Mathata a tikoloho ea Baikal

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Baikal e karolong e ka Bochabela ea Siberia, e leng letša la khale, le ka bang lilemo tse limilione tse 25. Kaha letamo le tebile haholo, ke mohloli o motle oa metsi a hloekileng. Baikal e fana ka 20% ea mehloli eohle ea metsi a hloekileng polaneteng. Letša le tlatsa linoka tse 336, 'me metsi a lona a hloekile ebile a na le ponaletso. Bo-rasaense ba hakanya hore letša lena ke leoatle le sa tsoa hlaha. Ke lehae la mefuta e fetang likete tse 2,5 tsa limela le liphoofolo, tseo 2/3 tsa tsona li sa fumaneheng kae kapa kae.

Tšilafalo ea metsi Letšeng la Baikal

Noka e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea letša ke Noka ea Selenga. Leha ho le joalo, metsi a eona ha a tlale Baikal feela, empa hape aa e silafatsa. Likhoebo tsa Metallurgical li lula li tšolla metsi a litšila le a liindasteri ka nokeng, e leng hona ho silafatsang letša. Kotsi e kholo ho Selenga e bakoa ke likhoebo tse fumanehang sebakeng sa Buryatia, hammoho le metsi a litšila malapeng.

Haufi le Letša la Baikal, ho na le leloala la makhasi le likhateboto, leo boholo ba lona le sentse tikoloho ea letša lena. Batsamaisi ba khoebo ena ba boletse hore ba emisitse ho silafatsa litopo tsa lehae, empa moea o tsoang sepakapakeng ha oa ka oa emisa, oo hamorao o ea Selenga le Baikal.

Ha e le temo, li-agrochemicals tse sebelisetsoang ho nontša mobu oa masimo a haufinyane li hohola ka nokeng. Litšila tsa liphoofolo le lijalo le tsona li tšeloa Selenga khafetsa. Sena se lebisa lefung la liphoofolo tsa linoka le tšilafalo ea metsi a letša.

Tšusumetso ea HPP ea Irkutsk

Ka 1950, setsi sa motlakase se fehlang motlakase se thehiloe Irkutsk, ka lebaka leo metsi a Letša la Baikal a phahame ka hoo e ka bang mithara. Liphetoho tsena li bile le phello e mpe bophelong ba baahi ba letša. Liphetoho metsing li amme hampe libaka tsa ho tsoalloa ha litlhapi, mefuta e meng e petetsa tse ling. Liphetoho boemong ba bongata ba metsi li kenya letsoho tšenyehong ea mabopo a letša.

Ha e le libaka tsa bolulo tse haufi, baahi ba tsona ba hlahisa lithōle tse ngata letsatsi le letsatsi, tse senyang tikoloho ka kakaretso. Metsi a litšila a malapeng a silafatsa tsamaiso ea linoka le Letša la Baikal. Hangata, ha ho sebelisoe likhoerekhoere tsa ho itlhoekisa molemong oa ho tsoa metsi a metsi. Ho joalo le ka phallo ea metsi a liindasteri.

Kahoo, Baikal ke mohlolo oa tlhaho o bolokang mehloli e mengata ea metsi. Ts'ebetso ea Anthropogenic butle-butle e lebisa koluoeng, ka lebaka leo letamo le ka emisang ho ba teng haeba lintlha tse mpe tsa ts'ilafalo ea letša li sa felisoe.

Tšilafalo ea Letša la Baikal ke metsi a linoka

Noka e kholohali e phallelang Letšeng la Baikal ke Selenga. E tlisa lik'hilomithara tse ka bang 30 tsa metsi letšeng ka selemo. Bothata ke hore metsi a litšila a malapeng le a indastering a kenella Selenga, ka hona boleng ba metsi ba eona bo etsa hore o lakatsehe. Metsi a noka a silafetse haholo. Metsi a silafetseng a Selenga a kena ka letšeng mme a mpefatsa boemo ba ona. Litšila tse tsoang likhoebong tsa tšepe le tsa kaho, ts'ebetso ea letlalo le merafo li tšeloa Baikal. Lihlahisoa tsa oli, li-agrochemicals le manyolo a fapaneng a temo a kenella ka metsing.

Linoka tsa Chikoy le Khilok li na le tšusumetso e mpe letšeng. Le tsona li silafalitsoe haholo ke likhoebo tsa metallurgic le tsa mapolanka libakeng tse haufi. Selemo se seng le se seng, nakong ea tlhahiso, metsi a litšila a ka bang limilione tse 20 a tšolleloa ka har'a linoka.

Mehloli ea tšilafalo e lokela ho kenyelletsa likhoebo tse sebetsang Rephaboliking ea Buryatia. Litsi tsa indasteri li nyenyefatsa boemo ba metsi ntle ho mohau, li qhala likarolo tse kotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale tse fumanoeng molemong oa tlhahiso. Ts'ebetso ea lits'ebeletso tsa kalafo e lumella ho hloekisa feela 35% ea chefo e felletseng. Mohlala, mohopolo oa phenol o phahame makhetlo a 8 ho feta tloaelo e lumelloang. Ka lebaka la lipatlisiso, ho fumanoe hore lintho tse kang li-ion tsa koporo, nitrate, zinki, phosphorus, lihlahisoa tsa oli le tse ling, li kena Nokeng ea Selenga ka bongata bo boholo.

Moea o fetang Baikal

Sebakeng seo Baikal e leng ho sona, ho na le likhoebo tse ngata tse ntšang likhase tsa sethopo le metsoako e kotsi e silafatsang moea. Hamorao, tsona hammoho le limolek'hule tsa oksijene, li kena ka metsing, li a silafatsa, hape li oela fatše hammoho le pula. Ho na le lithaba pela letša. Ha li lumelle mosi hore o qhale, empa li bokellana ka holim'a metsi, ho ba le phello e mpe tikolohong.

Ho potoloha letša ho na le libaka tse ngata tsa bolulo tse silafatsang sepakapaka. Boholo ba lintho tse tsoang moeeng li oela ka metsing a Letša la Baikal. Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la moea o ikhethileng oa moea, sebaka seo se sekametse moeeng o ka leboea-bophirima, ka lebaka leo, moea o silafalitsoe ke setsi sa indasteri sa Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky se phuleng ea Angara.

Ho boetse ho na le keketseho ea tšilafalo ea moea nakong e itseng ea selemo. Mohlala, mathoasong a mariha moea ha o matla haholo, o tlatsetsang maemong a matle a tikoloho tikolohong eo, empa nakong ea selemo ho na le keketseho ea phallo ea moea, ka lebaka leo mesi eohle e lebisitsoeng Baikal. Karolo e ka boroa ea letša e nkuoa e le e silafetseng ka ho fetisisa. Mona o ka fumana likarolo tse kang nitrogen dioxide le sebabole, likaroloana tse fapaneng tse tiileng, carbon monoxide le hydrocarbon.

Tšilafalo ea Letša la Baikal le metsi a litšila a malapa

Bonyane batho ba likete tse 80 ba lula metseng le metsaneng e haufi le Baikal. Ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea bona ea bophelo le tlhahiso, lithōle le litšila tse fapaneng lia bokellana. Kahoo lits'ebeletso li tsamaisa metsi ka har'a metsi a lehae. Ho hloekisa litšila tsa lapeng ha ho khotsofatse haholo, maemong a mang ha e eo ka botlalo.

Likepe tse fapaneng, tse tsamaeang haufi le litselana tsa noka ea sebaka se fanoeng, li ntša metsi a litšila, ka hona tšilafalo e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa lihlahisoa tsa oli, e kena metsing a metsi. Ka karolelano, selemo se seng le se seng letša le silafatsoa ke lithane tse 160 tsa lihlahisoa tsa oli, tse mpefatsang boemo ba metsi a Letša la Baikal. Bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa boemo bo kotsi ka likepe, mmuso o thehile molao oa hore sebopeho se seng le se seng se tlameha ho ba le konteraka ea phepelo ea metsi a tsamaeang ka tlas'a sekepe. Ea morao-rao e tlameha ho hloekisoa ke lits'ebeletso tse ikhethang. Phallo ea metsi ka letšeng e thibetsoe ka thata.

Ha ho na tšusumetso e nyane ho boemo ba metsi a letša lena bo etsoang ke bahahlauli ba sa tsotelleng botle ba tlhaho ba sebaka seo. Ka lebaka la hore ha ho na sistimi ea ho bokella, ho tlosa le ho lokisa litšila tsa lapeng, boemo bo ntse bo mpefala selemo le selemo.

Ho ntlafatsa tikoloho ea Letša la Baikal, ho na le sekepe se khethehileng "Samotlor", se bokellang litšila ho pholletsa le letamo. Leha ho le joalo, hajoale ha ho na chelete e lekaneng ho tsamaisa mofuta ona oa libaka tsa ho hloekisa. Haeba tharollo e matla haholoanyane ea mathata a tikoloho ea Letša la Baikal e sa qale haufinyane, tikoloho ea letša e ka putlama, e tla lebisa liphellong tse mpe tse ke keng tsa etsolloa.

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