Likhomo ke e 'ngoe ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang haholo lefatšeng,' me ka Serussia, mantsoe a 'maloa a hlalosa liphoofolo ka lilemo tse fapaneng:
- ngoana oa khomo ke namane;
- e motšehali - sethole;
- e tona ke poho.
Khomo ea sethole ke e tšehali e e-song ho be le bana. Kamora hore namane ea pele e hlahe, sethole se fetoha khomo. Likhomo tse ngata tse tona li faoloe ho fokotsa boitšoaro bo mabifi le ho li etsa hore li be bonolo.
Banna ba batona ba hahiloeng ka likhomo ba holisitsoeng bakeng sa nama ea khomo ba bitsoa lipoho. Tse tona tse holileng tse sebelisoang polasing li bitsoa likhomo. Sehlopha sa dikgomo le dipoho se etsa mohlape.
Etymology ea lebitso "khomo"
Likhomo ke litho tsa sehlopha sa liphoofolo tse nang le khōla e arohaneng. E kenyelletsa liphoofolo tse anyesang tse nang le menoana e hlakileng. Likhomo li na le litlhako tse arotsoeng (tse entsoeng ka menoana e 'meli e mahareng ea leoto ka leng). Likhomo ke tsa:
- Lelapa la Bovidae (li-bovids, tse kenyeletsang likhama, linku le lipoli);
- lelapa le lenyenyane la Bovinae (hape le kenyelletsa linare le li-antelopes tsa genus western eland);
- mofuta oa Bovini (o kenyelletsa likhomo, bison le yaks),
- to the genus Bos - from bos, the Latin word for "cow".
Likarolo tse ling tsa physiology ea khomo
Na khomo e hloka manaka
Boholo le boima ba khomo bo ipapisitse le mofuta. Tse tona tse hodileng di boima ba dikhilograma tse 450-1800, ha tse tshehadi tsona di le boima ba dikhilograma tse 360–1100. Lipoho le likhomo li na le manaka, li khutšoane mefuteng e mengata, 'me li hola ho fihlela li le boholo bo makatsang Texas Longhorns le likhomo tsa African Ankole Watusi.
Mefuta e meng e holisoa ntle le manaka kapa manaka a eona a kutiloe a sa le monyane. Likhomo li tsejoa ka litšoelesa tse kholo tsa matsoele tse nang le matsoele a mane.
Likhomo li ja eng le joang
Likhomo li fula (li fula) joang. Di na le molomo o moholo le meno a ikgethileng bakeng sa ho ja dimela tse thata. Batho ba baholo ba na le meno a 32, empa li-incisors le li-canine tse holimo ha li eo. Likhomo li na le seratsoana melomong ea tsona ho thusa ho tabola joang. Maralla a meno a molar a tsamaea ka leleme, ka hona ho hlafuna ho sebetsa hantle ebile ho etsoa ka motsamao o chitja.
Tloaelo e ikhethang ka ho fetesisa ea ho ja limela ho likhomo (le tse ling tse busolosang) ke mpa ea tsona e kholo e nang le likamore tse 'ne, e sebetsang joalo ka mochini oa beliso. Ka hare ho rumen, phaposi e kholo ea mpa, libaktheria le likokoana-hloko tse ling li sila likhoele tsa semela tse thata (selulose). Ho thusa mohatong ona, likhomo li pheta-pheta le ho hlafuna lijo khafetsa pele li kenella tsamaisong eohle ea tšilo ka likamoreng tse ling tsa ka mpeng.
Ts'ebetso ena, e bitsoang "chewing gum," e hlokohla lijo tse phepong ea phoofolo (lisebelisoa tse silang) ebe e thusa ho monya limatlafatsi. Ka ho ipha nako ea ho hlafuna bocha, likhomo li qoba ho hlafuna lijo tse sa tsoa kotuloa. Sena se ba nolofalletsa ho nka kapele joang bo bongata bo tsoang boemong bo tlokotsing bo shebileng holimo.
Mefuta le mefuta ea likhomo
Likhomo tsa lapeng li rueloa nama, lebese kapa matlalo, kapa li sebelisoa e le matla a ho rala Europe, India le Afrika. Mefuta e meng e mengata ea liphoofolo, joalo ka nare ea Asia, Tibetan yak, Gayal le Banteng ea Asia Boroa-bochabela, le linare tsa Amerika Leboea lithoteng, li ruuoe malapeng kapa ho thapisoa le ho sebelisoa ho ruisa likhomo.
Likhomo tsohle tsa sejoale-joale ke tsa mefuta e latelang:
- Bos taurus (mefuta ea Europe, e 'ngoe ea baemeli ke Shorthorn le Jersey);
- Bos indicus (mefuta ea Maindia ea zebu, mohlala, mofuta oa Brahman);
- e fumanoeng ka ho tšela tse peli tsa pele (mohlala, santa gertrude).
Mefuta ea likhomo tse tsejoang kajeno e ne e se kamehla, 'me tse ngata li sa tsoa hlahisoa.
Ho hlalosa mofuta oa khomo ho thata ka lebaka la ho ikatisa ha liphoofolo, leha lentsoe lena le sebelisoa haholo, le amoheloa hantle ebile le amahanngoa le likhomo. Hangata, mofuta o utloisisoa e le liphoofolo tse khethiloeng ka nako e telele e le hore li tsebe ho khetholla ka 'mala, boholo, sebopeho sa' mele le mesebetsi e etsoang, 'me tsena kapa tse ling tsa litšobotsi tse ikhethileng lia bolokoa peong.
Mefuta e entsoe ka meloko ea bahlahisi ba batlang ho theha le ho boloka mofuta o itseng oa khomo o nang le litšobotsi tse lakatsehang. E etsa sena ka ho sebetsa ho li-beget tse joalo ka molao-motheo. Ke feela mehleng ea morao tjena moo mahlale a liphatsa tsa lefutso, haholo-holo liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sechaba, a kentse letsoho ho theheng mefuta e mecha ea likhomo.
Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea khale kontinenteng ea Europe - ka mohlala, nama ea khomo ea Charolais le lebese la Norman le tse ling tse ngata, empa mefuta ea Borithane e bile motheo oa ho theha mehlape e meholo ea likhomo lefats'eng ka bophara, e fanang ka lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa nama ea khomo le tsa lebese 'marakeng.
Likhomo tsa lebese
Ayshirskaya
Likhomo li bosootho bo bofubelu, 'mala oa mahogany, ho tloha ka leseli ho ea lefifing ka botala bo bosoeu. Ho dipoho tse ding, mmala o lefifi hoo o kareng o motsho. Mabala a atisa ho tšeloa ka mathoko, a manyane 'me a hasane holim'a' mele.
Tsena ke likhomo tse boholo bo mahareng, ha li le lilemong tse holileng li boima ba lik'hilograma tse fetang 550, li matla, li tiile, li ema ka khutso litsing tsa polasi ea lebese, hape li ikamahanya le metjhine e nosang ka lebaka la sebopeho sa 'mele, ha li na bothata ba maoto.
Ke mefuta e meng e fokolang e tšoanang le bokhoni ba likhomo tsa Ayshire ho fepa maemong a mabe a leholimo kapa maemong a leholimo. Likhomo ha li na mafura a mosehla, e leng ho fokotsang boleng ba setopo, ka hona Ayrshir e holisoa e le li-gobies. Lebese la mofuta ona le na le mafura a itekanetseng.
Jersey
Hangata likhomo li bosootho bo bobebe, leha li le bohlooho ebile li botsho. Li ka ba le liphahlo tse tšoeu tse koahelang boholo ba mascara. Khomo ea 'nete ea Jersey e lula e e-na le nko e ntšo le thiba e batlang e le tšoeu pela molomo. Maoto a matla ha a atisehe ho tsoa likotsi.
Likhomo li batla li le nyane ka boholo, tse ka bang 400-450 kg.
Mefuta ea Jersey e hlahisa lebese hantle ho feta mefuta e meng. Sena se bohlokoa haholo linaheng tseo phepelo e haelloang haholo mme se etsa hore mofuta ona e be khetho e ntle bakeng sa temo.
Holstein
Mofuta ona oa tsebahala ka lebaka la sebopeho sa ona se setsho le se sesweu kapa se sefubedu le se sesweu, tlhahiso ya lebese, mmele o moholo. Namane e phetseng hantle ya Holstein e boima ba 40 kg kapa ho feta nakong ya tswalo. Kgomo ya Holstein e hodileng e boima bo ka bang 680 kg. Bophelo bo tloaelehileng ba tlhahiso ea mofuta oa Holstein ke lilemo tse tšeletseng.
Likhomo li hlahisa lebese le lengata ho feta mefuta e meng. Li na le bokhoni ba ho lema bo sa bapisoang le letho ntle le siling ea tlhaho. Lintlafatso tsa lefutso tsa 1 ho ea ho 2% ka selemo li hlile li nepahetse.
Likhomo li ikamahanya le bolulo mapolasing a koetsoeng, leeme le lekhulong la makhulo. Hape, maemo a bophelo ha a na taba, liphoofolo li fepa libakeng tse phahameng le mabalane.
Likhomo tsa nama ea khomo
Lithabeng
Hloho e kgolo e nang le mophetho o molelele (o bonahalang o kwahela mahlo), manaka a malelele le a lefifi a etsa hore mofuta ona o hopolehe le ho se tlwaelehe.
Khomo e na le boea bo habeli - boea bo katlase bo tlase le boea bo bolelele bo kantle, bo fihla bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 30 mme bo koahetsoe ke lioli tse lelekisang mongobo. Libakeng tse chesang le tse ommeng, likhomo tsa Highland li tšolla boea ba tsona bo botenya ebe lia hola hape ha boemo ba leholimo bo batang ba leholimo bo khutla.
'Mala oa seaparo o motšo, o na le mabala, o mofubelu, o mosehla ebile o mosootho bo bosootho. Mofuta ona o tiile ka matla a tlhaho le a ikhethileng a ho fula hantle makhulong a se nang limela hantle. E fapana ka nako e telele, likhomo tse ngata li ikatisa li le lilemo tse fetang 18, li tsoala manamane a 15 bophelong bohle ba tsona. Maikutlo a bo-mme a hlahisoa, esita le likhomo tsa moloko oa pele ke ka seoelo li sieang bana.
Lipoho tse kholo li boima ba lik'hilograma tse 800, likhomo - 500 kg.
Ba fana ka nama ea khomo e omeletseng ka makhasi a bonolo, a bonolo ebile a le lero le nang le tatso. Nama ea khomo e phetse hantle, e na le phepo, e na le mafura le k'holeseterole e ngata ebile e na le liprotheine le tšepe tse ngata ho feta mefuta e meng ea likhomo.
Angus ea Aberdeen
Mofuta ona o tsoaloa o se na manaka. Likhomo li ntšo kapa li khubelu, leha botsho e le ona moriti o hlahelletseng, ka linako tse ling bosoeu bo hlaha molomong.
Mofuta ona o khona ho mamella maemo a leholimo a mabe, o sa reke letho, o ka ikamahanya le maemo habonolo, o na le tlhaho. Mehlala e butsoa kapele, kamora polao ba amohela litopo tsa nama ka nama ea nama ea likhomo e monate. Mefuta ea Angus e sebelisetsoa ho nyalanya ho ntlafatsa boleng ba liphoofolo. Tse tshehadi di na le bokgoni bo botle ba ho tswala le ho hodisa manamane. Li boetse li sebelisoa e le letamo la liphatsa tsa lefutso, hobane lefutso le leholo le fetisa litšobotsi tsa boleng.
Monaford
Mefuta ea likhomo e mebala ho tloha bofubelu bo lefifi ho ea bofubelu bo mosehla. White e shebahala e fapane le semelo sena:
- hlooho;
- pona;
- phoka;
- mala.
Likhomo tse nang le mapheo a masoeu le matšoao a masoeu ka tlase ho mangole le li-hock le tsona li atile. Boholo ba diphoofolo di na le manaka a makgutshwane, a matenya a atisang ho kobeha mahlakoreng a dihlooho tsa tsona, empa kgomo ya Hereford e se nang lenaka e hodisitswe Amerika Leboya le Borithane.
Tse tona tse hodileng tse boima ba dikilogeramo tse 800, tse tshehadi tse ka bang 550 kg.
Mofuta ona o mafolofolo ebile o tumme ka ho phela halelele, tse tšehali li hlahisa manamane a fetang lilemo tse 15. Lipoho li fana ka malinyane mohlapeng ho fihlela lilemo tse 12 kapa ho feta. Bahlahisi ba bangata ba boloka liphoofolo ho fihlela li shoa ka mabaka a tlhaho.
Mefuta ea Hereford e lula lehloeng le batang la Finland, e mamella mocheso oa Leboea Transvaal, hape e mamella maemo a leholimo a mabe le joang bo mabifi ba Uruguay e ka leboea kapa libaka tse litropiki tsa Brazil.
Likhomo tse kopaneng tsa nama ea khomo le lebese
Khomo e putsoa ea Belgian
Phoofolo e kholo e nang le likhatiso tse chitja le mesifa e hlahelletseng. Lehetla, morao, letheka le sacrum li mesifa. Mokokotlo o otlolohile, sacrum e sekame, mohatla oa phatlalatsoa. O na le maoto a matle, a matla ebile o tsamaea habonolo.
'Mala o mosoeu ka' mala o moputsoa le o motšo kapa motsoako oa tsona ka bobeli; bofubelu bo teng ho li-genotypes tse ling. Mefuta ena e tsejoa ka bohale ba eona bo bonolo.
Boima ba poho e kholo bo tloha ho 1100 ho isa ho 1250 kg. Likhomo ho tloha ho 850 ho isa ho 900 kg.
Buluu ba Belgian mananeong a ho tšela ka mefuta e meng ea lebese kapa ea nama bo eketsa tlhahiso ea mohlala ka 5-7% ha e bapisoa le mohala oa 'm'a.
E ts'oanang
Mebala e fapana ho tloha khauta ho ea khubelu ka 'mala o mosoeu,' me e arotsoe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang kapa e hlakile ka ho hlaka ka bokgabane bo bosoeu. Hlooho e tšoeu 'me hangata mola o mosoeu o hlaha mahetleng.
Likhomo tsa mofuta ona li boima ba lik'hilograma tse 700-900, le lipoho - 1300 kg.
Ho ikatisa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho hlahisa lebese le nama ea khomo ka theko e tlase ho thehile mofuta o leka-lekaneng o ikamahanyang le maemo, mosifa o matla le sekhahla se setle sa pholoho. Boikokobetso le litšoaneleho tse ntle tsa bo mme ke litšobotsi tse ling tsa mofuta ona.
Ha e tšetsoe, mofuta oa Simmental o netefatsa kholo e ntle, ka hona, chai e ntle ea nama ea khomo bakeng sa bana ba tšetsoeng, e ntlafatsa boleng ba nama e nang le mafura a masoeu le ho ts'oaroa hantle, e ntlafatsa chai ea lebese.
Shvitskaya
Mmele o mosootho bo bobebe, thiba molomo o mosoeu o mosoeu le 'mala o moputsoa o lefifi o thusa mofuta ona ho mamella mahlaseli a letsatsi a feteletseng. Li matla, li nonne, li phela nako e telele, lia ikamahanya le maemo ebile li leka-lekane ho latela sebopeho sa litlhako le maoto a khomo.
Mofuta ona o fana ka chai e ntle ea lebese le nama.
Lebese la Switzerland le ratoa ke baetsi ba chisi bakeng sa karolelano e ntlehali ea mafura le protheine har'a mefuta ea lebese.
Ha likhomo li se li loketse ho tsoala
Khomo ea sethole e fihla kholo ea thobalano lipakeng tsa likhoeli tse 6 le 15, ho latela mofuta, empa ha e tsoaloe ho fihlela likhoeli tse 18. Boimana kapele haholo bo tla senya kholo le ho fokotsa tlhahiso le tlhahiso ea lebese.
Boimana ba khomo bo nka nako e kae?
Ho ipapisitse le mofuta le thobalano ea namane. Nako ea bokhachane e tloha matsatsing a 279 ho isa ho 287. Bakeng sa mefuta e mengata, nako ke matsatsi a 283. Dikgomo tse jereng dipoho di na le boimana bo bolelele ho feta dikgomo tse jereng dithole.
