Ho na le metsi a mangata lefatšeng, litšoantšo tse tsoang sebakeng li paka taba ena. Mme joale ho na le ngongoreho ka tšilafalo e potlakileng ea metsi ana. Mehloli ea tšilafalo ke mosi oa metsi a litšila a malapeng le a indasteri ka Leoatleng la Lefatše, lisebelisoa tse ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi.
Lisosa tsa tšilafalo ea metsi a Leoatle la Lefatše
Batho esale ba loanela metsi, ke libaka tsena tseo batho ba lekileng ho li tseba pele. Hoo e ka bang liperesente tse mashome a tšeletseng a litoropo tsohle li sebakeng sa mabopo. Kahoo lebopong la Mediterranean ho na le linaha tse nang le baahi ba limilione tse makholo a mabeli le mashome a mahlano. Mme ka nako e ts'oanang, meaho e meholo ea indasteri e lahlela ka leoatleng hoo e ka bang lithane tse likete tse 'maloa tsa mefuta eohle ea litšila, ho kenyeletsoa le litoropo tse kholo le likhoerekhoere. Ka hona, motho ha aa lokela ho makatsoa ke hore ha metsi a nooa bakeng sa sampole, ho na le palo e kholo ea likokoana-hloko tse kotsi tse fapaneng moo.
Ka kholo ea palo ea litoropo le keketseho ea bongata ba litšila tse tšolleloang maoatleng. Le sesebelisoa se seholo joalo sa tlhaho se ke ke sa sebelisa litšila tse ngata hakana. Ho na le chefo ea liphoofolo le limela, tse lebopong le leoatleng, ho theoha ha indasteri ea litlhapi.
Ba loantša tšilafalo motseng ka tsela e latelang - litšila li tšeloa ho tloha lebopong le ho teba ho feta li sebelisa lipeipi tse ngata. Empa sena ha se rarolle letho ho hang, empa se liehisa nako ea timetso ea limela le liphoofolo ka botlalo.
Mefuta ea tšilafalo ea maoatle
E 'ngoe ea litšila tsa bohlokoahali tsa metsi a leoatle ke oli. E fihla moo ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang: nakong ea ho putlama ha bajari ba oli; likotsi masimong a oli a mose ho maoatle, ha oli e ntšoa leoatleng. Ka lebaka la oli, litlhapi lia shoa, 'me e setseng e na le tatso le monko o sa thabiseng. Linonyana tsa leoatle lia shoa, selemong se fetileng feela, matata a likete tse mashome a mararo a ile a hlokahala - matata a mohatla o telele haufi le Sweden ka lebaka la lifilimi tsa oli tse holim'a metsi. Oli, ho phaphamala haufi le maqhubu a leoatle, le ho sesisa lebopong, ho ile ha etsa libaka tse ngata tsa libaka tsa phomolo tse sa lokeleng boikhathollo le ho sesa.
Kahoo Intergovernmental Maritime Society e thehile tumellano ho latela hore na oli e ke keng ea tšeloa ka metsing lik'hilomithara tse mashome a mahlano ho tloha lebopong, boholo ba matla a leoatle bo e saenetse.
Ntle le moo, ts'ilafalo ea maoatle e ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi e lula e hlaha. Sena se etsahala ka ho lutla ha li-reactor tsa nyutlelie kapa ho tloha ho submarines ea nyutlelie e tebileng, e lebisang phetohong ea radiation ho limela le liphoofolo, o ile a thusoa ho sena ke hona joale le ka thuso ea ketane ea lijo ho tloha plankton ho ea ho litlhapi tse kholo. Hajoale, mebuso e mengata ea nyutlelie e sebelisa Leoatle la Lefatše ho kenya lihlooho tsa likepe tsa metsu, le ho lahla litšila tsa nyutlelie tse sebelisitsoeng.
E 'ngoe ea likoluoa tsa leoatle ke palesa ea metsi, e amanang le kholo ea bolele. Sena se lebisa phokotsong ea litlhapi tsa litlhapi tsa salmon. Ho ata hangata ha algae ho bakoa ke palo e kholo ea likokoana-hloko tse hlahang ka lebaka la ho lahla litšila tsa indasteri. 'Me qetellong, a re ke re sekaseke mekhoa ea ho itlhoekisa ha metsi. Li arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro.
- Metsi a lik'hemik'hale - letsoai a na le metsoako e mengata ea lik'hemik'hale, moo lits'ebetso tsa oxidative li hlahang ha oksijene e kena, hammoho le radiation le khanya, ka lebaka leo, chefo ea anthropogenic e sebetsoa ka nepo. Letsoai le hlahisoang ke karabelo le lula tlase.
- Likokoana-hloko - boima bohle ba liphoofolo tsa leoatleng tse phelang ka tlaase, li feta ka har'a likhahla tsa tsona metsi 'ohle a lebōpong la leoatle' me ka tsela eo li sebetsa e le lihlopha, le hoja li shoa ka likete.
- Mechanical - ha phallo e fokotseha, taba e emisitsoeng e itsamaisa. Phello ke ho lahla ho qetela ha lintho tsa anthropogenic.
Tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale ea leoatle
Selemo se seng le se seng, metsi a Leoatle la Lefatše a ntse a silafatsoa ke litšila tse tsoang indastering ea lik'hemik'hale. Kahoo, tloaelo ea keketseho ea bongata ba arsenic metsing a leoatle e ile ea hlokomeloa. Tekanyo ea tikoloho e senngoa ke tšepe e boima joalo ka lead le zinc, nickel le cadmium, chromium le koporo. Mefuta eohle ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana e joalo ka endrin, aldrin, dieldrin le eona e baka tšenyo. Ntle le moo, ntho ea tributyltin chloride, e sebelisetsoang ho penta likepe, e na le phello e mpe ho baahi ba leoatle. E sireletsa bokaholimo hore bo se ke ba tlala bolele le likhetla. Ka hona, lintho tsena tsohle li lokela ho nkeloa sebaka ke tse seng chefo haholo hore li se ke tsa senya limela le liphoofolo tsa leoatleng.
Tšilafalo ea metsi a Leoatle la Lefatše ha e amahanngoe feela le indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale, empa hape e amana le libaka tse ling tsa ts'ebetso ea batho, haholo-holo matla, likoloi, tšepe le lijo, indasteri e bobebe. Lisebelisoa, temo le lipalangoang le tsona li senya ka ho lekana. Mehloli e tloaelehileng ea tšilafalo ea metsi ke litšila tsa indasteri le likhoerekhoere, hammoho le manyolo le libolayalehola.
Litšila tse hlahisoang ke likepe tsa bahoebi le tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le likepe tsa oli li kenya letsoho tšilafatsong ea metsi. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea batho, lintho tse kang mercury, lintho tsa sehlopha sa dioxin le li-PCB li kena ka metsing. Ho bokella 'meleng, metsoako e kotsi e tsosa ponahalo ea mafu a tebileng: metabolism ea khathatseha, boits'ireletso ba mmele bo fokotsehile, tsamaiso ea ho ikatisa ha e sebetse, mme mathata a tebileng a sebete a hlaha. Ho feta moo, likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale li ka susumetsa le ho fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Tšilafalo ea maoatle ka polasetiki
Lits'ila tsa polasetiki li theha masihla le litšila tse felletseng metsing a leoatle la Pacific, Atlantic le India. Boholo ba lithōle bo hlahisoa ke ho qhalla litšila libakeng tse nang le baahi ba bangata ba mabopong. Hangata, liphoofolo tsa leoatleng li koenya mekotla le likaroloana tse nyane tsa polasetiki, li ba ferekanya le lijo, e leng se lebisang lefung la bona.
Polasetiki e hasane ho fihla joale hoo e seng e ntse e ka fumanoa metsing a subpolar. Ho thehiloe hore ke feela metsing a Leoatle la Pacific palo ea polasetiki e eketsehile ka makhetlo a 100 (lipatlisiso li entsoe lilemong tse mashome a mane tse fetileng). Le likaroloana tse nyane li ka fetola tikoloho ea leoatle ea tlhaho. Nakong ea lipalo, liphoofolo tse ka bang 90% tse shoang lebopong li bolaoa ke maloanlahla a polasetiki, a fosahetseng e le lijo.
Ntle le moo, ho emisoa, ho etsahalang ka lebaka la ho senyeha ha lisebelisoa tsa polasetiki, ho kotsi. Ho metsa metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale, baahi ba leoatle ba ipeha tlokotsing e kholo esita le lefu. Hopola hore batho le bona ba ka ja litlhapi tse silafalitsoeng ke litšila. Nama ea eona e na le loto e ngata le mercury.
Litlamorao tsa ts'ilafalo ea maoatle
Metsi a silafetseng a baka mafu a mangata bathong le liphoofolong. Ka lebaka leo, limela le liphoofolo li fokotseha, 'me tse ling li bile lia shoa. Sena sohle se lebisa liphetohong tsa lefats'e tikolohong ea tikoloho ea libaka tsohle tsa metsi. Maoatle 'ohle a silafetse ka ho lekaneng. E 'ngoe ea maoatle a silafetseng ka ho fetesisa ke Mediterranean. Metsi a litšila a tsoang metseng e 20 a phallela ho ona. Ntle le moo, bahahlauli ba tsoang libakeng tse tummeng tsa Mediterranean ba etsa tlatsetso e mpe. Linoka tse litšila ka ho fetesisa lefatšeng ke Tsitarum e Indonesia, Ganges e India, Yangzi naheng ea China le King River e Tasmania. Har'a matša a silafetseng, litsebi li reha matša a Great North America, Onondaga a United States le Tai Chaena.
Ka lebaka leo, ho na le liphetoho tse kholo metsing a Leoatle la Lefatše, ka lebaka leo liketsahalo tsa leholimo tsa lefatše li nyamelang, lihlekehleke tsa lithōle li thehoa, lithunthung tsa metsi ka lebaka la ho ikatisa ha bolele, mocheso o phahama, o bakang mocheso oa lefatše. Liphello tsa lits'ebetso tsena li tebile haholo mme tšoso e kholo ke phokotso e butle-butle ea tlhahiso ea oksijene, hammoho le ho fokotseha ha lisebelisoa tsa leoatle. Ntle le moo, tsoelo-pele e mpe e ka bonoa libakeng tse fapaneng: nts'etsopele ea komello libakeng tse ling, likhohola, litsunami. Ts'ireletso ea maoatle e lokela ho ba sepheo sa mantlha bakeng sa batho bohle.
