"Morena oa litlhapi tsohle" - sehlooho sena se ile sa fuoa tuna ka 1922 ke Ernest Hemingway, ea ileng a khahloa ke torpedo e phatsimang e phelang maqhubu a leoatle a lebopong la Spain.
Tlhaloso ea tuna
Ichthyologists hlokomela tuna e le e mong oa baahi ba phethahetseng ka ho fetisisa leoatleng... Litlhapi tsena tsa leoatleng, tseo lebitso la tsona le tsoang ho Segerike sa khale. motso "thynō" (ho lahlela), li lelapeng la Scombridae 'me li theha mofuta oa 5 ka mefuta e 15. Mefuta e mengata ha e na senya sa ho sesa. Li-tuna li fapane haholo ka boholo (bolelele le boima ba 'mele) - kahoo mackerel tuna e hola feela ho fihla halofo ea mithara ka boima ba 1.8 kg, ha mofuta oa tuna oa bluefin o fumana ho fihla ho 300-500 kg ka bolelele ba 2 ho isa ho 4.6 m.
Mofuta oa tuna e nyane o kenyelletsa:
- skipjack, aka striped tuna;
- tuna e ka boroa;
- tuna e nang le mabala;
- mackerel tuna;
- Tuna ea Atlantic.
Mofuta oa tuna ea 'nete o emeloa ke mefuta e khahlang ka ho fetesisa, joalo ka:
- longfin tuna;
- tuna e mahlo a maholo;
- yellowfin tuna;
- e tloaelehileng (boputsoa / boputsoa bo bobebe).
Ea morao-rao e khahlisa batšoasi ba litlhapi ka lisampole tse ntle haholo: ho tsebahala, ka mohlala, hore ka 1979, haufi le Canada, mofuta oa tuna oa bluefin o ile oa ts'oaroa, o otlolla hoo e ka bang 680 kg.
Ponahalo
Tuna ke sebopuoa se matla ka mokhoa o makatsang seo tlhaho e se fileng phetoho e phethahetseng ea 'mele le phetoho.... Li-tunas tsohle li na le 'mele o melelele, o bopehileng joaloka thupa o thusang ho fumana lebelo le lakatsehang le ho koahela libaka tse telele. Ntle le moo, sebopeho se hantle sa mokokotlo, se kang sekele, se lokela ho lebohuoa ka lebelo le nako ea ho sesa.
Melemo e meng ea mofuta oa Thunnus e kenyelletsa:
- Lephegwana le le tiilego ka mo go sa tlwaelegago;
- keketseho ea sekhahla sa phapanyetsano ea khase;
- biochemistry e hlollang / physiology ea pelo le methapo ea mali;
- maemo a phahameng a hemoglobin;
- likhase tse pharalletseng tse sefa metsi hore tuna e fumane 50% ea oksijene ea eona (litlhaping tse ling - 25-33%);
- sistimi e ntle ea ho itšireletsa mafung e fanang ka mocheso mahlong, bokong, mesifa le mpa.
Ka lebaka la maemo a morao tjena, 'mele oa tuna o lula o futhumetse (ka 9-14 ° C) ea tikoloho, ha thempereichara ea litlhapi tse ngata e thulana le mocheso oa metsi. Tlhaloso e bonolo - ba lahleheloa ke mocheso mesebetsing ea mesifa, hobane mali a ntse a phalla ka har'a li-capillaries tsa gill: mona ha e ntlafatsoe feela ka oksijene, empa e boetse e pholile ho fihlela mocheso oa metsi.
Bohlokoa! Ke sesebelisoa se eketsehileng sa mocheso (countercurrent) se lipakeng tsa li-gill le lisele tse ling se khonang ho eketsa mocheso oa 'mele. Li-tuna tsohle li na le mocheso ona oa tlhaho oa mocheso.
Ka lebaka la hae, tuna ea bluefin e boloka mocheso oa 'mele oa eona ho pota + 27 + 28 ° С, leha e le botebo ba kilomitara, moo metsi a sa futhumaleng kaholimo ho +5 ° С. Ho futhumatsa mali ho ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetso e matla ea mesifa e fang tuna lebelo le phahameng haholo. Mofuta oa mocheso oa tuna o hahelletsoeng ka marang-rang ke marang-rang a methapo e tsamaisang mali e fanang ka mali mesifa e ka morao, moo karolo ea mantlha e abeloang mesifa e khubelu (likhoele tsa mesifa tsa sebopeho se ikhethileng se haufi le mokokotlo).
Lijana tse nosetsang mesifa e khubelu ea lehlakoreng ka mali li mennoe hore e be mokhoa o rarahaneng oa methapo le methapo e kopaneng, eo mali a tsamaeang ka eona ka mahlakore a fapaneng. Mali a chefo a tuna (a futhumalitsoeng ke mosebetsi oa mesifa le ho ntšetsoa ka ntle ke pelo) a fetisetsa mocheso oa eona eseng metsing, empa ho mali a tšoaetsanoang (stats) a sotloang ke methapo. Mme mesifa ea litlhapi e hlatsuoa ke phallo e seng e futhumetse ea mali.
Motho oa pele oa ho hlokomela le ho hlalosa tšobotsi ena ea morphological ea mofuta oa Thunnus e ne e le mofuputsi oa Mojapane K. Kissinuye. O boetse a etsa tlhahiso ea ho abela li-tunas tsohle lebothong le ikemetseng, empa, ka bomalimabe, ha a ka a fumana tšehetso ea basebetsi-'moho.
Boitšoaro le mokhoa oa bophelo
Li-tuna li nkuoa e le liphoofolo tsa sechaba tse nang le boits'oaro bo botle - li bokana libakeng tse kholo ebe li tsoma ka lihlopha. Ha li batla lijo, litlhapi tsena tsa pelagic li ikemiselitse ho akhela libakeng tse telele, haholo hobane li lula li ts'epa litalenta tsa tsona tsa ho lula.
Hoa thahasellisa! Lipina tse putsoa (tse tloaelehileng) li na le karolo ea tau ea lirekoto tsa lebelo la leoatle lefatšeng. Libakeng tse khuts'oane tuna ea bluefin e ka potlakisa ho fihla ho 90 km / h.
Ha li il'o tsoma, li-tunas li ea moleng o kobehileng (o ts'oanang le khoele ea seqha se otlolohileng) ebe li qala ho khanna phofu ea tsona ka lebelo le phahameng. Ka tsela, ho sesa ka ho sa feleng ho na le tlhaho ho biology ea mofuta oa Thunnus. Ho emisa ho ba sokela ka lefu, hobane ts'ebetso ea ho hema e bakoa ke ho kobeha hoa 'mele, ho tsoa pheletsong ea caudal. Tsamaiso ea pele e boetse e netefatsa phallo e tsoelang pele ea metsi ka molomo o bulehileng ho kena mokhoeng.
Bolele ba bophelo
Bolelele ba bophelo ba baahi bana ba makatsang ba leoatle bo ipapisitse le mefuta - ha baemeli ba eona ba le boholo, bophelo bo ba telele... Lethathamo la lilemo tse lekholo le kenyelletsa tuna e tloaelehileng (lilemo tse 35-50), tuna ea Australia (20-40) le Pacific bluefin tuna (lilemo tse 15-26). Yellowfin tuna (5-9) le mackerel tuna (lilemo tse 5) ke tsona tse sallang hanyane lefatšeng lena.
Habitat, habitats
Tuna e batla e ikarotse ho li-mackerel tse ling tse fetang lilemo tse limilione tse 40 tse fetileng, e lula ho pholletsa le Leoatle la Lefatše (ntle le maoatle).
Hoa thahasellisa! Hajoale ho Stone Age, litšoantšo tse qaqileng tsa litlhapi li ile tsa hlaha mahaheng a Sicily, mme ho Bronze le Iron Ages, batšoasi ba litlhapi ba Mediterranean (Bagerike, Bafoenisia, Baroma, Maturkey le Mamoroccan) ba balile matsatsi pele tuna e hlaha.
Haufinyane tjena, mofuta oa tuna o tloaelehileng o ne o pharalletse haholo mme o koahetse Leoatle lohle la Atlantic, ho tloha Lihlekehlekeng tsa Canary ho ea Leoatleng le ka Leboea, hammoho le Norway (moo a ileng a sesa hlabula). Bluefin tuna e ne e le moahi ea tloaetseng ho lula Leoatleng la Mediterranean, ka linako tse ling a kena Leoatleng le Letšo. O kopane le lebopo la Atlantic la Amerika, hape le metsing a Afrika Bochabela, Australia, Chile, New Zealand le Peru. Hajoale, mefuta ea tuna ea bluefin e fokotsehile haholo. Libaka tsa tuna tse nyane li ajoa ka tsela e latelang:
- tuna e ka boroa - metsi a futhumetseng a lefatše le ka boroa (New Zealand, Afrika Boroa, Tasmania le Uruguay);
- mackerel tuna - libaka tse lebopong la leoatle tse futhumetseng;
- tuna e nang le mabala - Leoatle la India le Pacific Bophirimela;
- Tuna ea Atlantic - Afrika, Amerika le Mediterranean;
- skipjack (tuna e metsero) - libaka tse chesang le tse mongobo tsa Leoatle la Pacific.
Lijo, phepo e nepahetseng
Tuna, haholo-holo e kholo ka ho fetisisa (e putsoa), e ja hoo e batlang e le ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e botenya ba leoatle - ho sesa kapa ho robala tlase.
Lijo tse loketseng tuna ke:
- litlhapi tse kenang sekolo, ho kenyeletsoa herring, mackerel, hake le pollock;
- flounder;
- squid le octopus;
- sardine le anchovy;
- mefuta e menyenyane ea lishaka;
- li-crustaceans ho kenyelletsa le makhala;
- cephalopods;
- molomo o dulang.
Batšoasi ba litlhapi le li-ichthyologists ba ka tseba habonolo libaka tseo tuna e khinkhisang herring ho tsona - makhakhapha a eona a phatsimang a ikharileng ka har'a melatsoana eo butle-butle e lahleheloang ke lebelo le ho qhibiliha butle butle. Sekala ka seng se neng se sena nako ea ho teba se hopotsa hore tuna e sa tsoa ja mona.
Tuna ea ho tsoala
Pejana, litsebi tsa ichthyologists li ne li kholisehile hore botebo ba Atlantic Leboea bo ne bo ahuoa ke mehlape e 'meli ea tuna e tloaelehileng - e le' ngoe e lula Atlantic Bophirima 'me e hlaha Koung ea Mexico,' me ea bobeli e lula Atlantic Bochabela, e tlohella ho tsoala Leoatleng la Mediterranean.
Bohlokoa! Ke ka lebaka la khopolo ena moo Khomishene ea Machabeng ea Paballo ea Tuna ea Atlantic e ileng ea qala ho beha litekanyetso bakeng sa ho tšoasa. Ho tšoasa litlhapi ho ne ho lekantsoe Atlantic Bophirima, empa ho lumelloa (ka bongata bo boholo) ka Bochabela.
Ha nako e ntse e ea, sengoloa sa mehlape e 'meli ea Atlantic se ile sa nkuoa se sa nepahala, se neng se tsamaisoa haholo ke ho tšoaea litlhapi (tse qalileng bohareng ba lekholo la lilemo le fetileng) le ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a limolek'hule. Bakeng sa lilemo tse fetang 60, ho ne ho khonahala ho fumana hore tuna e hlile e qhotsa makaleng a mabeli (Kou ea Mexico le Leoatle la Mediterranean), empa tlhapi ka 'ngoe e tloha sebakeng se seng ho ea ho se seng, ho bolelang hore baahi ke ntho e le' ngoe.
Sebaka ka seng se na le nako ea sona ea ho ikatisa. Koung ea Mexico, tuna e qala ho qala ho tloha bohareng ba Mmesa ho isa Phuptjane, ha metsi a futhumala ho fihlela ho + 22.6 + 27.5 ° C. Ho tuna e ngata, ho qhoma ha pele ho hlaha pele ho lilemo tse 12, leha ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng ho etsahala lilemong tse 8-10, ha litlhapi li hola ho fihla ho limithara tse 2. Leoatleng la Mediterranean, ho ba le thari ho etsahala pejana - kamora ho fihlela lilemo tse 3. Ho ikatisa ho etsahala hlabula, ka Phuptjane - Phupu.
Tuna e nonneng haholo.... Batho ba baholo ba tsoala mahe a ka bang limilione tse 10 (1.0-1.1 cm ka boholo). Kamora nako e itseng, leqhubu la 1-1.5 cm le qhotsoa lehe le leng le le leng le nang le lerotholi la mafura.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Tuna e na le lira tsa tlhaho tse 'maloa: ka lebaka la lebelo la eona, e baleha ba e lelekisang ka boqhetseke. Leha ho le joalo, ka linako tse ling tuna e hloloa ke ho loana le mefuta e meng ea lishaka, hape e oela lerabeng lafishfish.
Boleng ba khoebo
Moloko oa batho o tloaetse tuna ka nako e telele - ka mohlala, baahi ba Japane ba 'nile ba kotula tuna ea bluefin ka lilemo tse fetang likete tse 5. Barbara Block, moprofesa Univesithing ea Stanford, o kholisehile hore mofuta oa Thunnus o thusitse ho aha tsoelo-pele ea Bophirimela. Barbara o tiisa sephetho sa hae ka lintlha tse tsebahalang: tuna e ile ea otloa ka lichelete tsa tšepe tsa Greek le Celtic, 'me batšoasi ba litlhapi ba Bosphorus ba sebelisa mabitso a 30 (!) A fapaneng ho khetha tuna.
“Leoatleng la Mediterranean, ho ne ho behiloe matlooa bakeng sa tuna e khōlōhali e neng e tšela Strait ea Gibraltar selemo se seng le se seng, 'me motšoasi e mong le e mong oa litlhapi o ne a tseba hore na nako ea ho tšoasa litlhapi e tla qala neng. Merafo e ne e le molemo, kaha thepa e phelang e ile ea rekisoa kapele, ”rasaense eo oa hopola.
Joale maikutlo a mabapi le litlhapi a ile a fetoha: ba qala ho e soma ka hore "pere mackerel" mme ba e ts'oara ka lebaka la lipapali, ebe ba e tlohella hore e emisoe kapa e e lahlele likatse. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela qalong ea lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo haufi le New Jersey le Nova Scotia, bluefin tuna (joalo ka tlholisano e ka sehloohong ea ho ts'oasa litlhapi) e ile ea ts'oaroa ke likhamphani tse 'maloa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi. Empa mokoloko o motšo o tiileng o qalile bakeng sa tuna lilemong tse 50-60 tse fetileng, ha sushi / sashimi e entsoeng ka nama ea eona e kena ka fesheneng ea gastronomic.
Hoa thahasellisa! Tuna ea Bluefin e hlokahala haholo naheng ea Rising Sun, moo 1 kg ea tlhapi e jang $ 900. Linaheng ka bohona, tuna ea bluefin e fuoa feela lireschorenteng tse fesheneng, ho sebelisoa yellowfin kapa bigeye tuna libakeng tse mabothobotho.
Ho tsoma tuna ea bluefin ho nkuoa e le tlotla e khethehileng bakeng sa sehlopha leha e le sefe sa ho tšoasa litlhapi, empa ha se motho e mong le e mong ea tšoasang tuna e mafura le ea bohlokoahali. Bareki ba litlhapi bakeng sa li-gourmets tsa Majapane ba se ba qetile nako e telele ba fetohela tuna ho tloha North Atlantic, kaha li khahleha haholo ho feta balekane ba bona ba Majapane.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Ha mofuta oa tuna o le kholoanyane, boemo ba ona ba semmuso ba paballo bo shebahala le ho feta.... Hajoale, tuna (e tloaelehileng) e putsoa e khetholloa e le mofuta o kotsing ea ho fela, 'me tuna ea Australia e haufi le ho timela. Mefuta e 'meli e reiloe tlokotsing - bigeye le Pacific bluefin tuna. Longfin le Yellowfin tuna li khetholloa e le Haufi le Kotsi, ha mefuta e meng e na le Matšoenyeho a Mabe (ho kenyeletsoa le tuna ea Atlantic).
Bakeng sa ho boloka le ho khutlisetsa baahi, joale ho ke ke ha khoneha (ho latela litumellano tsa machabeng) ho tšoasa litlhapi tse sa kang tsa hola ho fihlela ho 2 m. Empa ho na le lekhalo molaong oa ho feta molao ona: ha ho na tokisetso e hanelang ho ts'oaroa ha liphoofolo tse nyane bakeng sa ho li boloka ka masakeng. Boikarabello bona bo sebelisoa ke linaha tsohle tsa leoatle, ntle le Isiraele: batšoasi ba litlhapi ba lika-liketsa tuna e nyane ka matlooa, ba e hulela masakeng a ikhethileng bakeng sa ho nona ho eketsehileng. Ka tsela ena, li-tuna tsa mitha le 'ngoe le halofo li ts'oaroa - ka bongata makhetlo a mangata ho feta ho tšoasa litlhapi tse kholo.
Bohlokoa! Ha re nahana hore "mapolasi a litlhapi" ha a khutlise, empa a fokotsa palo ea baahi, WWF e ipilelitse ho emisoa ha ho ts'oasa litlhapi Leoatleng la Mediterranean. Pitso ea 2006 e ile ea hanoa ke sebaka sa baeti sa ho tšoasa litlhapi.
Tlhahiso e ngoe (e hlahisitsoeng ka 2009 ke Boholo ba Monaco) le eona e hlotsoe, ho kenyelletsa tuna ea bluefin ho Tumellano ea Khoebo ea Machabeng ea Liphoofolo / Liphoofolo tse Kotsing (Sehlomathiso sa I). Sena se ne se ka be se thibetse khoebo ea tuna lefatšeng ka bophara, kahoo baemeli ba CITES ba amehileng ba ile ba thibela mohato o neng o le kotsi ho linaha tsa bona.
