Chipmunk - petsana e ntle e nyane, mong ka eena ea haufi le squirrel. Mefuta ea Asia e hlalositsoe ke Laxman ka 1769 joalo ka Tamias sibiricus mme ke ea mofuta oa Eutamias. Linnaeus ka 1758 o ile a hlalosa moena oa eona oa Amerika Tamias striatus.
Tšimoloho ea mofuta le tlhaloso
Setšoantšo: Chipmunk
Asiatic chipmunk e fapana le boholo ba baahi ba k'honthinente ea Amerika ka mokhoa o sa hlakileng oa metopa hloohong le likarolo tse ling tsa morpholoji tsa sebopeho sa lehata. Masala a tsebahalang ke a qalo ea Holocene. Mefuta ea mesaletsa ea nakoana e kang Miospermophilus Black e fumanoe litsing tse kaholimo ho Miocene Amerika, lebopong la Irtysh.
Le li-squirrel, phoofolo ena e na le maqhama a haufi mme ke mofuta oa phetoho ho tloha ho ba lulang lifateng ho ea ho tse chekang. Mefuta e mengata ea squirrel ea Amerika Leboea e amana haufi-ufi le chipmunks. Europe, ke mofuta oa Sciurotamias Miller, ea neng a lula merung ea lithaba ka boroa-bochabela ho Asia mme a lula Europe bophirima ho Pliocene; anthropogen ea khale e emeloa hape ka bochabela ho Europe (Ukraine).
Video: Chipmunk
Masala a thuto e phahameng Europe Bophirima a fumanoa kantle ho libaka tsa sejoale-joale. Ka Pleistocene, mesaletsa e fumaneha maemong a sejoale-joale. Morabe o na le likarolo tse peli tsa nts'etsopele, li emeloa ke li-chipmunks tsa Tamias - liphoofolo tse anyesang tse lulang merung ea coniferous le coniferous-deciduous, hammoho le Sciurotamias - mefuta ea lifate tsa China tse lulang merung e lulang e le metala merung ea li-subtropics Asia Boroa bochabela. Ba lula sehlaha sa squirrel moo.
Batho ba Amerika ba emeloa ke mefuta e mengata, kajeno ho na le mefuta e 16 e tsebahalang. Mefuta e ka bang 20 ea litoeba ena e arotsoe ka likaroloana tse peli: Baahi ba Amerika Leboea ba meru e meholo le liphoofolo tsa taiga tsa Eurasia. Mofuta o mong oa liphoofolo o lula Russia Federation.
Ponahalo le likarolo
Setšoantšo: Chipmunk ea liphoofolo
Li-chipmunks li bonahala habonolo ka metopa e mosoeu le e lefifi hloohong le mokokotlong. Ka morao ho na le metopa e mehlano e lefifi, e nang le e khanyang e bohareng. Mebala e bobebe e na le lithane tse bosehla bo bosehla kapa bo bofubelu, mpa e bosoeu. Mohatla o boputswa ka hodimo. Boea bo bokhutšoaane ba lehlabula le mariha ha bo fetohe ka 'mala ebile bo na le awn e fokolang.
Ho tloha tlase, moriri oa mohatla o hasane ka mahlakore ka bobeli bohareng. Maoto a ka pele a makhuts'oane, a na le menoana e melelele (3-4) ea boholo bo lekanang, Maotong a morao ho na le la bone le lelelele ho feta. Litsebe li nyane ha li na le bophahamo. Mefuta ea Asia e lulang Russia e na le bolelele ba 'mele ea 27 cm, mohatla o 18 cm.
Liphapang tse kholo tse tsoang ho li-subspecies tsa Amerika Leboea:
- mohatla o molelele;
- litsebe li khutsuanyane ebile li chitja hanyenyane;
- methapo e khanyang e meholo e meholo e mebe le likarolo tse ka pele tsa para ea pele ea mahlakore;
- hlakisa moeli o lefifi oa mola o bobebe thiba molomo ho tloha leihlong ho ea qetellong ea nko;
- mola o lefifi lerameng o pharalletse mme hangata o kopana le metopa e meholo e ka thoko ea mokokotlo.
'Mala oa chipmunks o ba lefifi ho tloha leboea ho ea boroa. Libakeng tse ka boroa tsa mokoloko, li-shades tse khubelu lia eketseha ho tloha bophirima ho isa bochabela, bokaholimo ba hlooho, marama a lefifi, rump le botlaaseng ba mohatla li mebala e khanyang.
'Nete e khahlisang: Amerika, li-chipmunks li rata ho ja peo ea beech mme li ka lekana likotoana tse 32 marameng a tsona ka nako e le ngoe, empa li sitoa ho hloa kutu ea sefate sena. Ha kotulo e le nyane, liphoofolo li sebelisa 'mapa joalo ka "lere", ha li bona letšoele la linate, lia pepeta ebe lia theoha ho ea li lata.
Chipmunk e lula kae?
Setšoantšo: Chipmunk ea Siberia
Russia, moeli oa mofuta ona o leba leboea ho Siberia moeling oa kholo ea larch, ka leboea-bochabela le moeli oa meru ea fir. Ka leboea e nyolohela ho 68 ° N. sh. e hasana holim'a beisine, e fihla molomong oa Yenisei, Indigirka.
Ka bophirima le boroa, e namela ho Vologda, Vetluga, e theohela lebopong la leqele la Volga, e hapa lebopo le letona la Kama, Belaya, e thellisa Ural e fihla Tara, Lake Chany, e leba boroa, e hapa Altai, e tsamaea moeling o ka boroa oa naha. Ho feta moo, e fumaneha hohle libakeng tse ka bochabela ho fetisisa, ho kenyeletsoa le lihlekehleke, empa ha e fumanoe Kamchatka. Kantle ho Russia, e lula Mongolia, China, Korea, Japane.
Mefuta ea Amerika Leboea e kenyelletsa boholo ba bochabela ho tloha boroa ho Canada ho ea Koung ea Mexico, ntle le libaka tse 'maloa tsa boroa-bochabela. Lithabeng tsa Adirondack, e hlaha bophahamong bo fihlang ho limithara tse 1220. Ha e le moo e rata meru e hlohlorang le e tsoakaneng 'me e atile haholo mefuteng ea maple le beech e holileng tsebong.
Phoofolo e rata meru e nang le kholo ea kholo, ho rema lifate le likhahla tsa moea, meru ea melee. Asia, lithabeng, e nyolohela moeling oa lehong la kedare la kedare le elfin. Merung e hloekileng o khetha libaka tse nang le joang bo teteaneng. Libakeng tse ling e lula libakeng tsa meru, e lula libakeng tse nang le lihlahla le likhohlong. Mekoti e etsoa ke litoeba maralleng, libakeng tse ommeng, le libakeng tse nang le mafika.
Chipmunk e ja eng?
Setšoantšo: Chipmunk ea Russia
Nakong ea selemo, litoeba li hlahloba mobu ka hloko, li batla peo e setseng nakong ea hoetla. Hobane ho na le tse fokolang tsa tsona ka nako ena, letlobo la lihlahla le lifate, li-buds, makhasi li kena phepong ho fihlela litholoana le lipeo tse ncha li hlaha. Nakong ea selemo, hlabula, hoetla, lenane le tlatsetsoa ke likokoanyana, liboko tsa lefatše, bohloa le li-molluscs. Ka linako tse ling liphoofolo li ja mahe a li-passerine, tse bolaeang, esita le linyeoe tse sa tloaelehang li ile tsa hlokomeloa ha li tsoma linonyana tse nyane le liphoofolo tse anyesang. Ba rata ho ja lipalesa le monokotsoai: lingonberries, cherries, tse tala, ciliegia ea linonyana, molora oa lithaba, viburnum.
Lijo tsa mantlha tsa liphoofolo tsena ke peo ea lifate tsa semela se nang le litholoana tse ngata. Haholo-holo ba rata linate tsa phaene. Lenane le kenyelletsa lipeo: clefthoof, nyalothe e hlaha, ho hloa buckwheat, buttercup, knotweed, pea ea toeba, rose rose, sekhele, lijo-thollo tse hlaha, li-sedge le lijalo tsa serapeng. Li fepa ka li-sporangia tsa li-mosses tse ngata, li-mushroom. Boholo ba lijo bo na le litholoana tsa maple, elm, linden, elm, euonymus, hazel ea Manchurian.
Qetellong ea lehlabula, khoto e qala ho tlatsa mekotla ea eona, e bokella litholoana le peo ea limela. O li nka ho feta k'hilomithara ho tloha moo. Ka kakaretso, boima ba likheo tsena bo ka fihla ho 3-4 kg. Naheng ea Siberia le ea Bochabela bo Hare, haeba ho na le ho hloleha ha lijalo tsa phaene, liphoofolo li ea ka bongata masimong a lijalo tsa lijo-thollo, lierekisi, sonobolomo kapa ho tsepamisa mohopolo masimong a monokotšoai: lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, jj.
Lethathamo la limela tsa mantlha tsa setsi sa phepelo ea liphoofolo li kenyelletsa mefuta e fetang 48, eo e leng:
- 5 - mefuta ea lifate (oak, larch, aspen, birch e ntšo le e tšoeu);
- 5 - shrubby (Lespidetsa - mefuta e 2, rose ea hlaha, hazel, moluoane);
- 2 - li-semi-shrub (lingonberry, blueberry);
- 24 - herbaceous (ho tsoa ho e lenngoeng - koro, rye, lierekisi, nyalothe, harese, sonobolomo, poone, jj.).
Boholo ba lijo tsa liphoofolo tsa Amerika li na le linate, li-acorn, peo, li-mushroom, litholoana, monokotsoai le poone. Ba boetse ba ja likokoanyana, mahe a linonyana, likhofu, le liphoofolo tse anyesang tse nyane joalo ka litoeba tse nyane. Lijaneng, litoeba li boloka pokello ea peo ea limela tse fapaneng (98%), makhasi, linalete tsa larch le letlobo la ho qetela. Ka nako e 'ngoe, litoeba li ka tlisa ligrama tse fetang tse robeli lipokothong tsa marameng.
'Nete e khahlisang: Lilemong tsa bo-30 tsa lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo, ho ile ha fumanoa lebenkele sebakeng sa Primorsky Territory, moo chipmunk e ileng ea bokella 1000 g ea rye, 500 g ea buckwheat, 500 g ea poone, hammoho le peo ea soneblomo. Lithollo tsa koro tsa 1400 g le 980 g li fumanoe ka nako e le 'ngoe ho li-mink tse ling tse peli.
Ha e ja lijo, khoto e lula e beha litholoana le lipeo matsohong a eona a makatsang. Ka thuso ea li-incisors tse telele tse lebisitsoeng pele, o ntša lithollo ka har'a khetla kapa o ntša peo ea capsule. Ebe o sebelisa leleme la hae ho li thellela morao le ho li thellela pakeng tsa meno a hae le letlalo le atolohang marameng a hae. Ha a le moo a ts'oeroe ha phoofolo e ntse e tšoarehile ho bokella lijo.
Bokgoni ba marama bo eketseha ka lilemo. Ha mekotla ea marama e tletse, phoofolo e isa peo sehlaheng sa eona kapa e e epela ka mekoting e sa tebang, eo e e chekang mobung, ebe e e pata ka mobu, makhasi le maloanlahla a mang.
Likarolo tsa semelo le mokhoa oa bophelo
Setšoantšo: Chipmunk
Phoofolo e qeta boholo ba letsatsi e bokella peo, e leng mohloli oa eona oa bohlokoahali oa lijo. Le ha mefuta e mengata e ka fula fatše, kaofela ha tsona li hloella lifate le lihlahla habonolo ho bokella linate le litholoana. Phoofolo e sebetsa mots'ehare. Ka ho qala ha mariha, litoeba li lula li le libakeng tse ka boroa esita le libakeng tse ka boroa tsa Russia. K'honthinenteng ea Amerika, liphoofolo ha li robale mariha kaofela, empa ha li tlohele mekoti ea tsona, li robala libeke tse 'maloa, li tsoha nako le nako ho ja, batho ba bang le bona ba itšoara karolong e ka boroa ea mofuta oa Mongolia.
Karolong ea Europe ea Russian Federation, ho na le bolulo ba batho ba babeli sehlaheng se le seng. Libakeng tse nang le permafrost, ho na le phaposi e le 'ngoe ka har'a phallo; maemong ana, ntlo ea bolulo e ka tlasa sehlaha. Molamu o iketsetsa likotopo ebile o iketsetsa likhamera ka tlas'a lefatše. O etsa menyako ea tsona libakeng tse sa bonahaleng har'a lihlahla kapa majoe, tlas'a majoe. Mefuta e meng e ka haha ka mekoting ea lifate ebe e qeta nako e ngata lifateng.
Boholo ba mekoti e na le monyako o le mong, o lebisang ho kotopo e sekametseng, e ka bang bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 70. Qetellong ea eona ho na le phaposi ea sehlaha, e bophara ba cm 15 ho isa ho 35 cm, e koahetsoeng ke joang bo ommeng, ho tsoa hloohong ea peo le makhasi a sithabetseng. O pata peo ea limela, linate tlasa sehlaha kapa phapusing e arohaneng, a iphepa ka phepelo ea lijo mohatsela o batang. Ho na le likotopo tse bolelele ba limithara tse 'ne, tse nang le lifereko le lihlaha tsa mahlakoreng. Matlong a liphoofolo, ha ho na mesaletsa ea mantle; o etsa matloana ka mekhahlelo e meng.
Nakong ea selemo, hang feela ha ho futhumala le lehloa le qala ho qhibiliha, khoto e tsoha. Hlabula, litoeba li etsa maphephe ka mekoting, ka likutu tsa lifate tse oeleng le likutu. Ha boemo ba leholimo bo bata, chipmunks e nyamela ka tlas'a lefatše. Hajoale ha ho tsejoe hantle hore na ho etsahalang ha liphoofolo li tlohela mekoti ea tsona mariha. Ho lumeloa hore hanghang ba ea boemong ba ho hlonama. Boemong bona, thempereichara ea 'mele, sekhahla sa ho hema le ho otla ha pelo ho theohela maemong a tlase haholo, e leng ho fokotsang matla a hlokahalang ho boloka bophelo. Ho tloha matsatsing a pele a futhumetseng a selemo, liphoofolo li qala ho hlaha, ka linako tse ling li phunyeletsa botenya ba lehloa.
Moralo oa sechaba le tlhahiso
Setšoantšo: Chipmunk ea liphoofolo
Liphoofolo tsena li bolutu. Motho e mong le e mong o na le sekoti sa hae mme o hlokomoloha batho ba bang, ntle le ha ho hlaha likhohlano, le nakong ea ho nyalana, kapa ha basali ba hlokomela bana ba bona. Phoofolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le sebaka sa eona (0.04-1.26 ha), ka linako tse ling libaka tsena lia kopana. Tse tona tse holileng li na le sebaka se fetang sa basali le bacha. Meeli e lula e fetoha 'me e ipapisitse le mehloli ea lijo e fumanehang ka sehla. Liphoofolo tse ngata li boloka moeli o lekanang ho tloha selemong ho isa selemong.
Liphoofolo li qeta boholo ba nako ea tsona haufi le mobu. Sebakeng sena ha ho na libaka tsa ho kopana le sebaka sa batho ba bang mme mong'a ntlo o busa mona. Bahlaseli ba tloha sebakeng seo ka potlako, ba qoba ho thulana ka kotloloho. Meeli ena ea borena e tsitsitse ho feta libaka tse fapaneng. Chipmunk e etsa melumo e fapaneng ha e tšohile le ha kotsi e fumanoa: mololi kapa molamu o bohale, o ts'oanang le molatsoana. Ka linako tse ling o bonahala a lla, ho shebahala joalo ka "zvirk-zvirk" kapa "chirk-chirk" ka karohano ea metsotsoana e seng mekae. Molumo ona o utluoa hangata ha phoofolo e shebile motho e mong a le hole.
Peiso ea liphoofolo tse anyesang e qala ka Mmesa. Tse tšehali li kopana khafetsa le e tona kapa e le 'ngoe nakong ea ho beleha, e nkang lihora tse 6-7. Ho tloha mafelong a Mots'eanong ho isa lilemong tse leshome tsa bobeli tsa Phuptjane, ba tlisa malinyane a mahlano ho isa ho a mahlano. Masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa a boima ba ligrama tse tharo mme a foufetse ebile a hlobotse. Moriri o qala ho hlaha ho tloha ka letsatsi la leshome, nama ea kutlo e bula ho tloha ho tse 28, mahlo ho tloha matsatsing a 31. Masea a hlaha a le lilemo li libeke tse tšeletseng 'me a qala ho iphepa a le mong. Qalong ha ba lihlong haholo, empa ha ba ntse ba hōla, ba ba hlokolosi haholoanyane.
Qalong ea hoetla, bana ba ka tlase ho lilemo ba se ba ntse ba fihla boholong ba phoofolo e kholo. Khōlo ea thobalano e etsahala selemong sa bobeli, empa ha se kaofela ha bona ba qalang ho ikatisa nakong ena. Libakeng tse ling tsa tikoloho, basali ba ka tlisa lithōle tsa bobeli: Leboea. Amerika, Primorye, Kuriles. Karolelano ea nako ea bophelo ke lilemo tse 3-4.
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa chipmunks
Setšoantšo: Chipmunk ea liphoofolo
Tse ngata tse jang liphoofolo li tsoma liphoofolo:
- lerato;
- ho senya;
- masole;
- liphokojoe;
- masumu;
- liphiri;
- lynx;
- solongoi;
- li-ferrets tse ntšo;
- lintja tsa raccoon;
- lipela.
Ke phoofolo e bohelehele haholo, hangata e kena metseng, matlo a matlo a lehlabula, lirapa tsa meroho, moo e fetohang phofu ea lintja le likatse. Libakeng tse ling, li-hamster ha li je feela thepa ea mong'a ntlo e mechato, empa le eona ka boeona. Vost. Libere tsa Siberia, likotopo tse chekang, likamore tsa polokelo tse se nang letho le ho ja litoeba. Linoha le tsona li lethathamong la lira tsa phoofolo eo. Har'a linonyana, li tsongoa ke serobele, goshawk, kestrel, buzzard, 'me ka linako tse ling sephooko, empa hangata, hobane linonyana tsena li tsamaea bosiu,' me litoeba li sebetsa motšehare.
Hangata litoeba li tsoa likotsi tse bolaeang nakong ea lintoa tse etsahalang nakong ea selemo. Tse tona di lwanela tse tshehadi. Tse tshehadi di ka sireletsa sebaka sa tsona, tsa sireletsa sehlaha ho batho ba bang. Li ka hlaseloa le ho lematsoa ke litoeba tse ling tse kholo joaloka squirrel. Palo ea li-chipmunks e ka angoa ke likoluoa tsa tlhaho: mollo, o atisang ho hlaha likhohlong tsa Siberia, lilemo tse omeletseng. Likokoana-hloko tse kang tapeworms, fleas, li-ticks li ka baka mokhathala, hangata lefu la liphoofolo.
Baahi le boemo ba mofuta
Setšoantšo: Chipmunk ea liphoofolo
Mofuta ona oa litoeba o emeloa ke baahi ba bangata mme o atile. Ha ho na litšokelo tsa 'nete tsa ho fokotsa palo. Boholo ba mefuta ea mefuta ena e Asia, meeli ea Europe e atolohela bophirima ba Yuropa. E fumanoa likarolong tse ka leboea tsa Europe le Siberia tsa Russia ho ea fihla Sakhalin, e hapa lihlekehleke tsa Iturup, le Kunashir, ho tloha Kazakhstan e ka bochabela e ka leboea ho Mongolia, leboea-bophirima le bohareng ba China, e namela leboea-bochabela ho China, Korea le Japane ho tloha Hokkaido, Rishiri, Rebuna.
Japane, chipmunk o ile a tsebisoa Honshu Karuizawa. E emetsoe hape naheng ea Belgium, Jeremane, Netherlands, Switzerland le Italy. Mongolia, e lula libakeng tsa meru, ho kenyeletsoa le lithaba tsa Khangai, Khovsgel, Khentiy le Altai. Ka kakaretso. Amerika, mofuta o mong, Tamias striatus, o atile ho pholletsa le bochabela ho United States le Canada e haufi, ho tloha boroa-bochabela ho Saskatchewan ho ea Nova Scotia, ho tloha boroa ho ea bophirima ho Oklahoma le Louisiana ka bochabela (le bophirima) le lebopong la Virginia (ka bochabela).
Li-chipmunks ha li kotsing, li kenyelelitsoe lenaneng hobane li baka tšabo e nyane. Molamu ona o thusa ho jala limela libakeng tse kholo. O boloka chelete ea hae mekoting. Palo ea peo e so jeoeng ke phoofolo e na le monyetla oa ho mela ka tlas'a lefatše ho feta bokaholimo.
Lithupa li kotsi, ka linako tse ling haholo masimong a temo, li isoa matlong a polokelo. Ba senya likomkomere, mahapu le manonyello ka ho ja peo ea bona. Chipmunk, e jang peo ea semela, e fokotsa peo ea mefuta ea bohlokoa (oak, kedare, larch), ka lehlakoreng le leng, ke mohatelli oa liphoofolo le linonyana, e leng bahlolisani lijong.
Sena sea khahlisa: Ka 1926 (setereke sa Birobidzhan), liphoofolo li sentse kotulo eohle ea lijo-thollo.
Haeba ho na le liphoofolo tse ngata, li ka kena-kenana le ho rema meru e tloaelehileng ea lifate tse ling, haholo lifate tsa phaene ka ho ja peo ea tsona. Leha ho le joalo, ho li tsoma, haholo-holo chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, ha se mokhoa o amohelehang oa taolo ka lebaka la litlamorao tse mpe ho liphoofolo tse ling tsa naha, ho kenyeletsoa le linonyana tse hlaha. Chipmunk - phoofolo e ntle, e bohelehele haholo hangata e ts'oasa mahlo a batho, e fa bahahlauli le baeti thabo e ngata.Meru ea rona e ka be e futsanehile haholo haeba phoofolo ena e metenya e ne e sa lule ho eona. E bonolo ho thapisoa ebe e bolokoa ka masakeng lapeng.
Letsatsi la phatlalatso: 02/14/2019
Letsatsi la ho nchafatsa: 16.09.2019 ka 11:53
