Salamanders (Sаlаmandra) ke mofuta oa liphoofolo tse sa tloaelehang haholo tse shebahalang ka tatellano. Lelapa la Salamander le mofuta oa Salamander le tsona li kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata e tsoetseng pele, e fapaneng ka tsoalo e phelang le ho lula naheng.
Tlhaloso ea Salamander
Translation of the name Salamander from Persian - "Burning from within"... Ka ponahalo ea bona, li-amphibian tse mohatla joalo li tšoana le mokholutsoane, empa li abeloa lihlopha tse fapaneng ka ho felletseng: mekholutsoane kaofela ke ea sehlopha sa lihahabi, 'me li-salamand ke tsa sehlopha sa Amphibian.
Li-amphibian tsa mantlha li na le thepa e makatsang mme li khona ho holisa mohatla kapa maoto le matsoho a lahlehileng. Nakong ea kholo ea tlhaho, baemeli bohle ba sehlopha ba arotsoe:
- Salamanders ke tsa nnete (Sаlаmаndridае);
- Salamanders ha ba na matšoafo (Plethodontidae);
- Li-salamanders tse patiloeng tsa gill (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Tse nyane ka ho fetesisa lefatšeng ke salamander e sa reng letho (Eurycea quadridigita) e bolelele ba 'mele ea 50-89 mm, le salamander e nyane (Desmognathus wrighti), e holang ho fihlela lisenthimithara tse hlano. Mefuta ena ka bobeli e lula libakeng tse ka leboea tsa k'honthinente ea Amerika.
Ponahalo
Phapang e ka sehloohong ho tsoa ho mokholutsoane ke hore salamander e na le letlalo le mongobo le boreleli, hammoho le ho ba sieo ha manala. Mmela o molelele o nale mmele o molelele ka sebopeho mme o kopane hantle mohatleng. Mefuta e meng e na le moaho o teteaneng le o lekaneng, ho kenyeletsoa
Salamander ea mollo, le litho tse ling tsa lelapa li khetholloa ka 'mele o mosesane le o ntlafalitsoeng. Mefuta eohle e khetholloa ka maoto a makhuts'oane, empa tse ling ha li na maoto le matsoho a tsoetseng pele hantle. Mefuta e mengata e khetholloa ka boteng ba menoana e mene leotong le leng le le leng le ka pele, le tse hlano maotong a kamorao.
Hlooho ea salamander e na le sebopeho se sephara ebile se batalalitsoe hanyane, se pudufalitse mahlo a matsho ka molao oa mahlo. Sebakeng sa hlooho ea amphibian ho na le litšoelesa tse khethehileng tsa letlalo tse bitsoang parotids, tse khethollang li-amphibian tsohle. Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa litšoelesa tse khethehileng joalo ke ho hlahisa sephiri se chefo - bufotoxin, e nang le li-alkaloid tse nang le litlamorao tsa neurotoxic, tse bakang kapele ho oa kapa ho holofala mefuteng e fapaneng ea mammalian.
Hoa thahasellisa! Hangata ka 'mala oa salamander, mebala e fapaneng ea mebala e fapaneng e kopantsoe ka nako e le' ngoe, eo qalong e fetotsoeng metopa, matheba le matheba a fapaneng ka sebopeho kapa boholo.
Ho latela litšobotsi tsa mefuta, bolelele ba motho e moholo bo ka fapana ho ea ho 5-180 cm, mme tšobotsi e ikhethang ea baemeli ba bang ba mohatla o molelele ke hore bolelele ba mohatla bo bolelele ho feta bolelele ba 'mele. 'Mala oa salamander o boetse o fapane haholo, empa Fire Salamander, e nang le' mala o bosootho bo bosehla ba lamunu, ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta e metle ka ho fetisisa hajoale. 'Mala oa baemeli ba bang o kanna oa hlaka, o motšo, o sootho, o mosehla le mohloaare, hape o ba moputsoa kapa o mofubelu.
Botho le mokhoa oa bophelo
Ka metsing, salamanders tsamaea ka ho koba mohatla, alternately tloha le letona. Ha e le naheng, phoofolo e tsamaea feela ka thuso ea lipara tse peli tsa maoto le matsoho tse sa tsoelang pele.
Tabeng ena, menoana ea maoto le matsoho ea mefuta e meng ea li-salamanders e na le tšobotsi e otlolohang le letlalo, empa ha e na manala. Baemeli bohle ba lelapa la Salamander le mofuta oa Salamander ba na le bokhoni bo ikhethang bo lumellang maoto le mohatla ho nchafatsa.
Ts'ebetso ea ho hema ea batho ba baholo e fanoa ke matšoafo, letlalo kapa lera le fumanehang kahare ho molomo... Baemeli ba mofuta ona, ba lulang kamehla tikolohong ea metsing, ba hema ka thuso ea matšoafo le sistimi ea kantle ea gill. Li-gill tsa salamander li tšoana le makala a masiba a fumanehang lehlakoreng la hlooho. Liphoofolo tsa mefuta eohle ha li mamelle maemo a phahameng a mocheso, ka hona li leka ho qoba mahlaseli a letsatsi mme motšehare li ipata tlasa majoe, lifate tse oeleng kapa mekoting ea liphoofolo e lahliloeng.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ho tloaelehile ho lebisa salamander ho liphoofolo tse tsamaisang bophelo bo ikhethileng bo le bang, empa pele li robala, ho pota Mphalane, li-amphibian tse mohatla joalo li bokana ka lihlopha, e li lumellang ho phela nakong e sa thabiseng ea selemo.
Li-salamanders tsa Alpine li khetha ho lula libakeng tse mabopong a melapo ea lithaba, moo li ipatang tlasa majoe a mangata kapa lihlahla, empa li-salamanders tsa mollo li na le thahasello e khethehileng, li khetha meru e tsoakaneng le e sa hlonepheng, lithaba le libaka tse lithaba, hammoho le libaka tse mabopong a linoka. Li-amphibian tse nang le mohatla li na le kamano e matla le tikoloho e itseng, 'me hangata li etella pele bophelo bo bocha kapa bo bitsoang bosiu.
Li-fire salamanders ke liphoofolo tse lutseng le tse liehang ho sesa, li sesa hampe mme li leka ho atamela 'mele ea metsi ka kotlolloho. Ho tloha ka Mphalane ho isa qetellong ea Pulungoana, e le molao, ba ea mariha, e tšoarellang ho fihlela mocheso oa selemo o qala. Baemeli ba mefuta ena ba qeta mariha ba ipatile tlasa methapo ea lifate kapa lera le letenya la makhasi a oeleng, hangata a kopana ka lihlopha tse kholo, tse nang le mashome a mabeli kapa makholo a 'maloa a batho.
Ho lula li-salamanders tse kae
Ka karolelano bolelele ba nako ea bophelo ba "tailed amphibian" ke lilemo tse ka bang leshome le metso e supileng. Leha ho le joalo, hara mefuta eohle ea mefuta ena ea mofuta ona, ho boetse ho na le ba lilemo li lekholo. Mohlala, bolelele ba nako ea bophelo ba salamander e kholo ea Japane e kanna ea feta halofo ea lekholo la lilemo. Li-fire salamanders li lula botlamuoeng ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mane ho isa ho a mahlano, 'me ka tlhaho bolelele ba bophelo ba mofuta ona ha bo fete, joalo ka molao, lilemo tse leshome le metso e mene. Baemeli ba mefuta ea Alpine salamanders ba lula sebakeng sa bona sa tlhaho ho feta lilemo tse leshome.
Mefuta ea Salamander
Kajeno, li-salamanders li emeloa ke mefuta e supileng e meholo, empa ke tse fokolang feela tsa tsona tse ithutoang haholo:
- Alpine, kapa salamander e ntšo (Sálаmаndra аtra) Ke phoofolo e ts'oanang le molatsoana oa mollo ka chebahalo, empa e fapana ka 'mele o mosesane, boholo bo bonyenyane le' mala o benyang o benyang (ntle le li-subspecies) Sаlаmаndra аtra аuroraеe nang le mmele o ka hodimo le hlooho e bosehla bo kganyang). Bolelele ba motho e moholo hangata ha bo fete 90-140 mm. Likarolo tse nyane tsa alpine salamander: Salamandra atra atra, Salamandra atra aurorae le Salamandra atra prenjensis;
- Salamander Lanza (Salamandra lanzaiKe mo-amphibian ea mohatla eo e leng oa lelapa la batho ba hlileng ba qhekellang 'me o reheletsoe ka Benedeto Lanza, setsebi sa likokoana-hloko sa Italy. Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba na le 'mele o motšo, bolelele bo bolelele ba limilimithara tse 110-160, hlooho e sephara, mohatla o chitja le o motsu;
- Salmander ea Pacific (Еnsаtina еsсhsсholtzii) - mofuta o nang le hlooho e nyane le e tenya, hammoho le 'mele o mosesane empa o le matla ho fihlela bolelele ba 145 mm, o koahetsoeng ka mahlakoreng ka letlalo le sosobaneng le le menehileng;
- Mollo, kapa mabala, salamander e tloaelehileng (Sаlаmаndra sаlаmаndra) Ke phoofolo eo e leng e 'ngoe ea mefuta e tsebahalang haholo ea Salamander ebile e le moemeli e moholo oa lelapa lena. Mollo oa mollo o na le 'mala o khanyang o motšo le o mosehla,' me bolelele ba batho ba baholo bo ka fihla ho 23-30 cm.
Subspecies tse amanang le mefuta ea Salamanders ea Mollo:
- S. s. gallaisa;
- S. Linnеаus - li-subspecies tse khethiloeng;
- S. alfredschmidti;
- S. Muller le Hellmich;
- S. bejarae Mertens le Muller;
- S. bernardézi Gasser;
- S. beschkоvi Оbst;
- S. cresroi Malkmus;
- S. fastuosа (bоnаlli) Еisеlt;
- S. galliasa Nikolskii;
- S. giglioli Eiselt le Lanza;
- S. Mertens le Muller;
- S. infraimmaculata;
- S. lоngirоstris Jоger le Steinfаrtz;
- S. morenica Joger le Steinfartz;
- S. semenovi;
- S. terrestris Еisеlt.
Hape, moemeli ea tloaelehileng oa li-amphibian tse nang le mohatla oa lelapa la salamanders ea 'nete ke Salamandra infraimmaculata. Sehlekehleke sa amphibian se seholo ka boholo 'me se fihla bolelele ba 31-32 cm, empa tse tšehali li kholo ho feta tse tona. Letlalo ka mokokotlong le letsho ka matheba a bosehla kapa mmala wa lamunu, mme mpa e ntsho.
Habitat, habitats
Alpine salamanders li lula libakeng tse bohareng le tse ka bochabela tsa Alps, bophahamong bo atisang ho feta limithara tse makholo a supileng ka holim'a leoatle. Ba lula tikolohong e ka boroa-bochabela ho Switzerland, bophirima le bohareng ba Austria, leboea ho Italy le Slovenia, hammoho le boroa ho Fora le Jeremane. Ho na le baahi ba fokolang Croatia le Bosnia, Herzegovina le Liechtenstein, Montenegro le Serbia.
Baemeli ba mofuta oa Sаlаmаndra infraimmaculata ba lula Asia Boroa-bophirima le tikoloho ea Middle East, ho tloha Turkey ho ea sebakeng sa Iran. Lanza salamander e fumanoa feela sebakeng se fokolang haholo karolong e ka bophirima ea Alps, moeling oa Fora le Italy. Batho ka bomong ba mofuta ona ba fumaneha liphuleng tsa noka tsa Po, Germanasca, Gil le Pelliche. Ho sa tsoa fumanoa palo ea batho ba ka thoko Phuleng ea Chisone e Italy.
Hoa thahasellisa! Ho Carpathians, ho fumanoa moemeli ea chefo ka ho fetisisa oa lelapa - Alpine black newt, eo chefo ea eona e nang le bokhoni bo matla ba ho baka liso tse matla liseleng tsa batho.
Li-fire salamanders ke baahi ba meru le libaka tse maralla boholo ba Europe Bochabela, Bohareng le Boroa ba Europe, hape le leboea la Middle East. Moeli o ka bophirima oa sebaka sa kabo ea mofuta ona o tšoauoa ka ho nkuoa ha sebaka sa Portugal, karolo e ka leboea-bochabela ea Spain le Fora. Meeli e ka leboea ea moeli e atoloha ho ea leboea ho Jeremane le boroa ho Poland.
Meeli e ka bochabela e fihla ho Carpathians naheng ea Ukraine, Romania, Iran le Bulgaria. Palo e nyane ea "salamander" ea mollo e fumaneha karolong e ka bochabela ea Turkey. Leha e ajoa ka bongata, baemeli ba mofuta oa Mollo, kapa mabala, a tloaelehileng ha a hlahe Lihlekehlekeng tsa Borithane.
Lijo tsa Salamander
Alpine salamander e fepa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoana-hloko... Lanza salamanders, e sebetsang haholo bosiu, e sebelisa likokoanyana, likho, li-larvae, isopods, mollusks le liboko tsa lefatše bakeng sa lijo. Mefuta ea Salamander e lulang tikolohong ea metsing e khetha ho tšoasa litlhapi le crayfish tsa mefuta e fapaneng, hape e fepa makhala, li-molluscs le li-amphibian tse ngata.
Hoa thahasellisa! Lerato la Lusitania le khetholloa ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang oa ho tsoma, oo, joalo ka senqanqane, o khonang ho ts'oasa liphofu ka leleme la oona, o na le 'mala o motšo o mosesaane o nang le methapo e meholo ea khauta mokokotlong mme o lula naheng ea Portugal le Spain.
Li-salamanders tsa mollo li boetse li khetha ho sebelisa tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo, popane ea lirurubele tse fapaneng, liboko tsa dipteran, likho le li-slugs, le liboko tsa lefats'e e le lijo. Hape, li-amphibian tse mohatla joalo tsa lelapa la Salamander le mofuta oa Salamander li ka ja li-newt le lihohoana tse nyane. Salamander ea motho e moholo e ts'oasa phofu ea eona, e potlakile haholo ka 'mele oohle oa eona ka pele, kamora moo e leka ka matla ho koenya phofu e tšoasitsoeng ka botlalo.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Alpine salamander ke phoofolo e mahlahahlaha. Peo e hola ka hare ho mmele wa mme selemo kaofela. Ho na le mahe a ka bang mararo ho isa ho a mane ka har'a mahe a basali, empa ke a 'maloa feela a fihlelang phetoho e felletseng,' me mahe a mang kaofela a sebelisoa e le lijo tsa bona. Mahe a sa tsoa emoloa a khetholloa ke maqhubu a maholohali a kantle.
Mekhoa ea ho ikatisa ea salamander ea mollo ha e sa utloisisoe ka botlalo. Har'a tse ling, ho na le phapang e kholo ho potolohong ea mofuta ona, e bakoang ke litšobotsi tsa tikoloho. E le molao, nako ea ho ikatisa e hlaha mathoasong a selemo, ha litšoelesa tsa banna ba baholo li qala ho hlahisa li-spermatophores ka mafolofolo.
Ntho eo e kenngoa ka kotloloho holim 'a lefats'e, ka mor'a moo tse tšehali li monya lintho tse joalo ka li-cloaca tsa tsona. Metsing, ts'ebetso ea ho nontšoa e etsahala ka tsela e batlang e fapane, ka hona, banna ba boloka li-spermatophores ka tieo bakeng sa oviposition e behiloeng.
Hoa thahasellisa! E nonneng ka ho fetesisa ke salamander ea selemo, e lulang Amerika le Canada, e behelang mahe a fetang 130-140 mme e tsebahala habonolo ka 'mala o mofubelu ka boteng ba mabala a manyane a lefifi' meleng.
Li-subspecies tse peli tsa fire salamander (fastuosa le bernаrdеzi) ke tsa sehlopha sa liphoofolo tsa viviparous, kahoo e tšehali ha e behe mahe, empa e hlahisa liboko kapa batho ka bomong ba fetotsoeng ke metamorphoses ka botlalo. Mefuta eohle e meng ea mofuta ona e khetholloa ka tlhahiso ea mahe. Li-salamanders tse nyenyane li hokela mahe a tsona tsamaisong ea metso ea limela tse ka tlas'a metsi, 'me liboko li hlaha kamora likhoeli tse' maloa. Likhoeli tse tharo kamora ho hlaha, bacha ka bongata ba fihla lebopong, moo bophelo ba bona ba boitaolo bo qalang.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Salamander e na le lira tse ngata tsa tlhaho, 'me e le ho pholosa bophelo ba eona, phoofolo e sa tloaelehang joalo e ikamahantse le maoto le mohatla meno kapa manala a liphoofolo tse li jang e le hore e balehe. Ka mohlala, lira tsa tlhaho tsa mefuta ea Salamander ea Mollo ke linoha, ho kenyelletsa noha e tloaelehileng le ea metsi, litlhapi tse jang liphoofolo, linonyana tse kholo le likolobe-moru.
Khafetsa, batho ba tšoara litlhapi, hobane kajeno litsebi tse ngata tsa limela tse fapaneng tsa ka tlung li rata ho boloka sehahabi se joalo lapeng. Bakeng sa batho, chefo e patiloeng ke li-salamanders ha e kotsi ebile ho kenella ha chefo liseleng tsa mucous ho baka feela maikutlo a tukang, empa tlasa maemo a khatello ea maikutlo haholo, phoofolo e joalo e khona ho fafatsa lintho tse chefo hole le hole.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Mofuta oa Alpine, kapa salamander e ntšo, e khetholloa e le Least Consern, mme hajoale baahi ba eona ha ba tsotelle ho latela tlhophiso ea Khomishene ea Pholoho ea Mefuta le ho latela mokhatlo o sa etseng phaello oa IUCN. Mofuta oa Salamandra lanzai ke oa mofuta oa mefuta e kotsing ea ho timela, mme baemeli ba Salamandra infraimmaculata kajeno ba haufi haholo le boemo bo tlokotsing.
Ho tla boela ho be monate:
- Tuatara kapa tuatara
- Letsoho la lefats'e
- Axolotl - drakone ea metsi
- Newt e tloaelehileng kapa e boreleli
Salamander ea mollo e se e thathamisitsoe maqepheng a Red Book ea Ukraine mme e mokhatlong oa bobeli, o kenyeletsang mefuta e tlokotsing. Europe, mofuta ona o sirelelitsoe ke Tumellano ea Berne, e sirelletsang mefuta ea Europe ea liphoofolo tse hlaha le libaka tsa tsona tsa bolulo.
