Sandpiper (Limicolae) - ke ea taelo ea Charadriiformes, e kopanyang malapa a 6: li-plovers, li-snipes tse mebala, li-oyster, li-oyster, li-snipes le tirkushkovye. Ho ea ka borokho, libaka tsa libopuoa tsa lehlabathe li ka aroloa ka mokhoabo, lithaba, lehlabathe le linonyana tsa morung. Ena ke sehlopha sa linonyana tse fofang ka ho fetisisa. Botumo, ho fumaneha libakeng tsohle le mefuta-futa e etsa hore li-waders e be mohope o batloang ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa litsomi Russia (Woodcock, great snipe, snipe).
Tlhaloso ea sandpiper
Li-sandpipers - linonyana tsa ponahalo e fapaneng... Bolelele ba 'mele bo boholo ba lisenthimithara tse 14 ho isa ho tse 62, boima ba' mele - ho tloha ho ligrama tse 30 ho isa ho tse 1.2 kilograms.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ho na le maikutlo a hore phapang ea ponahalo le mekhoa ea bophelo e hloka karohano ea li-waders ka lihlopha tse peli tse ikemetseng: ea pele - li-plovers, shylobeak, li-oystercatcher, ea bobeli - snipe, yakan le snipe e mebala.
Linonyana tsena li ka thapisoa habonolo. Ba tloaela motho kapele, ba arabela tlhokomelong, ba ikamahanya le maemo a boletsoeng a bophelo le lijo tsa lapeng.
Ponahalo
Boholo ba linonyana tsena ke linonyana tse haufi le metsi. Sena se khetholla likarolo tsa ponahalo ea bona. 'Mele o motle, o mosesaane, o teteaneng. Hangata mapheo a malelele, hangata a masesaane ebile a bohale. Maoto a tsona a makhuts'oane (li-plovers, li-lapwings, snipes), tse telele (fiddles, curlews), kapa tse telele haholo (stilts). Maoto a na le menoana e meraro kapa e mene (monoana oa bone o holisitsoe hampe).
Ho ba bang ba baemeli ba odara (li-sandpipers tsa menoana e nang le marang-rang, sesepa se mebala), metheo ea menoana e hokahantsoe ke lera, ho linonyana tse phaphametseng, li-scallops tsa letlalo li ka mahlakoreng a menoana. Leoto lipakeng tsa tibia le menoana ea maoto (tarsus) le karolo e ka tlase ea tibia ha le na masiba. Maoto a tsona ke a matsho, bohlooho, botala, tshehla le bokgubedu.
Sebopeho sa molomo se latela sebaka le mokhoa oa ho fumana lijo. Sesebelisoa sena se ka ba selelele ebile se tšesaane, se otlolohile kapa se kobehile tlase, mme ka linako tse ling se bile se kobehetse holimo. Mefuteng e meng e kang ea lehloa le khopameng, molomo o kobehile ka lehlakore. Ho na le linonyana tse nang le molomo o bolelele bo mahareng, o ts'oanang le molomo oa leeba: karolo e ka sehloohong e pepetletsoeng, likhutlong tse pharalletseng tsa letlalo ho na le linko.
Hape ho na le sebopeho se seng sa molomo - se atolositsoeng ka holimo, ka mohlala, ho tirkusha, kulichka, kharafu, li-plovers, limathi tsa lipoli. Molomo o na le kutlo haholo ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea li-receptor, ka hona e sebetsa e le mothusi ea tšepahalang oa nonyana ho fumana lijo. Ho phaella moo, ka molomo oa tsona, linonyana li fumana lijo mobung o bonolo 'me li roba khetla e matla ea li-crustaceans, li ntša mollusk ho tloha moo. Ha ho lla li-mollusk, seboholi se ka tsamaisa lejoe le seng tlase ho boima ba nonyana ka boeona.
Hoa thahasellisa! Bolelele ba maoto ka linako tse ling bo ba kholo haholo ho feta boholo ba 'mele. Kahoo, Stilt (Himantopus) e na le bolelele ba leoto bo ka bang lisenthimithara tse 20, ha boholo ba 'mele e le lisenthimithara tse 40.
Masiba a linonyana tsena a teteane, ha a na mebala e khanyang. Mebala e meholo e tšoeu, e putsoa, e khubelu. Seaparo se itekanetseng joalo se tsebahala ka li-waders, leha e le nakong ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo. 'Mala oa banna le basali ha o fapane haholo. Empa baemeli ba bang ba taelo ba na le masiba a khanyang, ka mohlala, li-turukhtans, boholo ba liphokojoe, li-oyster, li-magpies, kamenshark, shiloklyuvka le greece.
Linonyana li fetola masiba habeli ka selemo... Lehlabula la molt le ka bitsoa le felletse, le lelelele - ho tloha qalong ea lehlabula ho fihlela mariha. Qetellong ea mariha ho na le molt pele ho lenyalo e sa phethahalang. Ts'ebeliso ea nako e joalo e boetse e ama boleng ba liaparo: ho na le phapang e hlakileng lipakeng tsa 'mala oa masiba a lehlabula le mariha a tse ling tsa linonyana. Mohatla oa seretse o mokhutšoane, linonyana tse ling li ka o tsoka, empa le ka mohla o se ke oa o phahamisa. Mahlo a maholo, a lumellang linonyana ho ba mafolofolo haholo bosiu. Ba na le pono e ntlehali le kutlo.
Mokhoa oa bophelo le boitšoaro
Sandpiper - nonyana e kenang sekolo... Likolone tsa linonyana tse bokaneng sehlaheng kapa tse itokisetsang ho fofa, li baloa ka likete tse likete. Har'a bona ho na le bo-hloma-u-hlomole 'me ba lula fatše. Linonyana tsohle tsa tatellano ena li matha ka lebelo, li fofa hantle, tse ling li khona ho sesa le ho qoela. Ho lumeloa hore seretse se bonolo ho bonolo ho se thapisa.
Li-waders li phela halelele hakae
Nako e tloaelehileng ea ho phela ha linonyana ke lilemo tse 20. Lekhetlo la ho qetela ha mohlape oa Eskimo curlew, o neng o lula lehlabatheng la Amerika Leboea ebile o le mariha ka boroa, o qetetse ho bonoa nakong ea selemo ka 1926. Lilemong tse 30 feela, ka lebaka la ho tsoma le ho lema masimo ka mokhoa o feteletseng, mofuta ona o ile oa felisoa ka botlalo.
Mefuta ea Kulikov
Hona le mefuta e latelang:
- Zuyki. Nonyana e boholo bo mahareng e nang le hlooho e nyane, molomo o mokgutshwane o otlolohileng, maoto a makgutshwane, empa mohatla o molelele le mapheo. Boima ba 'mele ho tloha ho ligrama tse 30 ho isa ho tse 70. Lepheo le bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 45.
- Litlhaku... Linonyana tse mahareng le tse kholo ka tatellano ea tsona ka maoto a malelele le melomo e melelele, e kobehileng hanyane hanyane. Boima bo ka bang ligrama tse 200.
- Maqhama... Nonyana e kholo. Boima ba ligrama tse 270. Maoto a malelele, molomo o bolelele bo mahareng, o otlolohile. 'Mala o laoloa ke khubelu. Hangata e lula makhulong a haufi le linoka likoloneng tse nyane.
- Curlews... Moemeli e moholo oa sehlopha sa hae. Boima ba nonyana e seng e le kholo bo tloha ho ligrama tse 500 ho isa ho li-kilogramme tse 1.2. Molomo o molelele haholo 'me o kobehile tlase. Mohatla o lefifi o na le mola o mosesane o mosesane o mosesane. Bakeng sa ho phela o khetha mekhoabo e koahetsoeng ke joang bo tlase, likhohlo tsa noka.
- Mabokose a lehlabathe. E ts'oanang haholo le serobele. Nonyana e khabane. Moahi oa tundra. Ho fumana lijo mobung o seretse. E sebetsa haholo bosiu.
- Turukhtan... E fapana ka 'mala o khanyang. Nakong ea nako ea ho tlolelana ha mmele, ho hlaha molaleng o phophomang. Ho thata ho fumana tse tona tse nang le 'mala o tšoanang mohlapeng. Lisebelisoa tsa tšepe tsa khauta, putsoa, botšo, botala li etsa seaparo sa banna se ikhethang.
- Snipe... Nonyana e boholo bo mahareng - bolelele ba mmele 25-25 cm, boima ba ligrama tse 80 ho isa ho 170.
- Litlhoko... Phookoana e mahareng e nang le maoto a malelele le molomo o mokgutshwane.
Habitat, habitat
Li-sandpipers li khetha ho lula libakeng tse haufi le 'mele ea metsi: mabopong a leoatle, linoka, matša. Har'a baemeli ba taelo ena ho na le ba lulang libakeng tse ommeng esita le tsa lehoatata. Ho na le linonyana tsa metsing tse lulang morung.
Hoa thahasellisa!Linaheng tsohle, ntle le Antarctica, u ka kopana le li-waders: lihlekehlekeng tse batang tsa Leoatle la Arctic, mahoatateng a Asia Bohareng le holimo lithabeng tsa Pamir.
Russia, baemeli ba mofuta ona o mongata ka ho fetisisa oa linonyana ba ka fumanoa libakeng tsohle: ho tloha meeling e ka boroa ho ea Arctic. Litlama, likhahla, bajari, li-plover tse nyane, sehlaha sa mapolanka ka boroa ho Bochabela bo Hare. Primorye, ho na le li-guardrails le li-spindle tsa Asia tse kang li-spindle, 'me linoka tsa lithaba ke sebaka se ratoang haholo ke li-ussuri plovers.
Li-snipe tsa Majapane le likepe tsa leoatle li ka fumanoa feela lebopong la leoatle. Sebakeng sa Amur, ho na le sebaka sa sehlaha sa li-ulits tse kholo le tsa Okhotsk, fifi, li-sandpipers tse menoana e melelele le snipe e tloaelehileng.
Boholo ba linonyana tsa metsing ke linonyana tse fallang. Nakong ea phallo, li nyolohela bophahamong ba limithara tse fetang 6,000. Boholo ba baemeli ba sesole ba etsa lifofane tse telele: ho tloha polar Siberia ho ea New Zealand le Australia, ho tloha Alaska ho ea boroa ho Argentina. Linonyana tsena li ka bitsoa bajaki ba hole - li fofa li sa emise ho fihla ho li-kilometara tse 11,000, li hlola libaka tse telele haholo holim'a metsi, mahoatata le mokoloko oa lithaba.
Lijo tsa sandpiper
Lenaneo la seretse se chesang le na le liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo tsa metsing le tsa lefatše tse fumanehang holim'a lefatše kapa metsi: liboko, liboko, molluscs, crustaceans, likokoanyana. Li-waders tsa meroho li khotsofetse feela ka lithollo tsa peo le monokotsoai. Ntho e ratoang haholo ke linonyana ke litsie. E senyeha ka fofa ka bongata bo boholo. Ho monokotšoai, sehlabathe se khetha li-blueberries. Mefuta e meholo ea linonyana e ja ka thabo litoeba le lihoho. Litlhapi tse tšoasang litlhapi li ka khetha litlhapi tse nyane ho feta sejana sefe kapa sefe.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Linonyana tse jang nama ke lira tsa linonyana tsa metsing... Ponahalo ea phakoe e baka tšabo har'a linonyana: li hooa habohloko ebe li itahlela ka metsing. Ka ho qoela, linonyana li fumana monyetla oa ho baleha. Ka metsing a sa tebang, ho ke ke ha khonahala ho baleha ba ba lelekisang. Liphokojoe tsa Arctic, martens, wolverine, makhoaba, buzzards ba tsoma ba se nang boiphihlelo ebile ha ba so potlakele litsuonyana haholo, 'me skuas le eona e senya mahe.
Hoa thahasellisa! Linonyana tsa metsing tse sireletsang liphoofolo ka sebete li sireletsa bana ba tsona. Haeba linku tse fulang li atamela sehlaha, linonyana li hlasela tšokelo e ka bang teng ka matla hoo linku li balehang li tšohile.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Ka Mmesa, nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo e qala bakeng sa linonyana tsa metsing. Nakong ena, linonyana li se li qhalakantse libaka tsa tsona tsa bolulo. Mefuta e meng e lula likoloneng, boholo ba linonyana - ka bobeli bo le bong. Ba phela ka lihlopha tse kholo kapa ka bonngoe. Li fofa sebakeng sa lihlaha, li phathahane ka ho fumana molekane, li etsa melumo e li hohelang. Tloaelo ena e shebahala e fapane ka mefuta e fapaneng.
Qalong, li-plover tsa leoatle li potlakela ho potoloha ka li-trill, joale, li se li le fatše, li ala mohatla oa tsona ka fene, li lelekisa tse tšehali. Lapwings, molemong oa ho hohela tlhokomelo, tloha ka mokhoa o nyolohelang holimo, ebe o rera tlase, o fetola tsela eo sefofane se eang ka lehlakoreng le leng. Li-plover tse nyane li fofa ka selikalikoe se sephara; di theohetse fatshe, tse tona di matha kamora tse tshehadi. Li-curlews tsa Bochabela bo Hare, li nka bolelele ba limithara tse 30 ho isa ho 40, li hlalosa li-semicircle mme ka nako e ts'oanang li hlahisa melato ea lenyalo.
Li-sandpipers li fapane le linonyana tse ling ka mefuta e fapaneng ea likamano tsa lenyalo. Li khetholloa ka ho nyala mosali a le mong, polygyny, esita le polyandry.
- Ho nyala mosali a le mong. Mofuta o atileng haholo oa likamano. Batsoali ba nyalana selemong 'me ba qhotsa mahe ka bonngoe, ba hlokomela malinyane mmoho.
- Polygyny. Basali balekane ba nang le basali ba 'maloa ka sehla se le seng' me ha ba nke karolo ha ho alloa mahe ebile ha ba tsotelle malinyane nakong e tlang.
- Polyandry. Tse tshehadi di kopana le tse tona tse mmalwa mme di behela mahe dihlaheng tse fapaneng. Tabeng ena, tse tona li qhotsa mahe le litsuonyana.
- Sehlaha habeli. E tshehadi e behela mahe dihlaheng tse pedi, ho a le leng e a hodisa mahe ka boyona, ho ya bobedi e tona e tsotellang e qhotsa madinyane. Batsoali ba thusa le litsuonyana ho hola ka thoko.
Li-sandpipers li lula fatše, mahe a beheloa ka sekoting ntle le lera. Ka tloaelo, ana ke mahe a mane a bopehileng joaloka pere. Mefuta e meng e lula lihlaheng tsa selemo se fetileng tsa linonyana tse ling lifateng.
Litsuonyana li tsoaloa li bona. 'Mele oa bona o koahetsoe ke botenya tlase. Bana ba banyenyane ba ka iphumanela lijo ho tloha matsatsing a pele, empa hangata batsoali ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho hlokomela bana - ho ba futhumatsa, ho itšireletsa likotsing le ho bonts'a libaka tse nang le lijo tse ngata. 'Me li-oystercatchers li bile li tlisa lijo ho litsuonyana tsa tsona. Ha li le lilemo li peli, linonyana tsa metsing li loketse ho kopana.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Ho ea ka mehloli e fapaneng, ho na le mefuta e 181 ho isa ho 214 ea li-plover lefatšeng, tseo ho tsona ho nang le mefuta e 94 naheng ea Russia. Mefuta e 'meli: mothinya o mosesane le li-lapwing lapwing li haufi le ho timela. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, palo ea batho ba li-steppe pick le sandpiper e fokotsehile haholo. Mefuta e mengata ea li-waders e thathamisitsoe naheng ea Red Data Books.
Bohlokoa! Lebaka la litlamorao tse bohloko joalo, pele ho tsohle, ke liketso tsa batho.
Mabopo a leoatle a potileng Asia a kotsi haholo ho linonyana tse fallang le mariha. Mona, ka boiteko ba batho, libaka tse kholohali tsa mabopo a leoatle li ts'etsoe. Libaka li hlahisoa ke linaha tsa Asia Bochabela - China le Korea. Ka lebaka la tšitiso e joalo ts'ebetsong ea tlhaho, mefuta e mengata ea linonyana tsa metsing tse mabopong a Pacific li amohuoa monyetla oa ho eketsa palo ea baahi mme, ka lebaka leo, li felile.
Litsebi tsa baeloji li lumela hore e le ho boloka nonyana ea noka, ho hlokahala hore e leke ho e tsoalla botlamuoeng ebe e lokolla linonyana ho ea tlhaho.... Leha ho le joalo, litsebi lia tseba hore ho thata haholo ho li boloka 'me, ho feta moo, ho tsoala linonyana tsa metsing kholehong.
Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN CC) e kenyelletsa mefuta e 7 ea li-waders: grey lapwing, Ussuri plover, khofu ea Okhotsk, snipe ea Japane, kharafu, snipe ea Asiatic le curlew ea Bochabela bo Hare. Bukeng e khubelu ea Russian Federation, ho na le mefuta e 11 ea li-waders (lethathamo le tsoang ho IUCN QC le tlatsellelitsoe ka awl, stilt, meno a mosehla le oystercatcher). Ho se ho ntse ho na le mefuta e 14 ho Red Book ea Primorsky Territory (hape le senoko sa thaba, letsoho la letsoho le lesea le kobehileng).
