Machaon ke serurubele se seholo se setle se nang le makhapetla a bonahalang mapheong a sona a kamorao, ka lebaka la lebitso la sona le sa tloaelehang ho ngaka ea khale ea Mogerike Machaon.
Tlhaloso ea Swallowtail
Papilio machaon ke lelapa la likepe tsa likepe (li-cavaliers), karolo ea taelo ea Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera). Tlhaloso ea pele ea serurubele, joalo ka lebitso la eona la Selatine, ke sa Karl Linnaeus.
Ponahalo
Mapheo a mekotla ha a hlile a mosehla: ka nako e 'ngoe a na le' mala o mosoeu, o nang le methapo e metšo e ntšo, 'me o entsoe ka moeli o motšo o nang le lisenthimithara tse bobebe. Mokhoa ona o bonoa ho bahlaseli ba ka pele, ba ka morao ba lula ba shebahala ba khanya ebile ba rarahane.
Leqhubu le sephara le leputsoa (le leputsoa le leputsoa) le tsamaea le mapheo a kamorao a mokokotlo, a lekantsoeng ke "meeli" e ntšo kaholimo le tlase. Karolo ea lepheo le bapileng le 'mele oa serurubele e na le "leihlo" le khubelu / lamunu le tsebahalang. Ntle le moo, mapheo a khama e tšehali a fuoa mehatla ea flirty (ho fihlela 1 cm).
'Mele oa mokokotlo, o koahetsoeng ke moriri o bobebe, o sehiloe ka mela e' maloa e sa hlakileng e ntšo ka mpeng le sefubeng, ha mokokotlo o bonahala o le lefifi haholo ka lebaka la mokalo o motšo o motšo o tlohang hloohong ho ea tlase. Sesebelisoa sa molomo se shebahala joalo ka proboscis e ntšo, e ikopantseng e sa hlokahale ebile e otlolohile ho monya lero la lipalesa. Phatleng ho na le manakana a malelele a likarolo li arohaneng a nang le makhopho a hlokomelehang lintlheng.
Bohlokoa. Hlooho e chitja le e lutseng e na le mahlo a rarahaneng a lutseng ka mahlakoreng. Mahlo a thusa mokokotlo ho khetholla pakeng tsa mebala ka bomong le lintho, ka tsela eo o haola sebaka.
Phapang ea paterone / mmala e latela letsatsi la ponahalo ea lirurubele le tikolohong ea lehae la tsona. Ho ea leboea ho ea holimo, ho manehiloe ho feta swallowtail. Mefuta e fokolang e khanyang e bonoa har'a lirurubele tsa moloko oa pele, ha moloko oa bobeli o sa khanya feela, empa hape o kholoanyane. Ke nnete, molokong oa pele, lipaterone tse ntšo tse mapheo li fapane haholo. Haeba lehlabula le chesa haholo, hangata li-swallows tse nyane li tsoa li-pupae tse nang le mokhabiso o motšo o hloekisitsoeng.
Papilio machaon e ts'oana haholo le Papilio hospiton (Sekepe sa Corsican), empa e fapana le eona libakeng tse kholo tse khubelu / tse putsoa, ho fifala ha mapheo le mehatla e melelele.
Litekanyo tsa Swallowtail
Ke serurubele se seholo se nang le mapheo se bolelele ba 64 ho isa ho 95 mm. Boholo ba mokokotlo bo khethoa ke bong ba eona, moloko (1, 2 kapa 3), hammoho le sebaka sa bolulo.
Mokgwa wa bophelo
Swallowtail, joalo ka liketsoana tse ling tsa likepe, e sebetsa ka matsatsi a futhumetseng a letsatsi. Boemong bo joalo ba leholimo, lipalesa tsa hae tseo a li ratang haholo le li-inflorescence lia fumaneha ho eena, tse mo fepa ka lero la tsona le tlatsitsoeng ka likarolo tsa bohlokoa. Swallows e hloka lero le leholo, kahoo hangata e fumanoa lirapeng tsa boikhathollo, makhulong le lirapeng.
Tse tona ke libaka, 'me bohareng ba sebaka se khethiloeng se bophahamong bo boholo. Tse tona tse Swallowtail hangata li khobokana ka lihlopha (batho ba 10-15 ka bonngoe), li lula molemong oa moiteli kapa mabopong a libaka tse haufi tsa metsi. Tse tona le tse tšehali le tsona li lula maralleng, lifateng tse telele, kapa li fofa moeeng, li bontša motjeko o tloaelehileng oa holimo le tlase.
Tse thahasellisang. Ka tlhaho, ho thata haholo ho ts'oara serurubele se lutseng ka mapheo a sona a bulehileng ka botlalo kahara foreimi, hobane tse ka morao hangata li patiloe ka halofo ka tlase ho tse ka pele.
Sena se etsahala ha mahlaseli a letsatsi a oela holim'a metsi a batang (ha letsatsi le chaba kapa kamora pula), 'me e otlolla mapheo a eona ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang ho futhumala le ho fofa kapele. Swallowtail e phukalatsa mapheo a eona a matle ka metsotso e seng mekae, 'me ho nkuoa e le katleho e kholo ea mots'oants'o oa lifoto ho nka setšoantšo motsotso ona.
Bolele ba bophelo
Nonyana ea Swallowtail (ho nahanoa ka maemo a leholimo) e oela nakong ea selemo-hoetla, ha moloko o le mong, tse peli esita le tse tharo li hlaha. Boholo ba li-swallows lefats'eng li fana ka meloko e 2, ka leboea ho mokoloko - a le mong feela, empa Afrika Leboea - a mangata a mararo. Ho fofa ha lirurubele maemong a leholimo a futhumetseng ho tloha ka Mots'eanong ho fihlela Phato, k'honthinenteng ea Afrika ho tloha ka Hlakubele ho isa Pulungoana. Nako ea bophelo ea swallowtail (ho sa natsoe sebaka) e ka ba libeke tse 3.
Dimorphism ea thobalano
Dimorphism ea thobalano ka metšoeng e hlahisoa hampe mme e iponahatsa haholoholo ka boholo ba lirurubele. Tse tona li batla li le nyane ho tse tšehali, tse ka bonoang, haholo-holo, ke mapheo a mapheo: ho ea pele, sesupo sena ke 64-81 mm, ha morao, se tloha ho 74 ho isa ho 95 mm.
Swallowtail serurubele subspecies
Lepidopterologists (entomologists ba ithutang lirurubele) ba bua ka li-subspecies tse ngata tsa Papilio machaon, ba ngangisana ka palo ea hoqetela. Tse ling li na le bonyane li-subspecies tse 37, ha tse ling li le halofo.
Li-subspecies tse khethiloeng tsa swallowtail li fumaneha Europe Bochabela, subspecies britannicus Seitz naheng ea Great Britain, le subspecies gorganus Europe Bohareng, ka boroa ho Phula ea Russia le leboea-bophirima ho Caucasus. Japane, Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril le Sakhalin, li-subspecies tsa mahipi li lula, moo ho nang le mola o moputsoa (kaholimo ho mahlo a lepheo le ka morao) o lipakeng tsa tse peli tse ntšo. Li-sachalinensis subspecies ha li boima joaloka li-swallows tse ling, 'me li hlahella ka' mala o mosehla o mosehla o nang le mokhabiso o motšo o motšo.
Ka 1928, setsebi sa likokoana-hloko sa Majapane Matsumura se hlalositse mefuta e 'meli e mecha ea swallowtail - chishimana Mats. (Sehlekehleke sa Shikotan) le mandschurica (Manchuria). Bakeng sa bo-rasaense ba bang, ba ntse ba belaella.
Bakeng sa masabasaba a Trans-Baikal le Central Yakutia, li-subspecies tse peli li atile - orientis (e fumanehang karolong e ka boroa ea mokoloko) le asiatica (e ahiloeng ka leboea). Li-orientis subspecies, ka mehatla e khutsufalitsoeng mapheong le 'mala o motšo o phahamisitsoeng methapong, le tsona li atile karolong e ka boroa ea Siberia. Mofuta o mong o khahlisang oa 'mala o bonoa ho subspecies kamtschadalus - mona ho na le ho nolofatsa ha paterone e ntšo mapheong ha o ntse o boloka mokokotlo o mosehla o mosehla, le ho fokotseha ha mehatla.
Beisine ea Amur e bohareng le e tlase e na le subspecies amurensis, leseli le mosehla le mosehla o nang le mehatla e mekhutšoane. Libakeng tsa Amur le Primorye, li-ussuriensis subspecies li fumanoe, tseo moloko oa tsona oa lehlabula o khetholloang ke batho ba bangata - ba nang le mapheo a fihlang ho 94 mm ho basali. Litsebi tse ling tsa lekhetho ha li ananele ussuriensis subspecies, ba e bitsa mofuta oa lehlabula oa amurensis subspecies.
Hammoho le tse boletsoeng, li-entomologists li khetholla li-subspecies tse ngata tsa swallowtail:
- aliaska Scudder - o lula Amerika Leboea;
- Centralis - ka bochabela ho Great Caucasus, lebopo la Caucasus la Leoatle la Caspian, masabasaba / mahoatata a Leboea la Caspian, Lithaba tsa Talysh, Phula ea Kura le Iran;
- Moferefere Seyer - Elbrus;
- weidenhofferi Seyer - matsoapo a ka boroa a Kopetdag;
- syriacus ke subspecies tse nyane tsa Asia tse fumanoang Syria;
- rustaveli - libaka tse bohareng le tse phahameng tsa lithaba tsa Caucasus.
Mefuta e menyenyane ea swallowtail e lula e tsejoa e le centralis, e bitsoang feela mofuta o futhumetseng haholo oa Papilio machaon, le weidenhofferi Seyer (foromo e nyane ea selemo e ts'oanang le subspecies e khethiloeng).
Habitat, habitat
Serurubele se tsebahala ho baahi ba kontinenteng ea Europe (ntle le Ireland le Denmark) ho tloha lebopong la Leoatle la Arctic ho ea Leoatleng le Letšo le Caucasus. Baemeli ba mefuta ena ba sebetsa hantle Asia, ho kenyeletsoa le tropike, hammoho le Amerika Leboea le Afrika Leboea.
'Nete. Swallowtail e hulela merung, masabasabeng le masimong a lithaba. Ka mohlala, lithabeng tsa Europe, Alps, e hlaha bophahamong ba 2 km ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle, Asia (Tibet) - bophahamong ba lik'hilomithara tse 4,5.
Meaho e tloaelehileng ea swallowtail ke libaka tse bulehileng tse kang:
- masabasope le makhulo a ommeng a lejoe la mokoetla;
- koala;
- meropa ea mesophilic;
- joang bo bolelele le makhulo a mongobo;
- lirapeng tsa boikhathollo tsa metse le meru.
- lirapa tsa litholoana le masimo a lifate.
E khetha li-biotopu tse futhumetseng hantle tse nang le libaka tse mongobo, moo likhele tsa furu li hōlang. Ka leboea, swallowtail e lula lehlabatheng, merung e fofa khafetsa ntlheng le lilomong, e fofela mahlakoreng a litsela. Ha a tšabe ho tloha tikolohong ea maiketsetso, ho thoeng ke agrocenoses.
Sebakeng se tlaase sa Caspian (Azerbaijan, Kalmykia le sebakeng sa Astrakhan) se khomarela libaka tse ommeng tsa maralla kapa mahoatata a hlephileng a nang le litutulu. Ha e ntse e falla, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea swallowtail nako le nako e fofela metseng e meholo le e meholo, ho kenyeletsoa le megalopolises.
Lijo tsa Swallowtail
Lithoteng le mahoatateng a Asia Bohareng, lengana le fetoha semela se ka sehloohong sa lijo. Tseleng e bohareng, mokokotlo o iphepa haholo lijalo tsa sekhele:
- li-hogweed le lihoete (tse hlaha / tse tloaelehileng);
- dill, parsley le fennel;
- angelica, celery le kumine;
- temo ea limela, buteny le prangos;
- gircha, lihaha le li-girchavnitsa;
- serope saxifrage, sehang se tloaelehileng le tse ling.
Ho li-biotopes tse ling, swallowtail e fepa ka mefuta e fapaneng ea rue (Amur velvet, bush ash, mefuta eohle ea lekhasi le felletseng) le birch, ho kenyeletsoa alder ea Maksimovich le alder ea Japane e holang South Kuriles. Batho ba baholo ba noa lero, ba le monya ka li-proboscis tsa bona, ba fofa ho tloha lipalesa ho ea ho lipalesa mme ba sa lekanyetsoe ho likhele.
Ho ikatisa le bana
E tshehadi e kwenya e khona ho behela ho fihlela mahe a 120 nakong ea bophelo ba eona bo bokhutšoane. Ts'ebetso ena ka boeona e etsahala moeeng, moo serurubele se fofang holim'a limela, se lutse ka tlase ho lekhasi kapa lehlakoreng la kutu. Maemong a leholimo a futhumetseng, hangata mahe a fumanoa mefuteng eohle ea likhele kapa lijalo tsa rue. Ka nako e le 'ngoe, e tšehali e behela mahe a mabeli, ka linako tse ling a mararo, a manyane a chitja, hangata' mala o botala bo bosehla.
Sethala sa mahe se nka matsatsi a 4-5, kamora moo seboko se setšo (larva) se tsoa ho sona ka "li-warts" tse bobebe le letheba le lesoeu bohareng ka mokokotlong. Ha li ntse li tsofala, popane e fetola 'mala oa eona hore e be metopa e mosehla, eo ho eona metopa e metala bo botala le botsho (e nang le matheba a lamunu).
Li-larvae li ja ka mafolofolo le ho hola ho fihlela ho 8-9 mm ka beke. Sejo se ratoang haholo ke seboko ke lipalesa le mae a bomme, hangata makhasi a limela tsa furu. Seboko se tsitsitse haholo 'me ha se oele fatše, leha se seha kutu ebe se se isa sebakeng se seng.
Tse thahasellisang. Ka letsatsi, seboko se le seng sa swallowtail se khona ho senya bethe e nyane ea dill. Empa qetellong ea kholo ea eona, ha e je.
Mokhahlelo oa ho qetela, o etellang ponahalo ea serurubele se setle pele, ke malinyane. Ho fetoha pupa ho etsahala kutung ea semela se jeoeng kapa ho se seng sa boahelani. 'Mala oa pupa o khethoa ke nako. Mahlabula a 'mala o mosehla o mosehla' me a hlaha ka libeke tse 2-3 feela. Tsa mariha li lula li le sootho, kaha li etsisa 'mala oa makhapetla le makhasi a oeleng. Li tsoaloa hape e le serurubele kamora likhoeli tse 'maloa, ha mocheso o tsitsitseng o fihla.
Lira tsa tlhaho
Malinyane a Papilio machaon a tsongoa ke linonyana, ho kenyelletsa le ho tsikutla lehlaka, malinyane le li-nightingles, ho senya ho fihlela 40-50% ea popane. Ntle le linonyana, lira tsa tlhaho tsa swallowtail kaofela ke likokoanyana tse kenyang likokoanyana, ho kenyeletsoa le likho tse kholo. Joalo ka likepe tsohle tsa likepe, swallowtail (haholo-holo, popane ea eona) e filoe mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa ho tloha tsoalong - ena ke tšoelesa e bopehileng joaloka fereko karolong ea prothoracic, e tsejoang ka hore ke osmeterium.
Seboko se ferekaneng se hlahisa osmeterium (para ea manaka a phatsimang a lamunu), se ntša lekunutu le bosehla ba lamunu ka monko o hlabang.
Tšabo e tlisoang ke osmeteria e sebelisoa feela ke liboko tse nyane le tse bohareng: popane ea batho ba baholo ha e sa sebelisa tšoelesa. Ho tsoa ha osmeteria ka thata ho sebetsa hantle khahlanong le bobi, bohloa le lintsintsi, empa ha e na thuso hohang ho linonyana. Mona serurubele se sebelisa mekhoa e meng - se potlakisa mapheo a sona, se tšosa ka mebala e phatsimang ebe se lebisa tlhokomelo ea sebatana ho tloha lithong tsa sona tsa bohlokoa ho ea ho mahlo / mehatla ea mapheo.
Boleng ba moruo
Ka boikaketsi, nakong ea ho ikatisa ka bongata, haholo-holo haufi le lijalo tsa temo, merung, lirapeng kapa lirapeng tsa boikhathollo, serurubele se khona ho fetoha likokoanyana, hobane popane ea sona e ja lipalesa le mae a bomme a limela tsa furu. Empa bophelong ba 'nete, swallowtail (ka lebaka la palo ea bona e nyane) ha e utloise temo bohloko ebile le bona ba hloka tšireletso.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Lethathamong le Lefubelu la IUCN, Papilio machaon o sehlopheng sa LC e le mofuta o sa ameheng haholo. Leha e le mokhoa o theohelang, ho arohana ho matla le ho fokotseha ha palo ea batho ba holileng tsebong, mofuta oa swallowtail e ntse e le mofuta o atileng haholo, haholo-holo sebakeng sa eona sa Mediterranean.
Ho latela IUCN, palo ea batho ba lefatše ba menyang e fokotsehile ka tlase ho 25% lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, e leng se etsang mofuta ona LC.
Leha ho le joalo, ho fokotseha ha palo ea baahi ba lehae ho hlokometsoe linaheng tse ling tsa Europe, Afrika Leboea le Middle East. Libaka tse ling li fana ka lipalo tse lekanyelitsoeng, tse ling li bolela feela ho theoha:
- Morocco - palo ea baahi e fokotseha ka 30-50%;
- Portugal le Montenegro - ka 10-30%;
- Iseraele - liphetoho tse feteletseng li bonoe;
- Croatia le Algeria - ho fokotseha ho tlalehiloeng.
Papilio machaon o kenyelelitsoe ho Red Data Books tsa Jeremane, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, mme o sirelelitsoe ka thata literekeng tsena. Meetso e menyang ha e hlahe maqepheng a Red Data Book of Russia, e hlalositsoeng ke ho fetoha ho hoholo ha lipalo libakeng tse ling. Empa serurubele se ile sa sireletsoa 'me sa hlaha ka lilemo tse fapaneng Libukeng tse Lefubelu tsa Moscow, Crimea, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Rostov, Belgorod le Leningrad.
Li-entomologists li arola lintlha tse amang hampe baahi ba tlhaho hore e be tsa tlhaho le tsa anthropogenic.
Litšokelo tsa tlhaho:
- mocheso o tlase oa moea, khaello ea letsatsi nakong ea ho tlolelana ha 'mele / ovipositor;
- hwetla e telele ea lipula, e lebisang ho hloloeng ha liboko ke likokoana-hloko / li-fungus;
- ho fallisoa ha limela tsa bojaki tsa lehae (li-touch-me-not glandular, Sosnovsky's hogweed le tse ling);
- serame sa pele, ho thibela malinyane a seboko le ho lebisa lefung la sona.
Lisosa tsa Anthropogenic tse senyang kapa tse mpefatsang libaka tse tloahelehileng tsa swallowtail:
- mello ea meru, haholo mollo oa mabalane le joang bo oeleng;
- kalafo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea mobu oa temo;
- ho lema libaka tsa moroetsana tsa masimo;
- nts'etsopele e kholo;
- meru ea meru
- ho fula haholo;
- ho senyeha ha makhulo ka boithabiso bo bongata bo sa sebetseng;
- pheliso ea popane le ho tšoasa lirurubele bakeng sa likoleke.
Ho boloka mehlape e menyang, bonyane baahi ba eona ba Europe, e tla thusa mehato e joalo - ho khutlisa limela tsa litlama tsa setlama; mekhoa e ikhethileng ea ho kuta mehloa / makhulo e le hore e se ke ea tlala limela tse ngata; ho thibela ho fallisoa ha li-umbellate ke joang bo bong; ho latela thibelo ea selemo ho ile ha oela le kotlo e eketsehileng bakeng sa tlolo ea molao. Ho phaella moo, ho thibetsoe ho lelekisa li-swallows, ho bokella popane le lirurubele bakeng sa likoleke.
