Bison, kapa li-bison tsa Europe (Vison bonasus) ke liphoofolo tsa mofuta oa Bison (Vison) le lelapa le lenyenyane la likhomo (Bovinae). Moemeli oa lelapa la li-bovids (Bovidae) le taelo ea artiodactyls (Artiodactyla) ke mong ka eena ea haufi le li-bison tsa Amerika (Vison bison), ha a tšeloa le bana ba nonneng ba bitsoang bison ba tsoetsoeng.
Tlhaloso ea nare
Linare tsa Europe ke tsona liphoofolo tse anyesang tse boima ka ho fetisisa le tse kholo ka ho fetisisa Europe. Leha ho le joalo, e se e le qetellong ea lekholo la ea leshome le metso e robong la lilemo, ho na le e ne e le tšekamelo ea ho fokotseha bonahala ka boholo ba phoofolo.
Hoa thahasellisa! Phapang e totobetseng ea boima ba basali le ba batona e bonahala ka lilemo tse ka bang tharo, 'me e phehella ho pholletsa le bophelo ba li-artiodactyls.
Karolong ea pele ea lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo, ho ne ho e-na le banna ba holileng tsebong ba li-subspecies tse ling, tseo boima ba 'mele oa bona bo neng bo fihla ho li-kilogram tse 1.2... Li-bison tsa sejoale-joale li tlase li le tlase ho baholo-holo ba tsona ka boholo, ka hona boima ba 'mele ba batho ba baholo bo fapana lipakeng tsa 400-980 kg.
Ponahalo
Bolelele ba mmele wa poho e hodileng ya dilemo tse tsheletseng e ka ba limithara tse tharo, mme bophahamo ba phoofolo e ponang ke 1.9 m, ka bophara ba sefuba kahare ho 2.8 m.
- Bolelele ba 'mele - 2.7 m;
- bophahamo ba phoofolo ponahalo - 1,67 limithara;
- girth sebakeng sa sefuba - 2.46 m.
Karolo e ka pele ea bison e khetholloa ka boholo, hammoho le bophahamo le bophara bo hlakileng ha e bapisoa le karolo e ka morao ea phoofolo. Mokokotlo o phahameng haholo o thehoa ka holim'a molala o mokhutšoane le ka pele ka morao. Sebaka sa sefuba se sephara, 'me mpa ea li-bison e koahetsoe, ha e leketle.
Letswele, le hara tse tshehadi tse anyesang, ha le bonahale haholo, ka hona, ke malinyane a mane feela a ka bonoang ka ho hlaka. Karolo ena e bakoa ke sebaka se ikhethileng sa litšoelesa tsa mammary ka mabali a mabeli a otlolohileng ho fihlela bohareng ba mpa.
Hlooho ea nare e tlaase haholo, kahoo motheo oa mohatla o phahame haholo ho feta sebaka sa parietal. Phatla e sephara ebile e otlolohile, 'me molomo o batla o le monyane. Sebakeng sa parietal ho na le manaka a hlahellang ka pele mme a arohane haholo, a sephara ka ho lekana botlaaseng.
Empa li tepa lipheletsong. Linaka li ntšo, ka bokaholimo bo boreleli, bo benyang, bo sekoti le bo chitja ka karolo bolelele bohle. Linaka tsa liphoofolo tsa khale, hangata, li bothokoa ebile li oele fatše. Litsebe tsa li-bison li khutšoanyane ebile li sephara, li koahetsoe ke moriri 'me li patiloe ke moriri o motenya hloohong.
Litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa ponahalo ea linare tsa Europe:
- leleme, molomo le mahalapa li lefifi, li boputsoa ba letlapa;
- boteng ba papillae e kholo ka holim'a leleme ke tšobotsi;
- melomo e mosesane, e koahetsoeng kahare ka makhopho a letlalo a totileng;
- Meno a 32 kahare, ho kenyelletsa li-canine, li-premolars, molars le li-incisors;
- mahlo a matsho, a manyane ka boholo, ka mahlo a kgemang le a tsamaisang mahlo;
- mathoko a dintshi a matšo, ka dintshi tse telele le tse tenya;
- molala o motenya ebile o matla, ntle le phoka e holofalang;
- maoto le matsoho a tiile, ho e-na le hoo a matenya, a nang le litlhako tse kholo le tse hlaheletseng, hape le boteng ba litlhako tse nyane tse katiloeng kamorao tse sa fihleleng fatše;
- mohatla o bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 76-80, o koahetsoeng ke moriri o molelele, o nang le buru e tenya e kang boea ntlheng;
- 'mele le maoto le matsoho tsa bison li koahetsoe ka botlalo ka seaparo se teteaneng,' me letlalo le se nang letho le teng bohareng ba molomo o kaholimo le ntlheng e ka pele ea linko;
- karolong e ka pele ea 'mele le sefubeng, moriri o molelele o tšoana le moetse,' me moriri o molelele 'metsong le seledung o etsa "litelu";
- hlooho le phatla ea phoofolo li koahetsoe ke moriri o kobehileng.
Mmala oa seaparo o fapana ho latela li-subspecies... Mohlala, li-bison tsa Bialowieza li khetholloa ka 'mala o bosootho bo bosootho bo bosootho bo bosootho. Bison ea li-subspecies tsa Caucasia, 'mala o motšo o mosootho, o bosootho bo sootho, o na le bosootho ba chokolete. Mmala oa hlooho o bonahala o le lefifi ho feta 'mala oa seaparo' meleng. "Ditedu" di ntsho ka mmala, mme mane e na le mmala o bosootho.
Hoa thahasellisa! Li-bison li na le kutlo le nts'etsopele e ntlafalitsoeng hantle, empa pono ea artiodactyl e joalo ha e ntlafatsoe haholo. Har'a tse ling, 'mala oa phoofolo mariha o bonahala o fifetse ka mokhoa o hlakileng,' me boea nakong ena bo ba botenya ebile bo balelele ho feta.
Phapang e ka sehloohong ea ponahalo lipakeng tsa linare tsa Europe le li-bison tsa Amerika ha e nyane. Li-bison li na le mokokotlo o phahameng, o fapaneng ka sebōpeho, hammoho le mohatla o molelele le manaka. Hlooho ea nare e phahame haholo ha e bapisoa le nare. 'Mele oa nare o khetholloa ka sebopeho se boholo ba lisekoere, ha sebopeho sa nare se hopotsa lehlaka le lelelele, le bakoang ke mokokotlo o molelele le maoto a malelele.
Boitšoaro le boitšoaro
Ha u kopana le motho, meno a Europe a tloaetse ho itšoara ka mokhoa o khutsitseng le o se nang mabifi ka ho felletseng. Phoofolo e nang le khōla e arohaneng ha e utloe tšabo, empa maemong a mang kapa ho itšireletsa, e kanna ea leka ho tšosa motho a sebelisa litlhaselo tse sa lebelloang ka lehlakoreng la hae. Hangata, nare e atamela haufi le motho e sa mo ntše kotsi.
Ho latela liphuputso, linare ha li leke ho roba terata kapa ho hlasela batho.... Boitšoaro ba mofuta ona bo tloaelehile ho baemeli ba mefuta e bolokiloeng ka har'a lifofane. Ha e le maemong a tlhaho, phoofolo e hlaha e nang le likhako tse hlaha e itšoara ka hloko kamoo ho ka khonehang, 'me e leka ho se lumelle batho ho atamela haufi le eona.
Hoa thahasellisa! Leha e bonahala e le tlhaho e ntle ebile e na le khotso, ho hlokahala hore e itšoare ka hloko le li-bison tsa Europe, hobane boits'oaro ba phoofolo e hlaha maemong a tlhaho bo ke ke ba tsejoa esale pele.
Ka lebaka la tlhaho ea tlhaho ea ho itšireletsa, ha u kopana le motho, phoofolo e khetha ho tsamaea. E le molao, mosali e moholo ea lebetseng namane ea hae o beha kotsi e itseng bathong. Ka boiteko ba ho sireletsa lesea ka mekhoa efe kapa efe e teng, e tšehali e khona ho hlasela mang kapa mang ea atamelang.
Mokhoa oa bophelo le bophelo bo bolelele
Li-bison li kopane ka mehlape e menyenyane, e nang le liphoofolo tse 3-20, karolo ea bohlokoa ea eona e emeloang ke tse tšehali le manamane a manyane. Boetapele mohlapeng kamehla ke ba mosali e moholo. Tse tona tse holileng ka thobalano li khetha ho phela feela, empa li khona ho ikopanya le mohlape ka sepheo sa ho nyalana. Bakeng sa nako ya mariha, mehlape ka bonngwe e khona ho kopana ka lihlopha tse kholo.
Hoa thahasellisa! Banna ba qothisanang lehlokoa ba kenella lintoeng habonolo, tse atisang ho fella ka likotsi tse mpe haholo.
Ponahatso ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e lekantsoe ke mocheso, serame le khaello ea matla, ka hona, bathong ba tlhaho, nako ea ho ruruha e etsahala ka Phato-Loetse. Karolelano ea bophelo ba nare ea Europe, leha e le maemong a matle, ha e fetise kotara ea lekholo.
Mefuta e fapaneng ea linare tsa Europe
Pele, kabo ea li-bison e ile ea hlokomeloa libakeng tse kholo, ho tloha Hloahloeng ea Iberia ho ea Bophirimela ho Siberia, ho kenyeletsoa le karolo e ka boroa ea Scandinavia le England. Hona joale naheng ea Europe ho thehiloe mefuta e meholo ea li-bison tsa Europe: mabalane a Europe, a tsejoang hape e le Bialowieza kapa Lithuania, le nare ea Caucasian. Kajeno, li-bison tse joalo li fumanoa linaheng tse mashome a mararo, moo li bolokiloeng li lokolohile ebile li le malulong.
Ho na le litsi tse robeli Belarus tse sebetsanang le tlhokomelo le ho ikatisa ha linaha tsa Europe tse phelang ka bolokolohi. Libaka tsa mantlha tsa li-artiodactyls li emeloa ke meru e nang le makhasi a sephara, a makhasi a mangata le libaka tse tsoakaneng tsa moru oa coniferous-deciduous, hammoho le makhulo a likhohola a nang le sehlahla sa morara se tsoetseng pele hantle.
Lijo, li-bison li ja eng
Nakong ea selemo-lehlabula, linare tsa Europe li khetha ho lula libakeng tse khetholloang ka mefuta-futa le bongata bo boholo ba limela tsa litlama. Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng tsa lehlabula le ka ho qala ha hoetla, liphoofolo tse nang le likhako tse arohaneng, joalo ka molao, li lula libakeng tse tsoakaneng tsa likhohola le meru ea alder, e nang le mobu o mongobo kapa o mongobo o tlatsetsang ho bolokeheng halelele haholo ha limela tse sa hlonephehang.
Qetellong ea hoetla, linare tsa Europe li khetha libaka tse nang le palo e kholo ea lifate tsa eike. Mariha, liphoofolo tse nang le likhako tse arohaneng li tsepamisa mohopolo haufi le libaka tsa ho fepa.
Ha ho qala mocheso oa selemo, masimo a maholo a furu a jaloa bakeng sa bison, moo molao-motheo oa "motataisi o motala" o sebelisoang.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Tsehali li fihlela kholo ea thobalano li le lilemo li tharo kapa tse 'ne, empa hangata phoofolo e kena mothating oa ho ikatisa e le lilemo tse 4,5. Linare tse tona tsa Europe li nka karolo ka lekhetlo la pele li le lilemo li ka bang tharo. Nako ya ho rua e atolositswe haholo, empa diphoofolo tse ka bang 70% tsa tse nang le maoto a arohaneng li nka karolo ho tloha matsatsing a leshome a ho qetela a Phupu ho fihlela qalong ea Mphalane.
Boimana bo nka matsatsi a ka bang 257-272, 'me basali ba lilemo li 4-14 ba nonne haholo. Pakeng tsa Mots'eanong le mahareng a lehlabula, lelinyane le le leng lea hlaha, le fepa lebese la mme selemo.
Kamora hore tse tona tse nyane li tlohe mohlapeng oa bo-mme, ho tloaelehile haholo hore mehlape eohle e be teng, e nang le li-bachelors tse nyane joalo. Kamora lilemo tse ka bang leshome le metso e 'meli, spermatogenesis e bonahala e fokola ho banna ba li-bison tsa Europe, e amang palo le boleng ba bana.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Lira tsa tlhaho ho batho ba baholo le ba holileng ka thobalano ba li-bison tsa Europe, ha ho joalo, li batla li le sieo ka ho felletseng, empa liphutheloana tsa liphiri li ka baka kotsi ho bacha. Ho ea ka lipalo-palo le nako ea nako e telele, ke batho ba ikarabellang bakeng sa ho nyamela ha nare naheng.
Litholoana tsa ho tsongoa hampe, ho senngoa ha libaka tsa bolulo le ho thunngoa ha liphoofolo ka bongata e ne e le pheliso e felletseng ea li-bison ka tlhaho e seng e le ka 1927. Ke feela poloko ea palo e itseng ea li-bison lirapeng tsa boikhathollo le ho beng ba batho ba ikemetseng tse entseng hore ho se ke ha lahleha ka ho felletseng mofuta ona oa phoofolo e arohaneng.
Hoa thahasellisa! Leha e le hore nare e na le molao-motheo o matla, metsamao ea phoofolo e joalo e bobebe haholo ebile e lebelo, ka hona phoofolo e nang le likhako tse arohaneng e khona ho tsamaea kapele, e hlola terata ea limithara tse peli kapele, 'me e tsamaee ka boqhetseke matsoapong.
Keketseho ea palo ea li-bison e thusitsoe ke ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa ka mokhoa o nang le sepheo, hammoho le ho theha litsing tse khethehileng le ho lokolla liphoofolo tse nyane ka tlhaho.
Boemo ba baahi, ts'ireletso ea liphoofolo
Hajoale, mohato oa pele oa mosebetsi o reretsoeng ho boloka li-bison tsa Europe o phethetsoe, ka hona, ho timela ha phoofolo e sa tloaelehang e nang le likhako ha e ts'okeloe haufinyane... Leha ho le joalo, ho ea ka Lenane le Lefubelu la IUCN, mofuta ona o khetholloa e le Kotsing kapa "VU". Bukeng ea Russian Red Data Book, linare tsa Europe li khetholloa e le liphoofolo tse kotsing ea ho fela.
Kajeno, litsebi tsa liphoofolo li ikakhetse ka setotsoana polokong ea linare tsa Europe, ka hona, palo e felletseng ea liphoofolo tse nang le khōla e arohaneng e ka ba likete tse tharo. Tse ling tsa linare tsa Europe li bolokiloe lirapeng tsa boikhathollo tse fapaneng, 'me palo e lekaneng e lokolloa libakeng tsa tlhaho tse sirelelitsoeng, e kholo ka ho fetisisa ke sebaka sa tlhaho se tsebahalang "Belovezhskaya Pushcha".
