Bophelo bo qalile Lefatšeng lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 3,7 tse fetileng, ho latela mohloli o mong, lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 4,1 tse fetileng. Nts'etsopele e ntse e tsoela pele ho fihlela kajeno. Ho ea ka likhopolo tsohle, bophelo bo tla tsoelapele nakong e tlang, bo ikamahanye le tikoloho, mme boteng kapa ho ba sieo ha motho bo ke ke ba khona ho bo sitisa.
Bo-rasaense ba Australia ba fumane matšoao a bophelo mobung, mme ba lilemo li limilione tse likete tse 3,5. Liphuputso tsa bona li netefalitse hore bophelo bo thehiloe metsing a hloekileng, eseng lilibeng tsa letsoai. Bo-rasaense ba hlokomelisitse lintlha tsena mme ba batla netefatso ea tsona lik'honthinenteng tse ling.
Mefuta e meholo ea bophelo
Maemo a mantlha a bophelo a kenyelletsa:
- metsi;
- moea oa fatše;
- mobu;
- lintho tse phelang (likokoana-hloko le li-symbionts).
Sebaka ka seng se na le litšobotsi tsa sona 'me se na le lintho tse fapaneng tse phelang, tse ikatisang le tse iphetolang.
Tikoloho ea fatše
Tikoloho ena e emetse mefuta eohle ea limela le liphoofolo lefatšeng. Nts'etsopele ea bophelo ba manyolo mobung e lumelletse mobu ho hlaha. Nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea limela, meru, masimo, masetundra le liphoofolo tse fapaneng, li ikamahanya le libaka tse fapaneng. Ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea lefats'e la bophelo, bophelo bo hasane ho likhetla tsohle tse kaholimo tsa lefats'e - hydrosphere, lithosphere, sepakapaka. Lintho tsohle tse phelang li ile tsa ntlafala le ho ikamahanya le maemo a leholimo le libaka tse fapaneng. Baemeli ba mali a futhumetseng le ba batang ba liphoofolo tsa liphoofolo, linonyana tse fapaneng le likokoanyana ba ile ba hlaha. Tikolohong ea moea o fatše, limela li ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng a ho hola. Tse ling li rata libaka tse bobebe, tse futhumetseng, tse ling li mela moriting le mongobo, 'me tse ling li phela maemong a batang haholo. Mefuta-futa ea tikoloho ena e emeloa ke mefuta-futa ea bophelo bo ho eona.
Tikoloho ea metsi
Ka ho ts'oana le nts'etsopele ea tikoloho ea moea oa fatše, nts'etsopele ea lefats'e la metsi e ile ea tsoela pele.
Tikoloho ea metsing e emeloa ke matamo ohle a teng polaneteng ea rona, ho tloha maoatleng le maoatleng ho ea matšeng le melapong. 95% ea lefatše e ka metsing.
Baahi ba litonanahali ba tikolohong ea metsing ba fetohile mme ba ikamahanya le maemo tlasa maqhubu a tlholeho, ba ikamahanya le tikoloho mme ba nka sebopeho se eketsang pholoho ea baahi haholo. Boholo bo fokotsehile, libaka tsa kabo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea ho phelisana ha tsona li arotsoe. Mefuta-futa ea bophelo ka metsing ea makatsa ebile ea thabisa. Mocheso tikolohong ea metsing ha o na ho fetoha ho hoholo joalo ka tikolohong ea moea o fatše, mme leha e le metsing a batang ka ho fetesisa ha o theohe ka tlase ho likhato tse 4 tsa Celsius. Hase feela litlhapi le liphoofolo tse phelang ka metsing, empa le metsi a tletse mefuta e fapaneng ea bolele. Ke feela bolibeng bo boholo, ha ba eo, moo ho busang bosiu bo sa feleng, ho nang le kholo e fapaneng ka ho felletseng ea lintho tse phelang.
Tikoloho ea mobu
Karolo e ka hodimo ea lefats'e ke ea mobu. Ho kopanya mefuta e fapaneng ea mobu le majoe, mesaletsa ea lintho tse phelang, ho theha mobu o nonneng. Ha ho na leseli tikolohong ena, ho lona phela, kapa hona ho hola: peo le limela tsa limela, metso ea lifate, lihlahla, joang. E boetse e na le bolele bo bonyenyane. Lefats'e le na le libaktheria, liphoofolo le li-fungus. Tsena ke baahi ba eona ba ka sehloohong.
'Mele e le sebaka sa bolulo
Ha ho na motho a le mong, phoofolo kapa semela lefatšeng moo ho seng sebopuoa kapa likokoana-hloko tse lutseng. Dodge e tsebahalang ke ea likokoana-hloko tsa limela. Ho tsoa ho li-spores tse nyane ho hola ntho e phelang ka ho monya matla a phepo ea semela se amohelang.
Likokoana-hloko (tse tsoang ho Greek - "freeloader") ke ntho e phelang ho moamoheli oa eona. Likokoana-hloko tse ngata li senya 'mele ea batho le liphoofolo. Li arotsoe ka tsa nakoana, tse lulang ho moamoheli bakeng sa potoloho e itseng, le tse sa feleng, tse senyang potoloho ea 'mele ea moamoheli ka potoloho. Hangata hona ho lebisa lefung la moamoheli oa baeti. Lintho tsohle tse phelang li angoa habonolo ke likokoana-hloko, ho tsoa libaktheria, le limela le liphoofolo tse phahameng li phethela lenane lena. Livaerase le tsona ke likokoana-hloko.
Likokoana-hloko li ka eketsoa ka ts'ebetsong (ho phela hammoho).
Tlhatlhobo ea limela le liphoofolo ha e hatelle mong'a eona, empa e sebetsa joalo ka molekane bophelong. Likamano tse lumellanang li lumella mefuta e itseng ea limela le liphoofolo ho phela. Symbiosis ke lekhalo lipakeng tsa kopano le ho kopana ha lintho tse phelang.
