Ho hola hoa thobalano ha li-yak tsa banna ho latela litšobotsi tsa kholo ea tsona. E etsahala likhoeling tse 15 ... tse 18.
- Ketso e kholo ea thobalano e bonts'oa ke banna ba lilemo li 1.5 ... lilemo tse 4.
Bakeng sa chai e ngata ea liphoofolo tse nyane maemong a mapolasi a yak, ho hlokahala hore o lumellane le litlhoko:
- hlophisa ho nyalana ka nako e loketseng;
- sebelisa bahlahisi ba bacha mohlapeng;
- fokotsa mojaro oa thobalano ho banna ho ea ho li-yachts tse 10-12;
- Nakong ea nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, boloka li-yak makhulong sebakeng se phahameng bonyane limithara tse likete tse tharo ka joang bo lekaneng;
- ho phethahatsa bana ka nepo.
Hangata li-gobies le likhomo tse tšehali li nyopa.
Theko
Li-yak tsa malapeng li rekisoa ka boima ba tsona bo phelang. Theko e tsoang ho li-ruble tse 260 / kg. Li rekoa bakeng sa ho boloka mapolasing a malapa le a meloko. Lihlahisoa tsa Yak tsa tlhaho li na le boleng bo holimo.
- Nama. E jeoa e lokisitsoe. E halikiloe, ea omisoa, ea phehoa, ea phehoa ebile ea besoa. Li-caloric tse 110 kcal. / 100 g E na le livithamini B1 le B2, liminerale (Ca, K, P, Fe, Na), liprotheine le mafura. Bakeng sa tšebeliso ea lijo tsa nama, nama ea bacha, ho fihlela lilemo tse tharo, yak e nkoa e le khetho. E monate ka tatso, ha e thata, ntle le mafura. Nama ea liphoofolo tsa khale e thata, e mafura ebile e na le likhalori tse ngata, e sebelisetsoa nama ea minced. E phahame ho feta nama ea khomo ka litatso le phepo e nepahetseng. Litsenyehelo tsa nama ea yak ke makhetlo a 5 tlase ho theko ea nama ea khomo. Lihlahisoa tsa nama (polao) - 53%. Bakeng sa nama, ho a sebetsa ho rekisa batho ba boima ba bonyane 300 kg.
- Lebese. Mafura a lebese la yak ke makhetlo a mabeli ho feta lebese la khomo. Likahare tsa mafura - 5.3 ... 8.5%, liprotheine - 5.1 ... 5.3%. E sebelisetsoa ho etsa chisi le botoro tse nkhang hamonate ka boleng bo phahameng ba carotene, tse nang le bophelo bo bolelele ba nako e telele. Tlhahiso ea lebese e nkuoa e le karolelano - 858 ... 1070 kg / selemo. Ho hlahisa lebese ho basali ho hola ho fihlela lilemo tse 9, ebe butle-butle ea fokotseha.
- Mafura a sebelisoa indastering ea litlolo.
- Boea. Libakeng tsa ho ikatisa tsa yak, boea ba bona bo sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea limmete, likobo, liaparo tse mofuthu le lihlahisoa tse ling. E itsoella hantle ho feling. Boea ba Yakat bo sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea masela a makukuno. Boea bo bonolo, bo boloka mocheso nako e telele, ha bo sosobane, ha bo fole. Kotulo ea boea - 0.3 ... 0.9 kg ka motho e moholo.
- Letlalo. Matlalo a tala a fumanoeng matlalong a fihlela litlhokahalo tsa matlalo a likhomo. Ntlafatso ea mahlale a tlhahiso ea letlalo la yak e tla holisa menyetla ea ts'ebeliso ea ona bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lieta le thepa e 'ngoe ea letlalo.
- Manaka a sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea likhopotso.
Li-Yak le tsona li bolokiloe lirapeng tsa liphoofolo. Theko yak hlaha 47,000-120,000 li-ruble.
Tlhokomelo ea Yak le ho ikatisa
Linaha tse etelletseng pele tse hlahisang yak ke China, Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan le Tajikistan. Russia Federation, mapolasi a yak a fumaneha Dagestan, Yakutia, Buryatia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tuva.
Yak ke liphoofolo tse ikokobelitseng tse sa hlokeng maemo a khethehileng a ho koalloa. Libakeng tsa polokelo ea liphoofolo le mapolasing a batho ka bomong, li bolokiloe ka masakeng a nang le terata e ka bang bolelele ba limithara tse 2,5.
Sistimi ea ho ikatisa ha liindasteri tsa liphoofolo tsena e ipapisitse le makhulo selemo ho pota. Libakeng tse lithaba tse telele, makhulo a pharaletseng a nang le litlama tse ntle a behelletsoe ka thoko bakeng sa ho ikatisa ha yak. Li-Yak li ikamahanya le maemo a leholimo le a makhulo a libaka tseo li holiselitsoeng ho tsona meloko e mengata.
Mapolasing, li-yak li kopantsoe ho ba mehlape kapa mehlape ka lilemo le thobalano:
- 60 ... lihlooho tse 100 - ho qhibilihisa yach;
- 8… lihlooho tse 15 - ho tsoala yaks;
- Lihlooho tse 80 - manamane ho fihlela ho likhoeli tse 12;
- Lihlooho 100 - liphoofolo tse nyenyane ka likhoeli tse 12;
- Lihlooho tse 100 - li-yachts tsa ho ikatisa.
Li-Yak li ka hlaseloa ke mafu:
- brucellosis;
- lefuba;
- lefu la maoto le molomo;
- koatsi;
- mafu a likokoana-hloko tsa mali (ha u khanna nakong e futhumetseng ho ea fihla maralleng);
- kokoanyana e ka tlas'a letlalo;
- maloetse a helminthic.
Ho ikatisa ha Yak ke indasteri e tlokotsing. Palo ea li-yak e lula e fokotseha mapolasing a ikemetseng le libakeng tse ikemetseng. Palo ea li-yaks tse hlaha le eona e fokotseha haholo. Li-yak yak tse hlaha li thathamisitsoe bukeng e khubelu.
