Libere kapa libere (lat. Phapang lipakeng tsa libere tsohle ho tsoa liphoofolong tse ling tsa canine e emeloa ke mmele o phetseng hantle le o tsoetseng pele hantle.
Tlhaloso ea bere
Liphoofolo tsohle tse anyesang tse tsoang taolong ea Carnivores li tsoa sehlopheng sa liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tsa khale tsa marten, tse tsejoang ka hore ke myacids (Miacidae), tse neng li lula Paleocene le Eocene. Libere tsohle ke tsa Caniformia tse 'maloa tse ka tlaasana. Ho nahanoa hore baemeli bohle ba tsebahalang ba karoloana ena ba tsoa lelokong le le leng la canine le tloaelehileng ho mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo tse joalo.
Ha e amana le malapa a mang kaofela ho tloha ka tatellano ea liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo, libere ke liphoofolo tse nang le ho tšoana ho hoholo ka ponahalo, boholo, hape li na le ho tšoana ho hongata ka sebopeho sa tsona sa kahare. Libere tsohle li har'a baemeli ba kholo ka ho fetesisa ba liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tsa sejoale-joale.... Bolelele ba 'mele oa bere ea motho e moholo ea pola e fihla ho limithara tse tharo ka boima ba lik'hilograma tse 720-890,' me bere ea Semalay ke e 'ngoe ea litho tse nyane ka ho fetisisa tsa lelapa, mme bolelele ba eona ha bo fete mitha e le' ngoe le halofo e nang le boima ba 'mele ea 27-65 kg.
Ponahalo, mebala
Libere tse tona li kholo ho feta tse tšehali ka 10-20%, 'me libereng tse polar lipalo tsena li ka ba 150% kapa ho feta. Boea ba phoofolo bo na le undercoat e tsoetseng pele ebile e le mahoashe. Mofuta oa boea bo phahameng, oo ka linako tse ling o nang le boea bo bongata mefuteng ea mefuta e mengata o nang le bongata bo hlakileng, mme boea ba bere ea Semalay bo tlase ebile boa fokola.
'Mala oa boea ke junifomo, ho tloha moriting o motšo oa mashala ho ea bosoeu. Mokhelo ke panda, e nang le tšobotsi e fapaneng ea 'mala o motšo le o mosoeu. Ho kanna ha ba le matšoao a bobebe sebakeng sa sefuba kapa haufi le mahlo. Mefuta e meng e khetholloa ka ho fapana le ho thoeng ke libaka tse fapaneng ka 'mala oa boea. Libere li bonts'a khanya ea nako ea selemo, e bonts'itsoeng ke liphetoho bophahamong le botenya ba boea ba tsona.
Baemeli bohle ba lelapa la Bear ba khetholloa ka 'mele o motenya le o matla, hangata o nang le bophahamo bo phahameng le ho phatlalatsoa. Litšobotsi hape li matla ebile li holile hantle, maoto a maoto a mahlano a nang le manala a maholo a sa khone ho huloa. Manala a laoloa ke mesifa e matla, ka lebaka leo liphoofolo li hloang lifate, li cheka fatše, hape li tabola phofu habonolo. Bolelele ba manala a grizzly bo fihla ho 13 cm... Mofuta oa mofuta oa semela o jang limela tse jang liphoofolo ke ho tsitsipana ho ikhethang. Panda e khōlōhali e na le “monoana” oa botšelela o eketsehileng maotong a eona a ka pele, e leng lehlomela la radius e bōpehileng joaloka sesame.
Mohatla o mokgutshwane haholo, o batla o sa bonahale tlasa boya. Mokhelo ke panda e khōlōhali, e nang le mohatla o batlang o le molelele ebile o bonahala hantle. Bere efe kapa efe e na le mahlo a manyane, hlooho e kholo e ho teteaneng mme, e le molao, molala o mokhutšoane. Lehata le leholo, hangata le na le sebaka se sephara sa sefahleho le methapo e tsoetseng pele hantle.
Hoa thahasellisa! Libere li na le kutlo e tsoetseng pele haholo ea ho fofonela, 'me mefuteng e meng e batla e tšoana le ea ntja ea monko, empa pono le kutlo ea liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse ngata le tse kholo li fokola haholo.
Litšiea tsa zygomatic hangata li arohane hanyane ka nqa tse fapaneng, 'me mehlahare e matla, e fana ka matla a ho loma haholo. Baemeli bohle ba lelapa la Bear ba khetholloa ka ho ba teng ha li-canine tse kholo le li-incisors, 'me meno a mang kaofela a ka fokotsoa, empa ponahalo le sebopeho sa tsona hangata li latela mofuta oa phepo e nepahetseng. Kakaretso ea meno e ka fapana ho tloha ho likotoana tse 32-42. Boteng ba phapang ea motho ka mong kapa e amanang le lilemo tsamaisong ea meno le eona e lula e bonoa.
Botho le mokhoa oa bophelo
Libere ke liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse tloaelehileng li le mong, kahoo liphoofolo tse joalo li khetha ho kopana feela molemong oa ho tlolelana. Banna ba itšoara ka mokhoa o mabifi 'me ba khona ho bolaea malinyane a haufi le basali nako e telele. Baemeli ba lelapa la Bear ba khetholloa ka ho ikamahanya hantle le maemo a fapaneng a bophelo, ka hona ba khona ho lula libakeng tse lithaba tse phahameng, libaka tsa meru, leqhoa la Arctic le masabasaba, mme liphapang tse kholo li tseleng ea lijo le mokhoa oa bophelo.
Karolo ea bohlokoa ea mefuta ea bere e lula libakeng tse mabalane le merung ea lithaba tse libakeng tse futhumetseng kapa tse chesang tse mongobo. Phoofolo e jang liphoofolo e batla e sa tloaeleha libakeng tsa lithaba ntle le limela tse teteaneng. Mefuta e meng e hokahane ka ho hlaka le tikoloho ea metsing, ho kenyeletsoa melatsoana ea lithaba kapa meru, linoka le mabopo a leoatle. Arctic, hammoho le libaka tse pharalletseng haholo
Hoa thahasellisa! Leoatle la Arctic ke sebaka sa tlhaho sa libere tsa polar, 'me mokhoa oa bophelo oa bere e tloaelehileng e sootho e amahanngoa le meru ea tropike, taiga, masabasaba le likhohlo le libaka tsa lehoatata.
Boholo ba libere ke tsa sehlopha sa liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse lefatšeng, empa libere tsa polar ke baemeli ba lelapa ba metsing. Mabere a Malay ke balateli ba tloaelehileng ba bophelo ba semelo sa semela, ka hona ba khona ho hloa lifate hantle le ho itlhomella ka bolulo kapa, se bitsoang "sehlaha". Mefuta e meng ea libere e khetha masoba haufi le methapo ea lifate le mapheo a boholo bo lekaneng e le lehae la tsona.
E le molao, baemeli ba lelapa la Bear le sehlopha sa Carnivorous ke bosiu, ka hona ha ba atise ho ea tsoma motšehare.... Leha ho le joalo, libere tsa polar li ka nkuoa e le mokhelo melaong ena e akaretsang. Liphoofolo tse anyesang, tse etellang pele bophelo ba boinotšing, li kopanya nakong ea "lipapali tsa ho tlolelana" le ho nyalanya, hammoho le ho holisa bana ba tsona. Har'a tse ling, lihlopha tsa liphoofolo tse joalo li bonoa mekoting e tloaelehileng ea ho nosetsa le libakeng tsa moetlo tsa ho fepa.
Bere e phela halelele hakae
Nako e tloaelehileng ea bophelo ba libere ka tlhaho e ka fapana ho latela sebopeho sa mofuta ona oa phoofolo ena e jang liphoofolo:
- Libere tse ikhethang - mashome a mabeli a lilemo;
- Libere Apennine sootho - ho fihlela ho lilemo tse mashome a mabeli;
- Tien Shan brown bear - ho fihlela lilemo tse mashome a mabeli kapa kotara ea lekholo;
- Bere ea polar - libeke tse fetang kotara ea lekholo;
- Li-sloth li ka tlase ho lilemo tse mashome a mabeli.
Ha re le litlamong, karolelano ea bophelo ba phoofolo e jang nama hangata e telele ho feta. Ka mohlala, libere tse sootho li ka phela botlamuoeng ka lilemo tse fetang 40-45.
Mefuta ea libere
Mefuta e fapaneng ea libere, leha e na le ho tšoana ho setseng ho tloaelehileng, ho na le phapang e hlokomelehang e tsoang ho e mong eseng ka ponahalo feela, empa le ka litloaelo tsa mantlha, hammoho le mokhoa oa bophelo:
- Bere e bonojoang kapa ea andean (Tremаrctоs оrnаtus- bolelele ba 150-180 cm le boima ba 70-140 kg, boea bo bohale, bo botšo ba mashala kapa bosootho bo bosootho. Ho potoloha le mahlo ho na le mehele e khethollang 'mala o mosoeu kapa o mosehla, o kopantsoe le sekhahla se tšoeu molaleng;
- Bere e sootho ea Siberia (Ursus arctos colllaris) - ho fihlela ho 250 cm bolelele le boima ba 'mele bo ka bang 400-500 kg, e nang le boea bo sootho kapa bosootho bo sootho le lipekere tse sootho tse telele, tse telele, tse sootho kapa tse sootho;
- Grizzly (Bere ea grizzly) - morabe oa naha, o tsebahalang ka boholo, mmala le mokhoa oa bophelo, o lumellanang le litšobotsi tsa tikoloho;
- Bere ea Apennine e sootho (Ursus arctos marsicanus) - subspecies e batlang e le nyane ea bere e sootho e nang le boima ba 'mele bo boholo ba 95-150 kg;
- Kodiak (Ursus аrсtos middendоrffi.
- Bere ea sootho ea Tien Shan (Ursus arctos isbellinus) - subspecies e nyane e ka thoko e nang le bolelele ba 'mele kahare ho 140 cm le boima bo sa feteng 300 kg, e khetholloang ka manala a malelele le a bobebe a fumanehang maotong a ka pele;
- Pika bere kapa Bere e sootho ea Tibet (Ursus arctos pruinosus) - e 'ngoe ea li-subspecies tse sa tloaelehang tsa bere e sootho, e khetholloang ke hlooho e bofubelu bo bobebe,' mala o bobebe oa molomo, lesela le sootho le litsebe tse sootho tse lefifi;
- Goba bere e sootho kapa tlotsa (Ursus arctos gobiensis) - e 'ngoe ea li-subspecies tse nyane tsa bere e sootho, e nang le boea bo fokolang le bo bobe ba' mala o mosootho kapa o bosoeu bo bosoeu;
- Bere ea pola kapa Bere ea pola, e tsejoang hape e le oshkui kapa nanuk (Ursus maritimus) - phoofolo e anyesang e kholo ka ho fetisisa e jang nama, e ka bang bolelele ba limithara tse tharo le boima ba thane, e nang le molala o molelele haholo le hlooho e sephara, hammoho le letlalo le letšo le boea bo se nang 'mala;
- Bere e nang le matsoele a masoeu kapa bere ea himalayan (Ursus thibetаnus. Karolelano ea boima ba 'mele ke lik'hilograma tse 120-140 le bolelele ba cm 80-85;
- Gubach kapa "Bere ea botsoa» (Melursus ursinus) - e na le ponahalo e ikhethang, e na le bolelele ba 'mele ho fihlela ho 180 cm ka boima ba lik'hilograma tse 55-140. Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba na le 'mele o moholo haholo le maoto a malelele, hlooho e kholo e nang le phatla e sephara, molomo o molelele o matla, boea bo bolelele le boea bo bolelele bo etsang moetse o sa hloekang molala le mahetleng;
- Biruang kapa Malay Bear (Helаrctоs mаlаyаnus) - ke moemeli e monyane ka ho fetisisa oa lelapa ea bolelele ba 'mele bo sa feteng mitha e le' ngoe le halofo le boima bo boholo ba lik'hilograma tse 26-65. Phoofolo e jang liphoofolo e matla ebile e le matla haholo e na le molomo o mokhutšoane le o sephara, o mokhuts'oane, o boreleli ebile o thata o motsho o nang le bosootho bo bosehla molomong.
Hoa thahasellisa! Kajeno, litsebi tse ngata tsa liphoofolo li tloaetse ho re panda ha e na libere, empa ke baemeli ba litonanahali ba lelapa la Raccoon. Hape, hajoale ho ntse ho hanoa boemo ba li-Grizzlies, tseo pele li neng li hlahella e le mofuta o ikemetseng.
Mefuta e felileng e kenyelletsa: lehaha la Florida kapa libere tse sefahleho se sekhutšoane (Tremarstos floridanus), libere tse sefahleho se sekhutšoane se seholo (Arstodus simus), libere tse nyane tse sefahleho se sekhutšoane (Arstodus pristinus), libere tsa Atlas (Urstodus pristinus), libere tsa Atlas (Urstodus brown) Libere tse sootho tsa Mexico (U. аrсtos nеlsоni), hammoho le libere tsa Etruscan (U.еtrusсus), libere tsa Cave (U. spelaeus) le libere tsa Small cave (U. rossiсus).
Sebaka, kabo
Libere tse bohehang ke tsona feela litho tsa lelapa la Bear tse lulang Amerika Boroa, moo sebatana se ratang meru e lithabeng ea Venezuela le Ecuador, Colombia le Peru, hammoho le Bolivia le Panama. Bere e sootho e lula moeling oa linoka tsa Lena, Kolyma le Anadyr, boholo ba Siberia ea Bochabela le mokoloko oa Stanovoy, Leboea la Mongolia, libaka tse ling tsa China le sebaka sa moeli oa Eastern Kazakhstan.
Li-Grizzlies li fumaneha haholo bophirima ho Canada le Alaska, 'me palo e nyane e ntse e phela naheng ea Amerika, ho kenyeletsoa Montana le leboea-bophirima ho Washington. Libere tse sootho tsa Tien Shan li fumaneha lithoteng tsa Tien Shan, hape le Dzhungar Alatau, e nang le mekoloko ea lithaba, 'me Mazalai a fumanoa lithabeng tsa lehoatata tsa Tsagan-Bogdo le Atas-Bogdo, moo lihlahla tse sa tloaelehang le liteishene tse omileng tsa ho tsamaisa metsi li leng teng.
Bere ea polar ke circumpolar mme e lula libakeng tsa circumpolar karolong e ka leboea ea lefatše. Libere tsa Himalaya tse sefubeng se tšoeu li rata meru e maralla le e lithaba ea Iran le Afghanistan, Pakistan le Himalaya, ho fihlela Japane le Korea. Baemeli ba mofuta ona lehlabuleng la Himalaya ba nyolohela bophahamong ba limithara tse likete tse tharo esita le tse 'ne,' me ka ho qala ha leholimo le batang ba theohela leotong la thaba.
Libere tsa li-sloth li lula haholo libakeng tsa tropike le merung e chesang e mongobo ea India le Pakistan, Sri Lanka le Nepal, hammoho le Bangladesh le Bhutan. Biruangi li ajoa ho tloha karolong e ka leboea-bochabela ea India ho ea Indonesia, ho kenyeletsoa Sumatra le Kalimantan, 'me sehlekehleke sa Borneo se ahuoa ke subspecies Helаrctos mаlаyаnus eurysrlus.
Libere tikolohong ea lefatše
Baemeli bohle ba lelapa la Bear, ka lebaka la litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa lijo tsa bona le boholo bo tsotehang, ba na le phello e hlokomelehang ho liphoofolo le limela libakeng tsa bona. Mefuta Libere tse tšoeu le tse sootho li kentse letsoho taolong ea palo e felletseng ea li-ungulates le liphoofolo tse ling.
Hoa thahasellisa! Har'a tse ling, ke ka libere tsa mefuta e fapaneng moo palo e kholo ea likokoana-hloko tse kantle, hammoho le li-endoparasites tse ngata haholo.
Mefuta eohle e jang limela tsa libere e kenya letsoho ho jaleng ka mafolofolo ha peo ea limela tse ngata. Hangata libere tsa polar li tsamaea le liphokojoe tsa arctic tse jang liphofu tsa tsona.
Lijo tsa libere
Libere tse bohehang ke tsona tse jang tse jang haholo ka lapeng, 'me lijo tsa tsona tsa mantlha li kenyelletsa letlobo le nang le joang, litholoana le li-rhizomes tsa limela, lijalo tsa poone,' me ka linako tse ling likokoanyana ka sebopeho sa bohloa kapa bohloa. Litlhapi li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lijong tsa bere ea Siberia, 'me Kodiaks ke li-omnivores tse jang limela tse jang limela, monokotšoai le metso, le lijo tsa nama, ho kenyeletsoa litlhapi le mefuta eohle ea setopo.
Libere tse jang pika kapa libere tse sootho tsa Tibet li fepa haholo limela tse jang limela, hammoho le li-pikas, ke ka lebaka leo li rehiloeng lebitso. Phofu e kholo ea libere tsa polar ke litiiso tse kentsoeng, litelu tse litelu, li-walrus le liphoofolo tse ling tse ngata tsa metsing. Sebatana ha se khese setopo, se ithaopa ho fepa litlhapi tse shoeleng, mahe le litsuonyana, se ka ja joang le mefuta eohle ea litlama-tlama, 'me libakeng tse ahiloeng se batla lijo lithotobolong tse ngata tsa litšila.
Lijo tsa libele tse tšoeu kapa tsa Himalaya ke 80-85% e emeloang ke lihlahisoa tsa limela, empa sebatana se khona ho sebelisa likokoanyana le likokoanyana tse ling, hammoho le li-mollusk tse nang le phepo e ntle esita le lihoho bakeng sa lijo. Bere ea li-sloth, joalo ka li-anteater, li ikamahanya le maemo ho fepa haholo-holo likokoanyana tsa bokolone, ho kenyeletsoa bohloa le bohloa. Li-biruang tsohle li ja mefuta eohle, empa boholo ba tsona li ja likokoanyana, ho kenyeletsoa linotsi le bohloa, hammoho le litholoana le letlobo, liboko tsa lefatše le metso ea limela.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Hangata, libere tse fihletseng lilemo tse tharo kapa tse 'ne li nka karolo ho hlahiseng, empa ts'ebetso ena ha e etsahale ho liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo selemo se seng le se seng, empa ka nako e tloaelehileng, e ka fapana ho tloha selemo ho isa ho lilemo tse' ne. Nako ya kemaro bakeng sa bere e tshehadi e batla e le khuts'oane, ho tloha ho matsatsi a 60 ho isa ho a 70, empa ho lieha ho kenngwa ha mahe a fetal ho ka lelefatsa haholo. Palo ea malinyane ho lahla e le 'ngoe e ka fapana mme ea tloha ho motho a le mong ho isa ho ba bahlano. Mefuta ea li-hibernating e tsoala malinyane mariha, ka kotlolloho lemeneng.
Libere ke liphoofolo tse nang le molekane a le mong, e le molao, lihlopha tse peli li phela nako e khutšoanyane, 'me banna ha ba kenye letsoho ho hlokomela bana ba tsoaloang. Ho fepa lebese ho nka likhoeli tse tharo ho isa ho tse robong ka mefuta e fapaneng, 'me bacha ba lula le e tšehali nako e ka etsang selemo le halofo. Batho ba ba ba holileng tsebong ba le lilemo li tharo ho isa ho tse tšeletseng, empa ts'ebetso ea kholo ea phoofolo e jang nama e ntse e tsoela pele ho fihlela lilemo tse hlano, 'me ka linako tse ling e bile lilemo tse leshome.
Mefuta e meng e na le sekhahla se phahameng sa ho shoa ha bana bongoaneng le bocheng... Mohlala, sekhahla sa lefu ho li-barbali tse sa tsoaloang se fihla ho 52-86%, ha libereng tse polar li ka ba 10-30% ea malinyane a sa tsoa tsoaloa le batho ba ka bang 3-16% ea batho ba sa holang tsebong ba shoa selemo se seng le se seng.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Baemeli ba baholo ba lelapa la Bear ha ba na lira tsa tlhaho, 'me ke liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo tse kholo ka ho fetesisa tsa lelapa la Feline le tse ling tsa Canids tse ka bang kotsi ho liphoofolo tse nyane. Lira tsa mantlha tsa tlhaho tsa libere tsa Himalaya ke liphiri le linkoe tsa Amur.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Palo ea bere e bonojoang ha e phahame ka ho lekana, ka hona, mefuta e kotsing ea ho fela e thathamisitsoe lenaneng le khubelu la IUCN. Baahi ka kakaretso ba batho ba baholo ba Kodiaks le bona ba theohile haholo ka lebaka la ho tsoma ho sa laoleheng, ka hona sebatana se ile sa nkuoa tlasa ts'ireletso ea mmuso. Libere tse sootho tsa Apennine li haufi le ho timela ka botlalo, 'me maemong a tlhaho kajeno ha ho baemeli ba fetang 50-80 ba subspecies ena.
Libere tse sootho tsa Tien Shan ke mefuta e sa tloaelehang, palo le boholo ba tsona li fokotseha haholo, ka hona li sirelelitsoe ke mehloli ea Aksu-Dzhabagly le Alma-Atinsky, mehloli ea Alma-Atinsky, Lepsinsky le Toktinsky. Libere tsa Pika li felisitsoe ho fumana bile, e sebelisoang merianeng ea China, empa mekhahlelo e nepahetseng ea boemo ba paballo ea sebatana sena ha e so tsejoe hajoale ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke tlhaiso-leseling.
Ka nepo libere tsa Gobi li na le boemo ba "phoofolo e sa tloaelehang haholo" 'me li kotsing ea ho timela ka botlalo, ka lebaka la palo e nyane haholo ea baahi le ts'oaetso e kholo ea li-subspecies. Bere ea Polar e tsoala butle mme e shoa ka bongata e sa le monyane haholo, ka hona e ba tlokotsing habonolo mme e thathamisitsoe ho IWC, hammoho le Bukeng e khubelu ea naha ea rona.
Bohlokoa! E mong oa baemeli ba li-subspecies tsa bere ea Himalaya o kenyelelitsoe bukeng e khubelu - bere ea Baluchistan e nang le matsoele a masoeu, eo joale e seng e le haufi le ho timela ka botlalo.
Libere tsa sloth le tsona li thathamisitsoe ho IWC mme li kotsing. Ntle le moo, Biruangi ke ba bang ba mefuta e fumanehang ka seoelo le tlokotsing.
Libere le monna
Ho na le linyeoe tse fokolang tse tsebahalang tsa bere e kholo e hlaselang batho, ka linako tse ling e nang le sephetho se bolaeang... Bahlaseluoa ba bere e joalo hangata ke bahahlauli ba fepang liphoofolo tse kholo tse li jang. Ntle le moo, thotobolo efe kapa efe e nang le litšila tsa lijo tse bokellanang haufi le likampo tsa bahahlauli le litente li ka hohela ho loma, mme grizzly, e ferekaneng nakong ea phepelo, e ka ba mabifi le ho hlasela.
Libere tsa Himalaya le tsona li itšoara ka mokhoa o mabifi ha li kopana le batho, ka hona, linyeoe tse ngata tsa tlhaselo ea batho, ho kenyeletsoa le maemo a bolaeang, li tsebahala haholo.
