Turtles (lat. Lithuto tsa thuto) ke baemeli ba e 'ngoe ea litaelo tse' ne tsa lihahabi tsa sejoale-joale tsa mofuta oa Chordate. Lilemo tsa mesaletsa ea likolopata ke lilemo tse limilione tse 200-220. ke lilemo tse limillione tse 200-220.
Tlhaloso ea sekolopata
Ho ea ka bopaki ba bo-ramahlale ba bangata, lilemong tse limilione tse 150 tse fetileng, ponahalo le sebopeho sa likolopata li lula li sa fetohe.
Ponahalo
Karolo e ka sehloohong e khethollang sekolopata ke boteng ba khetla, e emeloang ke sebopeho se rarahaneng haholo sa letlalo, se koahelang 'mele oa sehahabi ka mahlakore ohle le ho sireletsa phoofolo litlhaselong tsa liphoofolo tse jang tse ling tse ngata. Karolo e ka hare ea khetla e khetholloa ka boteng ba lipoleiti tsa masapo, mme karolo e kantle e tšoauoa ka lithebe tsa letlalo. Khetla e joalo e na le karolo e ka morao le mpeng. Karolo ea pele, e bitsoang carapace, e na le sebopeho se batang, 'me plastron, kapa karolo ea mpa, e lula e bataletse.
Hoa thahasellisa! Mmele wa khudu o na le motswako o matla le karolo ya kgapetla, eo hlooho, mohatla le maoto a yona di hlahang pakeng tsa plastron le carapace. Ha kotsi efe kapa efe e hlaha, likolopata li khona ho ipata ka botlalo ka har'a khetla.
Khudu ha e na meno, empa e na le molomo o leolitsoeng le o matla o lekaneng o lumellang phoofolo ho loma likotoana tsa lijo habonolo... Likolopata, hammoho le linoha tse ling le likoena, li behela mahe a mofuta oa letlalo, empa lihahabi ha li tsotelle bana ba tsona ba hlahileng, ka hona li tloha sebakeng sa ho behela hanghang.
Likolopata tsa mefuta e fapaneng li fapana haholo ka boholo le boima ba tsona. Mohlala, bolelele ba sekolopata sa lefats'e ha bo fete 100 mm ka boima ba 90-100 g, mme boholo ba sekolopata sa batho ba baholo ba leoatle bo fihla ho 250 cm ka boima ba halofo ea molumo. Sehlopha sa linatla tse tsebahalang kajeno se kenyelletsa likolopata tsa litlou tsa Galapagos, tse khetla ea tsona e fetang bolelele ba mithara, 'me boima e ka ba lisenthara tse' ne.
'Mala oa likolopata, hangata, o inyenyefatsa haholo, o lumella sehahabi ho ikhakanya habonolo e le lintho tsa tikoloho. Leha ho le joalo, ho boetse ho na le mefuta e 'maloa e khetholloang ke paterone e khanyang haholo le e fapaneng. Mohlala, kgudu e phatsimang e bohareng ba carapace e na le semelo se lefifi se nang le matheba a bosehla bo hlahelletseng le mahlaseli a mangata a tsoang. Karolo ya hlooho le molala wa kgudu e mahlo a mafubedu e kgabisitswe ka paterone ya mela ya wavy le metopa, mme matheba a mafubedu a kganyang a teng kamora mahlo.
Botho le mokhoa oa bophelo
Esita le ho sa lekane boemo ba khōlo ea boko, ka lebaka la liteko, ho ne ho ka khoneha ho fumana hore bohlale ba sekolopata bo bontša litholoana tse phahameng haholo. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ha se liteko tse joalo feela tse ileng tsa nka karolo litekong tse joalo, empa le mefuta e mengata ea metsi a hloekileng ea likolopata.
Likolopata ke lihahabi tse tsamaisang bophelo bo le bang, empa liphoofolo tse joalo li hloka botsoalle le mofuta oa tsona ha nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo e qala.... Ka linako tse ling likolopata li bokana bakeng sa nako ea mariha lihlopheng tse nyane. Mefuta e meng ea metsi a hloekileng, ho kenyeletsoa le likolopata tse nang le lihlooho tse ngata (Phrynops geoffroanus), li khetholloa ka ho itšoara ka mokhoa o mabifi ho ba teng ha beng ka tsona le kantle ho nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo.
Ho na le likolopata tse kae
Hoo e batlang e le mefuta eohle ea likolopata ka nepo e le karolo ea li-long-livers - lipehelo tsa likokoana-hloko har'a mafura a mangata.
Hoa thahasellisa! Sekolopata se tsebahalang sa Radiant Madagascar se bitsoang Tui Malila se atlehile ho phela lilemo tse ka bang makholo a mabeli.
Lilemo tsa sehahabi se joalo hangata li feta lilemo tse lekholo. Ho ea ka bo-rasaense, sekolopata se ka phela lilemo tse makholo a mabeli kapa ho feta.
Khetla ea likolopata
Carapace ea sekolopata e khetholloa ka sebopeho sa eona se menyane, se emeloang ke masapo le sekoaelo sa manaka. Motheo oa masapo a carapace o na le li-vertebrae tse robeli tsa pre-sacral, hammoho le likarolo tse theko e tlase. Likolopata tse tloaelehileng li na le lipoleiti tse mashome a mahlano tse simolohileng.
Sebopeho le palo ea litlokotsebe tse joalo ke karolo ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho khetholla mefuta ea sekolopata:
- Mefuta ea lefats'e hangata e na le carapace e holimo, e mosesane le e teteaneng haholo, e amanang le lits'oants'o tse akaretsang tsa bophahamo ba mala. Sebopeho se busitsoeng se fana ka sebaka sa bohlokoa sa kahare, se nolofalletsa ho tsuba ha roughage ea meroho;
- Mefuta ea mobu e phunyang e na le 'mele o sephara o sephara, o thusang sehahabi ho tsamaea habonolo ka har'a mohohlo;
- likolopata tse fapa-fapaneng tsa metsi a hloekileng le tsa leoatle hangata li tšoauoa ka boteng ba 'maphapetla o sephara, o boreleli hape o hlophisitsoeng, o nang le sebopeho sa oval, ovoid kapa teardrop, empa motheo oa masapo o ka fokotsoa;
- mefuta e bonolo ea likolopata e khetholloa ka sepakapaka se bataletseng haholo, 'me motheo oa eona o lula o fokotsoe ka matla ha ho se na likhohlano tsa corneous le boteng ba letlalo le koahetsoeng ka khetla;
- carapace ka har'a likotopo tsa letlalo ha e na likhokahano le karolo ea masapo, ka hona e thehiloe ka mosaic oa masapo a manyane a kopaneng, a koahetsoeng ke letlalo;
- likolopata tse ling li khetholloa ke carapace ka moo ho nang le khokahano e nang le sebopeho se tsamaeang hantle sa mofuta oa synarthrous le lisele tsa lefufuru manonyellong a lipoleiti.
Moeli oa li-carapace corneous scutes o ka hatisoa karolong e kaholimo ea masapo a carapace, mme corneous carapace, kapa litlolo tsa mofuta oa lenaka, li na le mabitso a ts'oanang le lipoleiti tsa masapo.
Mefuta ea likolopata
Hajoale ho tsebahala mefuta e fetang makholo a mararo ea likolopata, e leng ea malapa a leshome le metso e mene. Tse ling tsa lihahabi tse ikhethang li phela bophelo ba lefatše feela, ha karolo e 'ngoe e khetholloa ka ho ikamahanya hantle le tikoloho ea metsing.
Mefuta e latelang e lula naheng ea naha ea rona:
- likolopata tsa loggerhead, kapa caretta, kapa Hlooho ea logger (lat. Сarettа сaretta) - e bolelele ba 75-95 cm ka boima ba 'mele ea 80-200 kg. Mofuta ona o na le sebopego se bopehileng joaloka pelo, se sootho, se sootho bo bofubelu kapa sa mohloaare. Borokho ba plastron le bony bo ka ba bosootho kapa bosehla ka 'mala. Sebakeng sa morao, ho na le lipoleiti tse leshome tse theko e boima, mme hlooho e kholo e koahetsoe ka lipoleiti tse kholo. Mapheoana a ka pele a na le manala a mabeli;
- Likolopata tsa letlalo, kapa thepa e hapuoeng (lat. Dermoshelys coriacea) - mefuta e le 'ngoe feela ea sejoale-joale ea likolopata tsa Leatherback (Dermoshelyidae). Baemeli ke likolopata tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa sejoale-joale tse nang le bolelele ba 'mele bo bolelele ba cm 260 ka bolelele ba mapheo a 250 cm le boima ba' mele bo ka bang 890-915 kg;
- Likolopata tsa Bochabela bo Hare, kapa Chinese trionics (lat. Perodisсus sinensis) Ke likolopata tsa metsi a hloekileng, tseo e leng litho tsa lelapa la likolopata tse nang le likarolo tse tharo tse bonolo. Linaheng tsa Asia, nama e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa lijo, kahoo sehahabi ke sa lintho tse ikatisang. Bolelele ba carapace ea batho ba baholo, joalo ka molao, ha bo fete kotara ea mitha, mme boima bo tloaelehileng ke 4.0-4.5 kg;
- Likolopata tsa mokhoabo tsa Europe (lat. Emys orbiсularis) - linotši tsa metsi a hloekileng tse nang le oval, e tlase le e honyenyane haholo, e nang le carapace e boreleli, e nang le khokahano ea mehala le plastron ka mokokotlo o mosesane le o phutholohang. Bolelele ba motho e moholo oa mofuta ona ke 12-35 cm le boima ba 'mele ea kilograma e le' ngoe le halofo;
- Likolopata tsa Caspian (lat. Mauremys o hlahisa) - lihahabi tsa mofuta oa likolopata tsa metsing le lelapa la linotši tsa metsi a hloekileng tsa Asia. Mofuta ona o emeloa ke li-subspecies tse tharo. Bakeng sa motho e moholo bolelele ba 28-30 cm le oval carapace. Bacha ba mofuta ona ba khetholloa ka carapace e khabisitsoeng. Tse tona tse holileng li na le khetla e telele, e nang le polastron e batlang e le concave;
- mediterane, kapa Segerike, kapa Sekolopata sa Caucasus (lat. Testo graesa) Ke mofuta o nang le 'mele o molelele o motopo, o serrated hanyane, o bolelele ho tloha ho 33-35 cm, oa mohloaare o bobebe kapa o' mala o mosehla o mosehla o nang le matheba a matšo. Maoto a ka pele a na le manala a mane kapa a mahlano. Karolo e ka morao ea lirope e na le sefuba sa horny. Sekolopata sa mofuta ona hangata se na le thebe e sa baloang ea mohatla, eo plastron ea eona e khetholloang ka 'mala o bobebe le matheba a lefifi.
Sebakeng sa Kazakhstan le linaha tsa Asia Bohareng, Central Asia kapa steppe turtle (Agriоnemys hоrsfiеldii) hangata ho fumanoa. Mofuta ona o khetholloa ka khetla e tlase, e chitja, e bosootho bo bosehla le mofuta o sa hlakang oa matheba a lefifi. Carapace e arotsoe ka likhahla tse leshome le metso e meraro tsa horny, mme plastron e arotsoe likarolo tse leshome le metso e ts'eletseng. Li-groove tse fumanehang ho li-scuti li etsa hore ho be bonolo ho tseba hore na ke lilemo tse kae tse phelang ka sekolopata. Bolelele ba sekolopata ha bo fete cm 15-20, mme basali ba mofuta ona hangata ba kholo ho feta banna.
Habitat, habitats
Mefuta le libaka tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea likolopata li fapane haholo:
- Khudu ya tlou (Сhelоnоidis еleрhаntоpus- Lihlekehleke tsa Galapagos;
- Sekolopata sa Baegepeta (Testo kleinmanni) - karolo e ka leboea ea Afrika le Middle East;
- Sekolopata sa Asia Bohareng (Testudo (Agrionеmys) khloe) - Kyrgyzstan le Uzbekistan, hammoho le Tajikistan le Afghanistan, Lebanon le Syria, karolong e ka leboea-bochabela ea Iran, leboea-bophirima ho India le Pakistan;
- Lengau kapa panther sekolopata (Geochelone pardalis- linaha tsa Afrika;
- Kgudu ya Kapa e marothodi (Homopus Signatus) - Afrika Boroa le Namibia e ka boroa;
- Pentiloe kapa khudu e khabisitsoeng (Сhrysеmys рiсta) - Canada le USA;
- Turtle ea Europe ea mokhoabo (Emys orbiсularis) - linaha tsa Europe le Asia, sebaka sa Caucasus;
- E litsebe tse khubelu kapa khudu ya mmala o mosehla (Litlhaku scripta- USA le Canada, karolo e leboea-bophirima ho Amerika Boroa, ho kenyeletsoa leboea la Colombia le Venezuela;
- Cayman kapa kgudu e lomang (Сhelydra serrentina) - USA le boroa-bochabela Canada.
Baahi ba maoatle le maoatle ba kenyelletsa Tlhokomelo ea 'nete (Еrеtmochelys imbricata), Khudu ya letlalo (Dermoshelys coriacea), Turtle ea sopho e tala (Сhelonia mydаs). Lihahabi tsa metsi a hloekileng li lula linokeng, matšeng le mekhoabong ea lebanta le futhumetseng la Eurasia, hape li lula matamong a Afrika, Amerika Boroa, Europe le Asia.
Lijo tsa likolopata
Likhetho tsa lijo tsa likolopata li its'etleha ka kotloloho ho libopeho le mefuta ea lihahabi tse joalo. Motheo oa lijo tsa likolopata tsa lefats'e o emeloa ke lijo tsa semela, ho kenyeletsoa makala a manyane a lifate tse fapaneng, meroho le lijalo tsa litholoana, joang le li-mushroom, le ho tlatsa palo ea protheine, liphoofolo tse joalo li ja likhoka, li-slugs kapa liboko. Tlhokahalo ea metsi hangata e khotsofatsoa ka ho ja likarolo tse monate tsa semela.
Likhohlopo tsa metsi a hloekileng le tsa leoatle li ka khetholloa e le libatana tse tloaelehileng, li fepa litlhapi tse nyane, lihohoana, likhofu le li-crustaceans, mahe a linonyana, likokoanyana, mefuta e fapaneng ea li-mollusk le arthropods. Lijo tsa meroho li jeoa hanyane. Ho ja lijo tsa liphoofolo le hona ke tšobotsi ea batho ba jang limela. Hape ho na le mefuta ea likolopata tsa metsi a hloekileng tse fetelang lijong tsa limela ha li ntse li tsofala. Likolopata tsa leoatleng tse ngata li ithutoa hantle.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Ha nako ea ho nyalana e qala, likolopata tse tona tse tona li hlophisa lintoa tsa setso le ho loanela tokelo ea ho nyalana le e tšehali. Likolopata tsa mobu ka nako e joalo li lelekisa mohanyetsi oa tsona mme li leka ho li phethola, ho otla kapa ho loma bokapele ba khetla. Mefuta ea metsing lintoeng e khetha ho loma le ho lelekisa mohanyetsi. Lefereho le latelang le lumella e tšehali ho nka maemo a matle haholo bakeng sa ho tlolelana.
Tse tona tsa mefuta e meng, nakong ea ho nyalana, li khona ho etsa melumo ea khale. Mefuta eohle e tsejoang ea likolopata tsa sejoale-joale ke ea liphoofolo tse nang le mahe a linotši, ka hona, tse tšehali li behela mahe kahare ho pitsa e bōpehileng joaloka nkho e chekiloeng ke maoto a eona a morao mme e kolobisitsoe ka mokelikeli o ntšitsoeng ke cloaca.
Fossa e nang le mahe a chitja a chitja kapa a chitja e tlatsitsoe, 'me mobu o koahetsoe ka thuso ea likotlo tsa plastron. Likolopata tsa leoatleng le likolopata tse ling tse molala o lehlakoreng li behela mahe a koahetsoeng ka likhetla tse bonolo le tse letlalo. Palo ea mahe e fapana ho ea ka baemeli ba mefuta e fapaneng mme e ka ba likotoana tse 1 ho isa ho tse 200.
Hoa thahasellisa! Likolopata tse kholo (Megalochelys gigantea) li na le mekhoa ea boits'oaro e laolang boholo ba sechaba ka palo ea mahe a beheloang selemo le selemo.
Likolopata tse ngata li ne li tšoasa makhetlo a 'maloa ka nako e le' ngoe, 'me nako ea ho kopanya, hangata, e nka likhoeli tse peli ho isa ho tse tšeletseng.... Mokhelo o hlokomelang malinyane a eona ke sekolopata se sootho (Manouria emys), tse tšehali li lebelang sehlaha ka ho behela mahe ho fihlela tsoalo ea tse nyane. Ho khahlisang hape ke boits'oaro ba sekolopata se khabisitsoeng sa Bahamian (Pseudemys malonei), se chekang ho behela mahe le ho thusa ho tsoa ha bacha.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Ho sa tsotelehe boteng ba khetla e matla le e ka tšeptjoang, likolopata li na le lira tse ngata tse behang kotsi ho sehahabi, eseng feela mobung, empa hape le tikolohong ea metsing. Sera se seholo sa sekolopata ke motho ea ts'oarang le ho bolaea liphoofolo tse joalo molemong oa ho fumana nama le mahe, hammoho le khetla. Likolopata li angoa hape ke tšoaetso ea vaerase le fungal, ectoparasites le helminths.
Hoa thahasellisa! Li-jaguar li na le bokhoni ba ho lokisetsa likolopata tse 'maloa lijong tsa tsona ka nako e le' ngoe, tseo sebatana se li otlollang holim'a sephara mekokotlong ea tsona ebe li li tlosa ka har'a khetla ka thuso ea manala a bohale haholo.
Likolopata tse lulang metsing li tsongoa ke liphoofolo tse jang liphoofolo, li hlahisoa ke makhala le pere mackerel, litlhapi tse kholo tse jang liphoofolo esita le lishaka. Linonyana tse jang nama li khona ho lahlela likolopata ho tloha bophahamong bo boholo bo lekaneng holima lefika, kamora moo li ntšha phoofolo ka har'a khetla e arohaneng.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Mefuta e 228 ea tse teng le tse seng li timetse ke tsa Red Data Book le tse nang le boemo bo sirelelitsoeng ba Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa OP, 'me hajoale tse ka bang 135 li kotsing ea ho timela ka botlalo. Mofuta oa likolopata o tsebahalang haholo, o sa tloaelehang ebile o kotsing ea ho fela, joale o emeloa ke sekolopata sa Far East (Тriоnyх sinensis), hammoho le likolopata tsa Greek kapa Mediterranean (Testudo graaisa Iberia).
Lethathamo le Lefubelu la IUCN le boetse le kenyelletsa:
- Li-subspecies tse 11 Geochelcne elephantcpus;
- Geochelcne carbonaria;
- Geochelone chilensis;
- Geochelone dénticulata;
- Li-Astеrochelys yniрhora;
- Asterochelys radioata;
- Elegans tsa Geochelone;
- Geochelone pardalis;
- Geochelone sulcata;
- Gorherus agassizii;
- Gorherus berlandieri;
- Gorherus flavomarglnatus;
- Gorerus polyphemus;
- Malasosherus tоrniеri;
- Psammobates geometriсus;
- Рsаmmоbаtes tеntоrius;
- Psammobates osulifer;
- Pyxis planicauda;
- Рyхis аrасhnоids;
- Сhеrsine аngulata;
- Hormus boulengery;
- Hormus fеmоrаlis;
- Letšoao la Hormus;
- Homopus areolatus;
- Agriоnemys hоrsfiеldi;
- Testo Hermanni;
- Тstudо kleinmаnni;
- Testo mаrginаta.
Lintho tse ka sehloohong tse sokelang baahi li emeloa ke ho theoha ha tikoloho ea likolopata ka tlasa tšusumetso ea mesebetsi ea temo le kaho, hammoho le ho tsoma.
Boleng ba moruo
Ha se likolopata tse kholo haholo tsa mobu le metsi tse ruuoang lapeng tse ratoang haholo ke barati ba lintho tse ikhethileng... Nama ea sefubelu e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa lijo 'me e jeoa e le tala, e phehiloe kapa e halikiloe,' me bonolo ba liphoofolo tse joalo bo thusa ho tsamaisa lihahabi tse phelang e le "lijo tse phetseng ka makotikoting". Carapace ea phoofolo e sebelisoa ha ho etsoa mekhabiso ea basali ba moriri oa setso joalo ka kanzashi.
Hoa thahasellisa!Boholo ba linaha tsa Amerika bo lumella empa bo nyahamisa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, tse emeloang ke likolopata, empa Oregon ha e lumelle liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng. Hape hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore molao oa koporasi oa Amerika o hanela ka ho felletseng khoebo kapa lipalangoang tsa likolopata, boholo ba tsona bo ka tlase ho 100 mm, mme karolong e ka bophirima ea naha mabelo a likolopata a ratoa haholo, e leng boithabiso bo lokileng ba mantlha.
Ho fapana le lihahabi tse ling tse tsebahalang le tse ithutoang, sekolopata leha e le sefe ha se kotsi ho bophelo le bophelo ba motho. Mokhelo o emeloa ke likolopata tse tona tsa leatherback, tseo ha nako ea ho tlolelana ha tsona li qala, li khonang ho tšoara batho ba sesang ka mapheo kapa ho ba khama, 'me likolopata tse loma le tse mabifi li ka hlaba motho hampe.
