Ena ke salmone e ntle, eo ba Pomors ba e bitsitseng "salmon" nako e telele pele ho batho ba ma-Norway ba mahlahahlaha, bao hamorao ba ileng ba phahamisa lebitso la lebitso leo Europe ka bongata bo boholo.
Tlhaloso ea litlhapi tsa salmon
Sal salar (salmon), e tsejoang hape ke batšoasi ba litlhapi e le Atlantic, kapa saalmon ea letšeng, ke ea mofuta oa tlhapi ea salmon e tsoang lelapeng la salmon ebile ke ea litlhapi tse hlatsoitsoeng ka ray. Lingaka tsa Ichthyologists, kamora ho etsa tlhahlobo ea lik'hemik'hale, li hlokometse phapang lipakeng tsa salemone ea Amerika le ea Europe, ea li arola ka li-subspecies tse peli - S. salar americanus le S. salar salar. Ntle le moo, ke moetlo ho bua ka mefuta e 2 ea salmon ea Atlantic, anadromous le freshwater / lacustrine, moo ea bobeli e neng e nkuoa e le mofuta o ikemetseng. Joale moahi oa litlhapi tsa lets'oa o khetholloa e le morph e khethehileng - Salmo salar morpha sebago.
Ponahalo, litekanyo
Baemeli bohle ba mofuta oa Salmo (le salmon ha ho joalo) ba na le molomo o moholo le lesapo le lelelele la maxillary le fetang mola o otlolohileng oa leihlo le ka morao. Ha tlhapi e tsofala, meno a eona a ba matla. Tse tona tse holileng ka ho kopanela liphate li hlometse ka hakisi e bonahalang, li lutse ntlheng ea mohlahare o ka tlase 'me li "leolitsoe" tlasa mohlahare o kaholimo.
'Mele o motelele oa tlhapi ea salmon o petelitsoe hanyane mahlakoreng mme o koahetsoe ka sekala se mahareng sa silevera. Li bobola habonolo 'me li chitsoe ka metswako ea khekhe. Mohala oa mahlakore (ho latela boholo ba motho ka mong) o na le likala tse ka bang 110-150. Mapheoana a pelvic, a fetang mahlaseli a 6, a karolong e bohareng ea 'mele,' me mapheoana a sefuba a ka tlase haholo ho bohareng.
Bohlokoa. Lephegwana le lenyane la adipose le gola go lebana le manaka le ka morago ga maphegwana a go hlatlaganya le šoma bjalo ka leswao la salmone ya mohuta wa salmone. Lepheo la caudal, joalo ka li-salmonid tse ling, le na le notch.
Ka leoatleng, mokokotlo oa saalmon ea batho ba baholo ba Atlantic o putsoa kapa o motala, mahlakore a boreleli, 'me mpa e lula e le tšoeu. Ka holimo, 'mele o na le matheba a matšo a sa lekanang a nyamelang ha o atamela bohareng. Spotting hangata ha e bonahale ka tlasa mola oa lateral.
Bacha ba saalmon ea Atlantic ba bonts'a 'mala o itseng (parr-mark) - semelo se lefifi se nang le matheba a 11-12 a parolang. Banna ba batlang ho hlahisa bronze, ba fumana matheba a khubelu kapa a lamunu le mapheoana a fapaneng. Ke nakong ena e tona moo mehlahare e neng e kobehile 'me e lelefalitsoe,' me ho hlahella ntho e bōpehileng joaloka hakisi ho hlaha e ka tlase.
Mefuta e holileng, e holileng ka mafura e hola ho feta 1.5 m mme e boima bo fetang 45 kg, empa ka kakaretso, bolelele / boima ba salmone bo khethoa ke bongata le borui ba setsi sa furu. Mohlala, naheng ea Russia, boholo ba "salmon" ea "lake" bo fapana le linoka: nokeng. Ponoy le R. Ha ho na litlhapi tse fetang 4.2-4.7 kg ho Varzuga, ha salmon e kotuloa ho Onega le Pechora, e leng boima ba 7.5-8.8 kg.
Linokeng tse phallelang Leoatleng le Tšoeu le la Barents, ho phela batho ba baholo le ba banyenyane (ba makhasi le ba tinda), ba bolelele ba halofo ea mithara le boima ba 2 kg.
Mokgwa wa bophelo, boitshwaro
Litsebi tsa Ichthyologists li lumellane ho nka tlhapi ea salmon e le mefuta e mengata e kotsi, e hohelang mofuta oa metsi a hloekileng ha e lula matšeng a maholo. Nakong ea phepo metsing a leoatle, litlhapi tsa tlhapi tsa Atlantic li tsoma litlhapi tse nyane le li-crustaceans, li boloka mafura bakeng sa ho hlahisa le mariha. Nakong ena, o ntse a eketseha ka potlako bophahamong le boima, a eketsa bonyane cm 20 ka selemo.
Litlhapi tse halikiloeng li qeta leoatleng ho tloha ho lilemo tse 1 ho isa ho tse tharo, li lula haufi le lebopo mme li sa teba botebo bo fetang limithara tse 120 ho fihlela li fihla lilemong tse nonneng. Qalehong ea bohlankana kapa boroetsana, tlhapi ea tlhapi ea salmon e nyane e potlakela ho hlahisa linoka, e hlola tse ka bang 50 km ka letsatsi.
Tse thahasellisang. Har'a litlhapi tsa salmon, ho na le tse tona tse tona tse lulang ka nokeng khafetsa 'me ha li e-so bone leoatle. Ponahalo ea "ba banyenyane" e hlalosoa ke metsi a batang haholo le khaello ea lijo, e liehisang kholo ea bacha.
Ichthyologists e boetse e bua ka mefuta ea mariha ea tlhapi ea Atlantic ea mariha le ea selemo, e fapaneng ka tekanyo ea kholo ea lihlahisoa tsa bona tsa ho ikatisa, hobane li ea hlaha ka linako tse fapaneng tsa selemo - ka hoetla kapa selemo. Salmon ea bolulo e notletsoeng, e nyane, empa e nang le bohlasoa bo makatsang, e lula Onega, Ladoga le matša a mang a leboea. Mona o fepa ho tsoha ho hlahisa linoka tse haufi.
Litlhapi tsa salmon li phela halelele hakae
Boholo ba litlhapi tsa salmon ea Atlantic ha li phele lilemo tse fetang 5-6, empa li ka phela (ka motsoako oa lintlha tse ntle) li phela habeli ho feta, ho fihlela lilemo tse 10-13.
Habitat, habitats
Litlhapi tsa salmon li na le sebaka se pharalletseng se koahelang karolo e ka leboea ea Leoatle la Atlantic (moo sebopeho sa anadromous se lulang teng) le bophirima ho Leoatle la Arctic. Lebopong la Amerika, mefuta ena e ajoa ho tloha nokeng. Connecticut (boroa) ho Greenland. Salmon ea Atlantic e hlahisa linōkeng tse ngata tsa Europe, ho tloha Portugal ho ea Spain ho ea fihla Leoatleng la Barents. Sebopeho sa lacustrine se fumanoa metsing a hloekileng a Sweden, Norway, Finland le Russia.
Naheng ea habo rona, salmon ea letša e lula Karelia le Hloahloeng ea Kola:
- Matša a Kuito (Tlaase, Bohareng le Holimo);
- Segozero le Vygozero;
- Imandra le Lejoe;
- Topozero le Pyaozero;
- Nuke le Sandal;
- Metsoalle, Pyukozero, Kimasozero,
- Ladoga le Onega;
- Mohlomphehi.
Sebakeng sa Russia Federation, litlhapi tsa salmon li chekoa linōkeng tsa Baltic le White Sea, Pechora le haufi le lebōpo la Murmansk. Ho ea ka IUCN, mofuta ona o hlahisitsoe Australia, New Zealand, Argentina le Chile.
Lijo tsa salmon tsa Atlantic
Tlhapi ea salmon ke phoofolo e jang liphoofolo tse jang nama ka leoatleng. Hoa utloahala hore mofani oa mantlha oa protheine ea liphoofolo ke bophelo ba metsing (litlhapi tsa sekolo le likokoanyana tse nyane tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo):
- sprat, herring le herring;
- gerbil le smelt;
- echinoderms le krill;
- makhala le li-shrimps;
- li-stickedback tse tharo (metsing a hloekileng).
Tse thahasellisang. Mapolasing a litlhapi, litlhapi tsa salmon li fepuoa haholo ka li-shrimp, tse etsang hore moriti oa nama ea tlhapi o be pinki haholo.
Salmon ea Atlantic, e lebisang ho pepeng le ho kena ka nokeng, emisa ho fepa. Ho chesa ka bongata linokeng ho na le likhetho tsa tsona tsa gastronomic - benthos, zooplankton, caddis larvae, litlhapi tse nyane / li-crustaceans le likokoanyana tse oeleng ka metsing.
Ho ikatisa le bana
Litlhapi tsa Salmon ho tloha ka Loetse ho isa ho Tshitwe, li khetha li-rapids / li-rapids haufi le lebopo bakeng sa ho tsoala, tse libakeng tse holimo kapa bohareng ba linoka. Salmone e tlo tsoala e tšoana le mohlabani ea khethehileng oa mabotho - e mathela molatsoaneng, e khasa mafika a lejoe ka mpeng ea eona le lifefo tsa liphororo, e qhomela holimo ka limithara tse 2-3.
Salmone e kena ka nokeng e matla ebile e fepehile hantle, e felloa ke matla le mafura ha e ntse e atamela moo e qalang teng: ha e sa hlola e sesa ka potlako ebile e tlolela ka metsing. E tšehali, e fihlang moo e pepang, e cheka sekoti se seholo (bolelele ba limithara tse 2-3) ebe e robala ka ho sona, e emetse e tona e mo etelang ha le likela kapa hoseng. O nontša karolo ea mahe eo e tšehali e thabileng e e lokollang. E sala ho eena hore a fiele mahe a setseng mme, kamora ho emolisa, a a lahlele mobu.
'Nete. Tse tšehali tsa tlhapi ea saalmon ea Atlantic (ho latela boholo ba tsona) ho tloha mahe a 10 ho isa ho a likete tse 26, bophara ba 5-6 mm. Litlhapi tsa salmon li pheta makhetlo a mararo ho isa ho a mahlano.
Ha li ts'oana le ho hlahisa bana, litlhapi li qobelloa ho lapa, ka hona li khutla ho tsoala li tšesaane ebile li lemetse, hangata li na le mapheoana a lemetseng. Batho ba bang, haholo banna, ba bolaoa ke mokhathala, empa ba sesa ho ea leoatleng ba fola kapele - ba qala ho ja lijo tse hlabosang, ho ba mafura le ho fumana seaparo sa bona se tloaelehileng sa silevera.
Ka lebaka la mocheso o tlase oa metsi (ha o phahame ho feta 6 ° C) libakeng tsa ho tsoala, nts'etsopele ea mahe ea thibeloa, 'me liboko li hlaha feela ka Mots'eanong. Bacha bana ha ba tšoane le batsoali ba bona hoo ba neng ba khetholloa e le mofuta o ikemetseng. Ka leboea, salmon e nyane e ile ea reoa lebitso la parr, ho hlokomela mebala ea eona e thabileng - litlhapi li na le mekokotlo le mahlakore a lefifi, a khabisitsoeng ka methapo e sephara le mabala a chitja (khubelu / sootho).
Motsoako oa motley o pata bacha ba ntseng ba hola har'a majoe le limela tsa metsing, moo litlhapi li lulang nako e telele haholo (ho tloha selemo ho isa ho lilemo tse 5). Litlhapi tsa salmon tse holileng tsebong li ea leoatleng, tse bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 9-18 le ho fetola 'mala oa tsona o fapaneng le silevera, e leng li-ichthyologists tse li bitsang smoltification.
Li-parrs tse sa kang tsa kena ka leoatleng li fetoha tse nyane tse tona, tseo, leha li le nyane, li nkile karolo ka mafolo-folo ho hlahiseng, hangata li sutumeletsa morao tse tona tse kholo. Tlatsetso ea banna ba manyane ho emiseng mahe e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo, e leng ntho e utloisisehang - banna ba shahlileng ba ikemiselitse ho loana le lira tsa bona tse lekanang mme ha ba ele hloko moferefere o tsamayang hohle.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Mahe a salmon a jeoa le ke tse tona tse tona tsa mofuta o tšoanang. Sculpin goby, minnow, whitefish le mokete oa litheko ka li-larvae le Fry. Lehlabula, li-taimen li tsoma salmon ea parr. Ho phaella moo, bana ba litlhapi tsa saalmon ea Atlantic ba ja ka thabo ke liphoofolo tse ling tse jang liphoofolo:
- brown trout (foromo ea metsi a hloekileng);
- ka char;
- pike;
- burbot.
Sebakeng sa ho tsoala, litlhapi tsa salmon hangata li oela liphofu tsa otters, hammoho le linonyana tse jang nama - osprey, dipper, merganser e kholo le ntsu e mehatla e tšoeu. Leoatleng, litlhapi tsa tlhapi tsa Atlantic li lethathamong la maruarua a bolaeang, maruarua a beluga le li-pinniped joalo ka litiiso tse kentsoeng le litiiso tsa litelu.
Boleng ba khoebo
E ne e le bahoebi ba Russia bao, makholo a 'maloa a lilemo a fetileng, ba ileng ba qapa moemeli ea tummeng oa litlhapi tsa salmon (ea nang le tsoekere), a fetola litlhapi hore e be tatso e makatsang. Salmone e ile ea ts'oaroa Hloahloeng ea Kola mme ea tlisoa, kamora ho noka le ho tsuba, ho ea motse-moholo - bakeng sa lijo tsa marena le bahlomphehi ba bang, ho kenyeletsoa le baruti.
Salmon ea Atlantic e nang le nama ea eona e monate e monate ha e so felloe ke boleng ba eona ba khoebo, empa setsi sa tlhahiso ea sona (e seng e le ea maiketsetso) ha se Russia, empa ke Norway le Chile. Hape, temo ea liindasteri ea salmon e etsoa Scotland, Lihlekehleke tsa Faroe, USA (ka tlase) le Japane (ka tlase). Polasing ea litlhapi, Fry e hola ka sekhahla sa bolepi ba linaleli, e fumana boima ba 5 kg ka selemo.
Tlhokomelo. Mefuta ea li-salmon tsa Russia tse litafoleng tsa rona li tsoa Bochabela bo Hōle 'me li emela mofuta oa Oncorhynchus - saalm salmon, salmon e pinki, salmon ea sockeye le salmon ea coho.
Ho haella ha litlhapi tsa ka tlung ho hlalosoa ke phapang ea mocheso naheng ea Norway, mohlala, le Leoatle la Barents. Ka lebaka la Gulf Stream, metsi a Norway a futhumala ka likhato tse peli: ho fetoha hona ho fokolang ho ba bohlokoa ha ho tsoaloa saalmon ea Atlantic. Ha a le Russia, ha a fumane boima bo hlokahalang le ha a kenya ts'ebetsong mekhoa ea Norway.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Tlhokomelo ea Tlhaho o lumela hore boemo ba tlhapi ea tlhapi ea leoatle ea Atlantic (qetellong ea 2018) ha bo na taba. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, salmon ea letša le nang le baahi (Salmo salar m. Sebago) e kenyelelitsoe Bukeng e Khubelu ea Russian Federation sehlopheng sa 2, kaha e ntse e fokotseha ka palo. Fokotsa litlhapi tsa saalmon tse ka bang. Ladozhsky le hoo e ka bang. Onega, moo litlhapi tse neng li e-so ho ka li bonoa li kileng tsa tsejoa pele, e qalile ho tloha lekholong la pele la lilemo mme e ntse e tsoela pele ho fihlela kajeno. Ke saalmon e nyane haholo e fumanoang nokeng. Pechora.
Bohlokoa. Lintlha tse lebisang phokotsong ea litlhapi tsa salmon Russia ke ho tšoasa litlhapi, tšilafalo ea 'mele ea metsi, tlolo ea puso ea metsi ea linoka le ho tsongoa hampe (haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena).
Hajoale, mefuta ea metsi a hloekileng ea saalmon ea Atlantic e sirelelitsoe Kostomuksha Nature Reserve (Kamennoe Island besin). Ichthyologists sisinya mehato e 'maloa ea ho sireletsa litlhapi tsa leoatleng tse sa koaloang - ho ikatisa ka maiketsetso, ho boloka li-genome, ho hlasimolla libaka tsa ho tsoala, ho loantša ho ts'oasa litlhapi tse seng molaong le ho ts'oasa litlhapi.
